Encyclopedia of Space Science and Technology

Editors & Contributors

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Editor

Hans Mark
Former Deputy Administrator of NASA, Former Secretary of the Air Force;
currently Professor, Department of Aerospace Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin

Associate Editors

Milton Silveira
Former NASA, Chief Engineer; currently Principal Engineer, Aerospace Corp.; Technical Advisor to Director, Missile Defense Agency, Office of Secretary of Defense; and Adjunct Professor, University of Vermont.

Michael Yarymovych
Former V. P. International Technology, Boeing; currently President of the International Academy of Astronautics; Consultant, The Boeing Company, Space and Communications Group; and Chief Scientific Advisor and Trustee, ANSER Corporation.

Maureen Salkin, Managing Editor
Waltham, Massachusetts

Editorial Board

Vyacheslav Balebanov
Formerly of the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy and Deputy Director, Space Research Institute
Current Adviser of Director Board, Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences

William F. Ballhaus, Jr.
Former Director, NASA Ames Research Center, and Corporate Vice President, Science & Technology, Lockheed Martin Company; currently President and CEO, The Aerospace Corporation

Robert H. Bishop
Professor, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin

Aaron Cohen
Former Director, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston; currently Professor Emeritus, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University

Professor Wallace T. Fowler, Ph.D.
Paul D. And Betty Robertson Meek Centennial Professor In Engineering And Distinguished Teaching Professor Dept. of Aerospace Engineering, University of Texas at Austin

F. Andrew Gaffney
Colonel, Medical Corps and Senior Flight Surgeon - Astronaut
Associate Dean of Clinical Affairs Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville

Owen K. Garriott
Former Astronaut and Director of Science and Applications at Johnson Space Center; currently Research Professor, University Of Alabama

Dr. Tom Gehrels
Professor, University of Arizona at Tucson

Gerry Griffin
Former Director, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, and Asst. Administrator for Legislative Affairs, NASA; currently, Owner/Principal, GDG Consulting

Milton Halem
Retired Chief Information Officer and Asst. Director for Information Science Technology
NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center

John S. Lewis
Vice President for Research, and Director, ASPERA Corporation, and Professor, Cosmochemistry Planetary Atmospheres, Dept. of Planetary Sciences Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona at Tucson

General Thomas S. Moorman, Jr.
General USAF Retired; currently Vice President, Booz Allen & Hamilton

Norman F. Ness
Professor, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware

Robert E. (Ed) Smylie
Retired Assoc. Admin. for Space Tracking and Data Systems , NASA

Vice Admiral Richard H. Truly
Vice Admiral US Navy Retired and Former Administrator, NASA; currently Director, National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Albert D. Wheelon
Chairman Emeritus & Former CEO, Hughes Aircraft Co.

Peter G. Wilhelm
Director, Naval Center for Space Technology, Naval Research Laboratory

Laurence R. Young
Apollo Program Professor of Astronautics and Founding Director, National Space Biomedical Research Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Alexander Zakharov
Former Project Scientist of PHOBOS mission; currently Chief Scientist Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences

List of Contributors

Brian Allen, Thiokol Propulsion, Inc., Brigham City, Utah
R. C. Anderson, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California
Kenneth M. Baldwin, University of California, Irvine, California
Vyacheslav M. Balebanov, Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Vladimir A. Bartenev, Reshetnev Scientific Production Association of Applied Mechanics, Russia
Alexander T. Basilevsky, Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
J. Robert Beattie, Boeing Electron Dynamics (Retired), California
Robert R. Bennet, Thiokol Propulsion, Inc., Brigham City, Utah
George A. Berkeley, Thiokol Propulsion, Inc., Brigham City, Utah
H. Brown, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas (Retired)
Boris Chertok, "Energia" Rocket and Space Corp., Russia
Edward L. Chupp, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
Aaron Cohen, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas
Richard J. Cohen, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Glenn D. Considine, Westfield, Massachusetts
Douglass B. Cook, Thiokol Propulsion, Inc., Brigham City, Utah
Robert Crippen, NASA and Thiokol Propulsion, Brigham City, Utah (Retired)
Francis A. Cucinotta, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
Alexander F. Dedus, Russian Aviation and Space Agency, Russia
John Dicello, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Steven Dorfman, Hughes Electronics Corp., Los Angeles, California (Retired)
Timothy Dowling, Comparative Planetology Laboratory, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
V. Reggie Edgerton, University of California, Los Angeles, California
Alexander N. Egorov, Yu. A. Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, Russia
Gabriel Elkaim, Stanford University, Stanford, California
Maxime Faget, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas (Retired)
Dale Fenn, Orbital Science Inc., Dulles, Virginia
Harold B. Finger, Atomic Energy Commission and NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Office Washington, D.C. (Retired)
Uwe Fink, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
Charles Force, NASA Associate Administrator (Retired)
Marvin Glickstein, MRG Technologies, North Palm Beach, Florida
Leonid A. Gorshkov, "Energia" Rocket and Space Corp., Russia
Robert P. Graham, Thiokol Propulsion, Inc., Brigham City, Utah
Anatoly I. Grigoriev, Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Herbert Gursky, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.
W. Michael Hawes, NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C.
Clark W. Hawk, Propulsion Research Center, University of Alabama at Huntsville
Steven Hawley, NASA-Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
Martin Harwit, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (Retired)
Hans E. W. Hoffmann, ORBCOMM, Inc., Dulles Virginia
Stephen Horan, Telemetering and Telecom Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico
Ross Jones, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
Russell Joyner, Pratt Whitney Corp., Palm Beach, Florida
Joseph Kerwin, Wyle Laboratories, formerly NASA-Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
Joseph J. Kliger, Thiokol Propulsion, Inc., Brigham City, Utah
Petr I. Klimuk, Yu. A. Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, Russia
Stanislav Konyukhov, Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Russia
Jean Kovalevsky, CERGA - Observatoire De La Cote D'azur, France
Albert G. Kozlov, Reshetnev Scientific Production Association of Applied Mechanics, Russia
Alexander Kuznetsov, Russian Aviation and Space Agency, Russia
James W. Layland, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California
David S. Leckrone, NASA - Hubble Space Telescope Project, Goddard Spaceflight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland
James R. Lesh, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California
John S. Lewis, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
Wah Lim, Corporate Technology & Ventures Hughes Electronics, Los Angeles, California (Retired)
Glynn S. Lunney, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas (Retired)
Ronald W. Lyman, Thiokol Propulsion, Inc., Brigham City, Utah
Dimitry K. Malashenkov, Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Jerry Manweiler, Fundamental Technologies LLC, Lawrence, Kansas
Hans Mark, Aerospace Engineering, University of Texas at Austin
Ian R. McNab, Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Texas at Austin
Valery A. Menshikov, Khrunichev Space Center, Russia
Jerome Molitor, Hughes Research Laboratories, California (Retired)
Vassily I. Moroz, Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Alexey I. Morozov, Russian Science Center, "Kurchatov Institute", Russia
David Morrison, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
Adam L.Mortensen, Major,USAF, Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado Springs, Colorado
Douglas Mudgway, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California (Retired)
Robert Naka, CERA, Inc., Concord, Massachusetts
John Neilon, NASA Kennedy Space Center (Retired)
Robert Nelson, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California
R. Steven Nerem, Center for Astrodynamics Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
Arleigh P. Neunzert, Thiokol Propulsion, Inc., Brigham City, Utah
Arnauld Nicogossian, NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C.
Bradford W. Parkinson, Stanford University, Stanford, California
Billy H. Prescott, Thiokol Propulsion, Inc., Brigham City, Utah
C. Paul Pulver, Thiokol Propulsion, Inc., Brigham City, Utah
P. Krishna Rao, Remote Sensing Science and Applications LLC, Rockville, Maryland
Lawrence L. Rauch, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California
John C. Ries, Center for Space Research, University of Texas at Austin
Robert Rosen, NASA Headquarters and Ames Research Center, Moffet Field, California
Duane Ross, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
Roland R. Roy, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
Roald Z. Sagdeev, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
Donald Sauvageau, Thiokol Propulsion, Inc., Brigham City, Utah
Harrison Schmitt, Interlune-Intermars Initiative Inc. and University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Robert Schutz, Center for Space Research, University of Texas at Austin
Yuri P. Semyonov, "Energia" Rocket and Space Corp., Russia
William Shearer, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
Milton A. Silveira, NASA, Chief Engineer (Retired)
S. Fred Singer, Science & Environmental Policy Project (SEPP) Arlington, Virginia
Gennady M. Solovyev, Khrunichev Space Center, Russia
Gerald Sonnenfeld, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
Yuri B. Sosyurka, Yu. A. Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, Russia
James J. Spilker, Stanford University, Stanford, California
Paul Spudis, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, Texas
Lawrence A. Sromovsky, Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
William Stoney, Mitretek Systems Corporation, Falls Church, Virginia
Byron D. Tapley, Center for Space Research, University of Texas at Austin
Jill Cornell Tarter, SETI Institute, Mountain View, California
Roger Vignelles, CNES, France (Retired)
Grigory I. Vorobyov, Yu. A. Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, Russia
Steven R. Wassom, Thiokol Propulsion, Inc., Brigham City, Utah
Martin Weisskopf, NASA - Marshall Spaceflight Center, Huntsville, Alabama
Michael Werner, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California
Nicholas J. Whitehead, Thiokol Propulsion, Inc., Brigham City, Utah
Simon P. Worden, Brig. General, U.S. Space Command, USAF, Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado Springs, Colorado
Vladimir I. Yaropolov, Yu. A. Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, Russia
Michael I. Yarymovych, President, International Academy of Astronautics
Eliot Young, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Colorado
Laurence Young, Massachusetts Inst. of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Leslie Ann Young, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Colorado
Alexander Zakharov, Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia