Encyclopedia of Imaging Science and Technology

Editors & Contributors

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Editor-in-Chief

Joseph P. Hornak
Rochester Institute of Technology

Editorial Board

Christian DeMoustier
Scripps Institution of Oceanography

William R. Hendee
Medical College of Wisconsin

Jay M. Pasachoff
Williams College

William Philpot
Cornell University

Joel Pokorny
University of Chicago

Edwin Przybylowicz
Eastman Kodak Company

John Russ
North Carolina State University

Kenneth W. Tobin
Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Mehdi Vaez-Iravani
KLA-Tencor Corporation

List of Contributors

Mortimer Abramowitz, Olympus America, Inc., Melville, NY, Optical Microscopy

Abboud Affi, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Milwaukee, WI, Endoscopy

Jan P Allebach, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, Image Quality Metrics

Stephen W. Allison, Engineering Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, TN, Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging

S. Amelinckx, Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, Electron Microscopes

S. J. Anderson, Surveillance Systems Division, Department of Defence, Defence Science and Technology Organization, Australia, Over the Horizon (OTH) Radar

P. S. Argall, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, LIDAR

J. S. Arney, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, Imaging Science in Art Conservation

L. E. Arney, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, Imaging Science in Art Conservation

Raymond E. Arvidson, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, Imaging Applied to the Geologic Sciences

Robert L. Barbin, Thomson Consumer Electronics, Lancaster, PA, Cathode Ray Tube Display Technology

R. I. Barnes, Surveillance Systems Division, Department of Defence, Defence Science and Technology Organization, Australia, Over the Horizon (OTH) Radar

Jayesh Bharathan, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, Ink Jet Printing for Organic Electroluminescent Display

Sing-Tze Bow, Northern Illinois University, De Kalb, IL, Feature Recognition and Object Classification

David H. Brainard, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, Display Characterization

J. L. Burch, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, Magnetospheric Imaging

Norman Burningham, Hewlett-Packard Company, Boise, ID, Image Quality Metrics

R. Casanova Alig, Sarnoff Corporation, Princeton, NJ, Cathode Ray Tubes

Webster Cash, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, X-Ray Telescope

Kenneth R. Castleman, Advanced Digital, Imaging Research, LLC, League City, TX, Color Image Processing

R. Chandramouli, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, Digital Watermarking

Shih-Lin Chang, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan, X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging

Shun-Chi Chang, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, Ink Jet Printing for Organic Electroluminescent Display

Noel T. Clemens, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, Flow Imaging

S. B. Colegrove, Surveillance Systems Division, Defence Science and Technology Organization, Australia, Over the Horizon (OTH) Radar

Lawrence B. Conyers, University of Denver, Denver, CO, Ground Penetrating Radar

Gregory P. Crawford, Brown University, Providence, RI, Liquid Crystal Display Technology

David L. D’Arcangelo, Delta Airlines, Hartfield Atlanta International Airport, Atlanta, GA, Lightning Locators

Andrew Davidhazy, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, High Speed Photographic Imaging

Michael W. Davidson, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL Optical Microscopy

Kim De Roy, RSscan INTERNATIONAL, Belgium, Force Imaging

Karen K. De Valois, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, Human Visual System — Spatial Visual Processing

Russell L. De Valois, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, Human Visual System — Spatial Visual Processing

Larry Di Girolamo, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, Imaging Science in Meteorology

Edward R. Dougherty, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, Foundations of Morphological Image Processing

Dirk Van Dyck, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, Electron Microscopes

G. F. Earl, Surveillance Systems Division, Department of Defence, Defence Science and Technology Organization, Australia, Over the Horizon (OTH) Radar

Gareth R. Eaton, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, CO, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Imaging

Sandra S. Eaton, University of Denver, Denver, CO, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Imaging

Michael J. Escuti, Brown University, Providence, RI, Liquid Crystal Display Technology

Mark D. Fairchild, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, Human Visual System — Color Visual Processing

Carl L. Fales, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, Characterization of Image Systems

Robert D. Fiete, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NY, Imaging Science in Overhead Surveillance

Konstantin L. Gavrilov, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, High Resolution Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy Imaging

Alan S. Godger, ABC Engineering Lab 30 W/7, New York, NY, Television Broadcast Transmission Standards

Howdy Goudey, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, Infrared Thermography

Brent Griffith, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, Infrared Thermography

Nicolas Guex, Glaxo Smith Klime Research & Development SA, Geneva, Switzerland, Imaging Science in Biochemistry

Edward A. Guinness, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, Imaging Applied to the Geologic Sciences

Richard Hailstone, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, Silver Halide Detector Technology

Robert J. Hanson, Micron Technology, Inc., Boise, ID, Field Emission Display Panels

O. G. Hauser, Rochester, NY, Electrophotography

William R. Hendee, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, Imaging Science in Medicine

K. N. Henrichsen, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, Magnetic Field Imaging

Gabor Herman, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, Tomographic Image Formation Techniques

David R. Hetzer, Timber Technologies, Inc., Freemont, CA, Field Emission Display Panels

Joby Hilliker, Department of Meteorology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, Lightning Locators

Thomas W. Hope, Hope Reports, Rochester, NY, Motion Picture Photography

Joseph P. Hornak, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, Image Formation; RF Magnetic Field Mapping

Friedrich O. Huck, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, Characterization of Image Systems

Tung H. Jeong, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, IL, Holography

Bruce E. Kahn, Imaging and Photographic Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, Photographic Color Display Technology

Jon A. Kapecki, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NY, Color Photography

Joel H. Kastner, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, Imaging Science in Astronomy

G. Randy Keller, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso0, TX, Gravitation Imaging

Joseph J. Kopanski, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Capacitive Probe Microscopy

Michael Kotlarchyk, Michael Kotlarchyk, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NYElectromagnetic Radiation and Interactions with Matter

Joe Koval, The Weather Channel, Atlanta, GA, Lightning Locators

Russell Kraus, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, Still Photography

Kristopher Larsen, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, Imaging Applied to the Geologic Sciences

Barry Lee, Rochester Institute of Technology, School of Printing Management and Sciences, RIT, Rochester, NY, Gravure Multi-Copy Printing

Riccardo Levi-Setti, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, High Resolution Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy Imaging

Jie Liu, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, Ink Jet Printing for Organic Electroluminescent Display

Peter D. Lubell, Rainbow Network Communications, Woodbury, NY, Video Recording

Mark T. Madsen, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)

Nathan Magee, Department of Meteorology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, Lightning Locators

Nobuhito Matsushiro, Okidata Corporation, Gunma, Japan, Dye Transfer Printing Technology

David W. Mazeroski, Lockheed-Martin Corporation, Philadelphia, PA, Lightning Locators

David F. Mcallister, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, Stereo and 3D Display Technologies

Andrew Melnyk, Rochester, NY, Photoconductor Detector Technology

Nasir Memon, Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, NY, Digital Watermarking

Stanley H. Mervis, Cambridge, MA, Instant Photography

Chiaki Miyasaka, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, Scanning Acoustic Microscopy

Pantazis Mouroulis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, Optical Image Formation

Y. L. Murphey, The University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, Image Search and Retrieval Strategies

Arun N. Netravali, Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, NJ, Digital Video

Curt Niebur, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, Imaging Applied to the Geologic Sciences

Jon Orloff, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, Charged Particle Optics

William P. Partridge, Engineering Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, TN, Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging

L. Peeraer, University of Leuven, Belgium, FLOK, University Hospitals Leuven, CERM, Force Imaging

Manuel C. Peitsch, Glaxo Smith Klime Research & Development SA, Geneva, Switzerland, Imaging Science in Biochemistry

Denis G. Pelli, New York University, New York, NY, Display Characterization

Zygmunt Pizlo, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, Image Quality Metrics

Anthony S. Poulos, Thomson Consumer Electronics, Lancaster, PA, Cathode Ray Tube Display Technology

Robert W. Prost, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Majid Rabbani, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NY, Digital Watermarking

Masoud Radparvar, HYPRES, Inc., Elmsford, NY, Analog and Digital SQUID Sensors

Navalgund A. H. K. Rao, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, Ultrasound Imaging

Raghuveer Rao, Rochester Institute of Technology, RIT, Rochester, NY, Wavelet Transforms

Robert M. Rauber, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, Imaging Science in Meteorology; Weather Radar

James R. Redford, ABC Engineering Lab 30 W/7, New York, NY, Television Broadcast Transmission Standards

Duane F. Richter, Metron Technology, Inc., Boise, Idaho, Field Emission Display Panels

Tom Robson, Cambridge Research Systems, Ltd., Rochester, Kent, UK, Display Characterization

James Rodgers, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NY, Color Photography

William P. Roeder, MS 7302, 45 WS/SYR, Patrick AFB, FL, Lightning Locators

Austin Roorda, University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, TX, Human Visual System — Image Formation

John C. Russ, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, Image Processing Techniques; Feature Measurement; Image Threshold and Segmentation

Torsten Schwede, Glaxo Smith Klime Research & Development SA, Geneva, Switzerland, Imaging Science in Biochemistry

Hampton N. Shirer, Department of Meteorology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, Lightning Locators

Hampton W. Shirer, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, Lightning Locators

R. J. Sica, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, LIDAR

D. H. Sinnott, Cooperative Research Center for Sensor Signal and Information Processing, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, Australia, Over the Horizon (OTH) Radar

Wolfgang Skrandies, Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany, Electroencephalogram (EEG) Topography

Graham C. Smith, Instrumentation Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, Neutron Imaging, Radiography, and CT

Thomas Stein, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, Imaging Applied to the Geologic Sciences

Scott W. Straka, Seattle, WA, Field Emission Display Panels

Geoffrey N. Taylor, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, Particle Detector Technology for Imaging

William Thompson, Jr., Acoustics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA, Acoustic Sources or Receiver Arrays

Bernhard R. Tittmann, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, Scanning Acoustic Microscopy

Daniel Türler, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, Infrared Thermography

Nimish Vakil, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Milwaukee, Endoscopy

Richard Vorderbruegge, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington, D.C., Imaging Science in Forensics and Criminology

Mark Wadsworth, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, Photodetectors

Vivian K. Walworth, Concord, MA, Instant Photography

David O. Wipf, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

Yang Yang, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, Ink Jet Printing for Organic Electroluminescent Display

X.-C. Zhang, Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Department of Electrical, Computer and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, Terahertz Electric Field Imaging