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Current Protocols in Microbiology

Current Protocols in Microbiology

Online ISBN: 9780471729259

DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259

Browse by Table of Contents

  1. Foreword
  2. Preface
  3. Chapter 1 Emerging Technologies
    1. Introduction
    2. Section A Safety
      1. Unit 1A.1 Biosafety: Guidelines for Working with Pathogenic and Infectious Microorganisms
      2. Unit 1A.2 Biosafety Practices Associated with Potential Agents of Biocrime and Biowarfare
      3. Unit 1A.3 Safe Use of Hazardous Chemicals
      4. Unit 1A.4 Safe Use of Radioisotopes
    3. Section B Biofilms
      1. Unit 1B.1 Growing and Analyzing Static Biofilms
      2. Unit 1B.2 Growing and Analyzing Biofilms in Flow Chambers
      3. Unit 1B.3 Growing and Analyzing Biofilms in Fermenters
      4. Unit 1B.4 Preparing for Biofilm Studies in the Field
      5. Unit 1B.5 Growing Oral Biofilms in a Constant Depth Film Fermentor (CDFF)
    4. Section C Quorum Sensing
      1. Unit 1C.1 Methods for Analysis of Bacterial Autoinducer-2 Production
      2. Unit 1C.2 LacZ-Based Detection of Acyl-Homoserine Lactone Quorum-Sensing Signals
      3. Unit 1C.3 Detection and Analysis of Quorum-Quenching Enzymes Against Acyl Homoserine Lactone Quorum-Sensing Signals
    5. Section D PCR Techniques
      1. Unit 1D.1 Example of Use of TaqMan Real-Time RT-PCR to Analyze Bacterial Gene Transcript Levels: Haemophilus influenzae
      2. Unit 1D.2 Using Host 28S Ribosomal RNA as a Housekeeping Gene for Quantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) in Virus-Infected Animal Cells
      3. Unit 1D.3 Example of Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription–PCR (Q-RT-PCR) Analysis of Bacterial Gene Expression during Mammalian Infection: Borrelia burgdorferi in Mouse Tissues
    6. Section E Genomic Methods
      1. Unit 1E.1 Characterization of Bacteria in Mixed Biofilm Communities Using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE)
      2. Unit 1E.2 Simultaneous Isolation of Ixodidae and Bacterial (Borrelia spp.) Genomic DNA
      3. Unit 1E.3 Genome-Wide Fitness and Genetic Interactions Determined by Tn-seq, a High-Throughput Massively Parallel Sequencing Method for Microorganisms
      4. Unit 1E.4 Preparing DNA Libraries for Multiplexed Paired-End Deep Sequencing for Illumina GA Sequencers
    7. Section F Proteomic Methods
      1. Unit 1F.1 Identification of Novel DNA-Binding Proteins Using DNA-Affinity Chromatography/Pull Down
      2. Unit 1F.2 Proteomic Approaches to Antibiotic Drug Discovery
    8. Section G Bioremediation
      1. Unit 1G.1 Biological Sand Filters: Low-Cost Bioremediation Technique for Production of Clean Drinking Water
      2. Unit 1G.2 Bioremediation of Turbid Surface Water Using Seed Extract from Moringa oleifera Lam. (Drumstick) Tree
  4. Chapter 2 Microscopy and Imaging
    1. Introduction
    2. Section A Light Microscopy
      1. Unit 2A.1 Proper Alignment and Adjustment of the Light Microscope
      2. Unit 2A.2 Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) Microscopy
    3. Section B Electron Microscopy
      1. Unit 2B.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy
      2. Unit 2B.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy
    4. Section C Other Imaging Methods
      1. Unit 2C.1 Basic Confocal Microscopy
      2. Unit 2C.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
      3. Unit 2C.3 Whole-Body Imaging of Infection Using Fluorescence
      4. Unit 2C.4 Whole-Body Imaging of Infection Using Bioluminescence
  5. Chapter 3 Alpha Proteobacteria
    1. Introduction
    2. Section A Rickettsiales
      1. Unit 3A.1 Laboratory Maintenance of Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia canis and Recovery of Organisms for Molecular Biology and Proteomics Studies
      2. Unit 3A.2 Laboratory Maintenance of Anaplasma phagocytophilum
      3. Unit 3A.3 Isolation and Molecular Detection of Ehrlichia from Vertebrate Animals
      4. Unit 3A.4 Transfection of Wolbachia pipientis into Drosophila Embryos
      5. Unit 3A.5 Laboratory Maintenance of Rickettsia rickettsii
    3. Section B Brucella
      1. Unit 3B.1 Laboratory Maintenance of Brucella abortus
    4. Section C Bartonella
      1. Unit 3C.1 Laboratory Maintenance of Bartonella quintana
    5. Section D Rhizobiales
      1. Unit 3D.1 Laboratory Maintenance of Agrobacterium
      2. Unit 3D.2 Genetic Manipulation of Agrobacterium
      3. Unit 3D.3 Phenotypic Analyses of Agrobacterium
  6. Chapter 4 Beta Proteobacteria
    1. Introduction
    2. Section A Neisseria gonorrhoeae
      1. Unit 4A.1 Laboratory Maintenance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
      2. Unit 4A.2 Genetic Manipulation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
    3. Section B Bordetella
      1. Unit 4B.1 Laboratory Maintenance of Bordetella pertussis
  7. Chapter 5 Enteric Gamma Proteobacteria
    1. Introduction
    2. Section A Escherichia coli
      1. Unit 5A.1 Interaction of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) with Mammalian Cells: Cell Adhesion, Type III Secretion, and Actin Pedestal Formation
      2. Unit 5A.2 Rapid Allelic Exchange in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and Other E. coli Using lambda Red Recombination
      3. Unit 5A.3 Genotyping Escherichia coli O157:H7 for Its Ability to Cause Disease in Humans
    3. Section B Yersinia
      1. Unit 5B.1 Laboratory Maintenance and Characterization of Yersinia pestis
      2. Unit 5B.2 Isolation and Confirmation of Yersinia pestis Mutants Exempt from Select Agent Regulations
      3. Unit 5B.3 Extraction, Purification, and Identification of Yersiniabactin, the Siderophore of Yersinia pestis
  8. Chapter 6 Nonenteric Gamma Proteobacteria
    1. Introduction
    2. Section A Vibrionales
      1. Unit 6A.1 Growth and Laboratory Maintenance of Vibrio cholerae
      2. Unit 6A.2 Genetic Screens and Biochemical Assays to Characterize Vibrio cholerae O1 Biotypes: Classical and El Tor
      3. Unit 6A.3 Vibriocidal Assays to Determine the Antibody Titer of Patient Sera Samples
      4. Unit 6A.5 Detection, Isolation, and Identification of Vibrio cholerae from the Environment
    3. Section B Moraxella
      1. Unit 6B.1 Laboratory Maintenance of Moraxella catarrhalis
    4. Section C Coxiella
      1. Unit 6C.1 Laboratory Maintenance of Coxiella burnetii
    5. Section D Pasturella
      1. Unit 6D.1 Laboratory Growth and Maintenance of Haemophilus influenzae
    6. Section E Pseudomonas
      1. Unit 6E.1 Growth and Laboratory Maintenance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  9. Chapter 7 Delta Proteobacteria
    1. Introduction
    2. Section B Bdellovibrionales
      1. Unit 7B.1 Isolation and Classification of Bdellovibrio and Like Organisms
      2. Unit 7B.2 Laboratory Maintenance of Bdellovibrio
  10. Chapter 8 Epsilon Proteobacteria
    1. Introduction
    2. Section A Campylobacter
      1. Unit 8A.1 Growth and Laboratory Maintenance of Campylobacter jejuni
      2. Unit 8A.2 Genetic Manipulation of Campylobacter jejuni
      3. Unit 8A.3 Experimental Chick Colonization by Campylobacter jejuni
    3. Section B Helicobacter
      1. Unit 8B.1 Laboratory Maintenance of Helicobacter Species
  11. Chapter 9 Firmicutes (Low G+C Gram Positive)
    1. Introduction
    2. Section A Clostridiae
      1. Unit 9A.1 Laboratory Maintenance of Clostridium difficile
      2. Unit 9A.2 Genetic Manipulation of Clostridium difficile
    3. Section B Listeria
      1. Unit 9B.1 Animal Models of Listeria Infection
      2. Unit 9B.4 Tissue Culture Cell Assays Used to Analyze Listeria monocytogenes
    4. Section C Staphylococcus
      1. Unit 9C.4 Tissue Culture Assays Used to Analyze Invasion by Staphylococcus aureus
    5. Section D Streptococcus
      1. Unit 9D.1 Adult Zebrafish Model of Streptococcal Infection
      2. Unit 9D.5 Murine Models of Streptococcus pyogenes Infection
  12. Chapter 10 Actinobacteria (High G+C Gram Positive)
    1. Introduction
    2. Section A Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      1. Unit 10A.1 Laboratory Maintenance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      2. Unit 10A.2 Genetic Manipulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      3. Unit 10A.3 Isolation and Analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycolic Acids
      4. Unit 10A.4 Analyses of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Proteins
      5. Unit 10A.5 Animal Models of M. tuberculosis Infection
      6. Unit 10A.6 Acid-Fast Staining and Petroff-Hausser Chamber Counting of Mycobacterial Cells in Liquid Suspension
    3. Section B Mycobacterium marinum
      1. Unit 10B.1 Laboratory Maintenance of Mycobacterium marinum
      2. Unit 10B.2 Zebrafish and Frog Models of Mycobacterium marinum Infection
    4. Section C Mycobacterium smegmatis
      1. Unit 10C.1 Laboratory Maintenance of Mycobacterium smegmatis
    5. Section D Mycobacterium abscessus
      1. Unit 10D.1 Laboratory Maintenance of Mycobacterium abscessus
      2. Unit 10D.2 Genetic Manipulation of Mycobacterium abscessus
    6. Section E Streptomyces
      1. Unit 10E.1 Laboratory Maintenance of Streptomyces Species
      2. Unit 10E.2 Laboratory Maintenance of Streptomyces argillaceus and Streptomyces griseus
      3. Unit 10E.3 Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces Species
      4. Unit 10E.4 Isolation of Streptomyces Species from Soil
  13. Chapter 11 Chlamydiae
    1. Introduction
    2. Section A Chlamydia trachomatis
      1. Unit 11A.1 Cultivation and Laboratory Maintenance of Chlamydia trachomatis
    3. Section B Chlamydia pneumoniae
      1. Unit 11B.1 Cultivation and Laboratory Maintenance of Chlamydia pneumoniae
  14. Chapter 12 Spirochetes
    1. Introduction
    2. Unit 12.1 Analysis of Bacterial Membrane Proteins Produced During Mammalian Infection Using Hydrophobic Antigen Tissue Triton Extraction (HATTREX)
    3. Section A Treponema pallidum and Related Treponemes
      1. Unit 12A.1 Isolation and Laboratory Maintenance of Treponema pallidum
    4. Section B Oral Treponemes
      1. Unit 12B.1 Laboratory Maintenance of Treponema denticola
      2. Unit 12B.2 Genetic Manipulation of Treponema denticola
    5. Section C Lyme Disease Borrelia
      1. Unit 12C.1 Laboratory Maintenance of Borrelia burgdorferi
      2. Unit 12C.2 Methods of Identifying Membrane Proteins in Spirochetes
      3. Unit 12C.3 Cultivation of Borrelia burgdorferi in Dialysis Membrane Chambers in Rat Peritonea
      4. Unit 12C.4 Genetic Transformation of Borrelia burgdorferi
    6. Section D Brachyspira
      1. Unit 12D.1 Isolation and Maintenance of Brachyspira Species
    7. Section E Leptospira
      1. Unit 12E.1 Laboratory Maintenance of Pathogenic Leptospira
      2. Unit 12E.2 Hamster Model of Leptospirosis
      3. Unit 12E.3 Rat Model of Chronic Leptospirosis
      4. Unit 12E.4 Genetic Manipulation of Leptospira biflexa
  15. Chapter 13 Other Eubacteria
    1. Introduction
    2. Section A Fusobacteria
      1. Unit 13A.1 Laboratory Maintenance of Fusobacteria
    3. Section B Flavobacterium
      1. Unit 13B.1 Laboratory Maintenance of Flavobacterium psychrophilum and Flavobacterium columnare
    4. Section C Bacteroides
      1. Unit 13C.1 Laboratory Maintenance and Cultivation of Bacteroides Species
      2. Unit 13C.2 Genetic Manipulation of Porphyromonas gingivalis
  16. Chapter 14 Animal DNA Viruses
    1. Introduction
    2. Section A Pox Viruses
      1. Unit 14A.1 Myxoma Virus: Propagation, Purification, Quantification, and Storage
      2. Unit 14A.2 Production of Myxoma Virus Gateway Entry and Expression Libraries and Validation of Viral Protein Expression
    3. Section B Papillomaviruses
      1. Unit 14B.1 Cell Culture Assay for Transient Replication of Human and Animal Papillomaviruses
    4. Section C Adenoviruses
      1. Unit 14C.1 Human Adenoviruses: Propagation, Purification, Quantification, and Storage
    5. Section E Herpesviruses
      1. Unit 14E.1 Herpes Simplex Virus: Propagation, Quantification, and Storage
      2. Unit 14E.2 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV): Infection, Propagation, Quantitation, and Storage
      3. Unit 14E.3 Human Cytomegalovirus: Propagation, Quantification, and Storage
      4. Unit 14E.4 Human Cytomegalovirus: Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) Cloning and Genetic Manipulation
  17. Chapter 15 Animal RNA Viruses
    1. Introduction
    2. Section A Arenaviruses
      1. Unit 15A.1 Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV): Propagation, Quantitation, and Storage
    3. Section B Alphaviruses
      1. Unit 15B.1 Sindbis Virus: Propagation, Quantification, and Storage
    4. Section C Reoviruses
      1. Unit 15C.1 Mammalian Reoviruses: Propagation, Quantification, and Storage
      2. Unit 15C.2 Avian Reoviruses: Propagation, Quantification, and Storage
      3. Unit 15C.3 Culturing, Storage, and Quantification of Rotaviruses
      4. Unit 15C.4 Bluetongue Virus (BTV): Propagation, Quantification, and Storage
      5. Unit 15C.5 Separation and Isolation of BTV dsRNA Segments and Viral Proteins
    5. Section D Flaviviruses
      1. Unit 15D.1 Hepatitis C Virus: Propagation, Quantification, and Storage
    6. Section E Coronaviruses
      1. Unit 15E.1 Coronaviruses: Propagation, Quantification, Storage, and Construction of Recombinant Mouse Hepatitis Virus
    7. Section F Paramyxoviruses
      1. Unit 15F.1 Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (HPIV-3): Construction and Rescue of an Infectious, Recombinant Virus Expressing the Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP)
      2. Unit 15F.2 Newcastle Disease Virus: Propagation, Quantification, and Storage
    8. Section G Orthomyxoviruses
      1. Unit 15G.1 Influenza: Propagation, Quantification, and Storage
      2. Unit 15G.2 The Ferret Model for Influenza
      3. Unit 15G.3 The Mouse Model for Influenza
    9. Section J Retroviruses
      1. Unit 15J.1 Human Immunodeficiency Viruses: Propagation, Quantification, and Storage
  18. Chapter 16 Plant RNA Viruses
    1. Introduction
    2. Section A Plant Propagation for Virus Infection
      1. Unit 16A.1 Growth Conditions for Plant Virus–Host Studies
      2. Unit 16A.2 Propagation of Major Plant-Virus Hosts
    3. Section B Plant Inoculation Methods
      1. Unit 16B.1 Aphid Transmission of Plant Viruses
      2. Unit 16B.2 Delivery and Expression of Functional Viral RNA Genomes In Planta by Agroinfiltration
      3. Unit 16B.3 Inoculation of Plants Using Bombardment
      4. Unit 16B.4 Fungal Transmission of Plant Viruses
      5. Unit 16B.5 Testing of Transmission of Tobraviruses by Nematodes
      6. Unit 16B.6 Mechanical Inoculation of Plant Viruses
    4. Section C Methods of Virus Detection
      1. Unit 16C.1 Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection of Plant Viruses
    5. Section D Preparation and Inoculation of Protoplasts
      1. Unit 16D.1 Callus Cultures of Arabidopsis
      2. Unit 16D.2 Preparation and Inoculation of Mesophyll Protoplasts from Monocotyledenous and Dicotyledenous Hosts
      3. Unit 16D.3 Preparation and Electroporation of Oat Protoplasts from Cell Suspension Culture
      4. Unit 16D.4 Transfecting Protoplasts by Electroporation to Study Viroid Replication
    6. Section E Methodologies to Extract and Study Viral RNA
      1. Unit 16E.1 Extracting Viral RNAs from Plant Protoplasts
      2. Unit 16E.3 Northern Analysis of Viral Plus- and Minus-Strand RNAs
    7. Section F Cloning Full-Length RNA Viruses
      1. Unit 16F.1 Cloning of Large Positive-Strand RNA Viruses
      2. Unit 16F.3 Rapid Full-Length Cloning of Nonpolyadenylated RNA Virus Genomes
    8. Section G Viroids
      1. Unit 16G.1 Identification of Viroids by Gel Electrophoresis
    9. Section H RNA Silencing
      1. Unit 16H.2 Isolation and Cloning of Small RNAs from Virus-Infected Plants
    10. Section I Viral Vector Methodologies
      1. Unit 16I.1 Use of Potato Virus X (PVX)–Based Vectors for Gene Expression and Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS)
      2. Unit 16I.4 Using Vectors Derived from Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus (TBSV) and TBSV Defective Interfering RNAs (DIs)
      3. Unit 16I.5 Using Satellite Tobacco Mosaic Virus Vectors for Gene Silencing
      4. Unit 16I.6 Using Viral Vectors to Silence Endogenous Genes
    11. Section J Expression of Viruses in Yeast
      1. Unit 16J.1 A High-Throughput Approach for Studying Virus Replication in Yeast
    12. Section K Translation of Plant Viral RNA
      1. Unit 16K.1 In Vitro Translation of Plant Viral RNA
      2. Unit 16K.2 In Vivo Translation Studies of Plant Viral RNAs Using Reporter Genes
  19. Chapter 17 Anti-Infectives
    1. Introduction
    2. Unit 17.1 Characterization of the In Vitro Activity of Novel Lipoglycopeptide Antibiotics
    3. Unit 17.2 Structure-Based Approaches to Antibiotic Drug Discovery
    4. Unit 17.3 Novel Approaches to Bacterial Infection Therapy by Interfering with Cell-to-Cell Signaling
    5. Unit 17.4 Identification of Small-Molecule Scaffolds for P450 Inhibitors
    6. Unit 17.5 Cell-Based Hepatitis C Virus Infection Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) Assay for Antiviral Compound Screening
    7. Unit 17.6 Laboratory Detection of Vancomycin Nonsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus
    8. Unit 17.7 Screening of Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors Using Genotype 1a HCV Replicon Cell Lines
  20. Appendix 1 Useful Information and Data
    1. 1A Abbreviations Used in this Manual
    2. 1B Resources for International Biosafety Guidelines and Regulations
  21. Appendix 2 Commonly Used Reagents and Equipment
    1. 2A Commonly Used Reagents
    2. 2B Standard Laboratory Equipment
    3. 2C Where to Find Recipes for Media
  22. Appendix 3 Commonly Used Techniques
    1. 3A Assays for Total Protein
    2. 3B Diagnosis and Treatment of Mycoplasma-Contaminated Cell Cultures
    3. 3C Differential Staining of Bacteria: Gram Stain
    4. 3D Direct PCR of Intact Bacteria (Colony PCR)
    5. 3E Preliminary Staining of Bacteria: Simple Stains
    6. 3F Preliminary Staining of Bacteria: Negative Stain
    7. 3G Differential Staining of Bacteria: Flagella Stain
    8. 3H Differential Staining of Bacteria: Acid Fast Stain
    9. 3I Differential Staining of Bacteria: Capsule Stain
    10. 3J Differential Staining of Bacteria: Endospore Stain
    11. 3K Fluorescent Staining of Bacteria: Viability and Antibody Labeling
    12. 3L Generation of Transformation Competent E. coli
    13. 3M SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of Proteins
  23. Appendix 4 Commonly Used Methods for Cell Culture
    1. 4A Common Bacterial Culture Techniques and Media
    2. 4B Isolation and Culture of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC)
    3. 4C Isolation of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs)
    4. 4D Aseptic Technique
    5. 4E Growth and Maintenance of Vero Cell Lines
    6. 4F Anaerobic Cell Culture
    7. 4G Growth and Maintenance of Quail Fibrosarcoma QM5 Cells
    8. Unit 4H Growth and Maintenance of Baby Hamster Kidney (BHK) Cells
    9. 4I Growth and Maintenance of Chick Embryo Fibroblasts (CEF)
    10. 4J Growth and Maintenance of Mosquito Cell Lines
  24. Appendix Suppliers
    1. Selected Suppliers of Reagents and Equipment

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