Superalloys 2012

Copyright © 2012 The Minerals, Metals, & Materials Society. All rights reserved.

Superalloys 2012

Editor(s): Eric S. Huron, Roger C. Reed, Mark C. Hardy, Michael J. Mills, Rick E. Montero, Pedro D. Portella, Jack Telesman

Published Online: 2 OCT 2012 09:37AM EST

Print ISBN: 9780470943205

Online ISBN: 9781118516430

DOI: 10.1002/9781118516430

About this Book

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About The Product

A superalloy, or high-performance alloy, is an alloy that exhibits excellent mechanical strength at high temperatures. Superalloy development has been driven primarily by the aerospace and power industries. This compilation of papers from the Twelfth International Symposium on Superalloys, held from September 9-13, 2012, offers the most recent technical information on this class of materials. It covers all aspects of the development, production, behavior and integration of superalloys, and related high temperature materials, into gas turbines for aircraft, power generation and other applications as well as cast, wrought and powder superalloys, and associated coating systems.

Table of contents

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      Front Matter (pages i–xix)

  2. Part I: Symposium Keynote Address

    1. Application of Materials and Process Modeling to the Design, Development, and Sustainment of Advanced Turbine Engines (pages 1–12)

      William Gostic

  3. Part I: Mechanisms & Models for Mechanical Behavior

    1. Mechanical Behavior and Damage Processes of Udimet 720Li: Influence of Localized Plasticity at Grain Boundaries (pages 13–24)

      Patrick Villechaise, Jonathan Cormier, Thomas Billot and José Mendez

    2. Deformation Mechanisms Coupled with Phase Field and Crystal Plasticity Modeling in a High-Temperature Polycrystalline Ni-Based Superalloy (pages 25–33)

      H.Z. Deutchman, P.J. Phillips, N. Zhou, M.K. Samal, S. Ghosh, Y. Wang and M.J. Mills

    3. Controlling the Deformation Mechanism in Disk Superalloy at Low and Intermediate Temperatures (pages 35–42)

      Y. Yuan, Y.F. Gu, Z.H. Zhong, T. Osada, T. Yokokawa and H. Harada

    4. Characterization of Strain Accumulation at Grain Boundaries of Nickel-Based Superalloys (pages 43–52)

      J.L.W. Carter, N. Zhou, J.M. Sosa, P.A. Shade, A.L. Pilchak, M.W. Kuper, Y. Wang, H.L. Fraser, M.D. Uchic and M.J. Mills

    5. On the Mechanism of Serrated Grain Boundary Formation in Ni-Based Superalloys with Low γ′ Volume Fraction (pages 53–61)

      H.U. Hong, I.S. Kim, B.G. Choi, Y.S. Yoo and C.Y. Jo

    6. Fatigue Failure Modes of the Grain Size Transition Zone in a Dual Microstructure Disk (pages 63–72)

      Tim P. Gabb, Pete T. Kantzos, Bonny Palsa, Jack Telesman, John Gayda and Chantal K. Sudbrack

    7. Understanding and Modeling of Grain Boundary Pinning in Inconel 718 (pages 73–82)

      Andrea Agnoli, Marc Bernacki, Roland Logé, Jean-Michel Franchet, Johanne Laigo and Nathalie Bozzolo

    8. Nanoindentation and Nano-Compresion Testing of Ni3Al Precipitates (pages 83–91)

      B. Gan, H. Murakami, R. Maaß, L. Meza, J.R. Greer, T. Ohmura and S. Tin

    9. Local Fracture Toughness and Residual Stress Measurements on NiAl Bond Coats by Micro Cantilever and FIB Based Bar Milling Tests (pages 93–102)

      Ralf Webler, Markus Krottenthaler, Steffen Neumeier, Karsten Durst and Mathias Göken

    10. The Localization of Strain in Low Solvus High Refractory (LSHR) Nickel Superalloy (pages 103–110)

      S.J. Kuhr, G.B. Viswanathan, J. Tiley and H.L. Fraser

    11. Coupled Analysis of Microstructure Evolution with Creep Deformation in Nickel-Based Superalloys by the Phase Field Method (pages 111–119)

      Yuhki Tsukada, Yoshinori Murata, Toshiyuki Koyama, Nobuhiro Miura and Yoshihiro Kondo

    12. New Quantitative Analysis of Contributing Factors to Strength of Disk Superalloys (pages 121–128)

      Toshio Osada, Yuefeng Gu, Nobuo Nagashima, Yong Yuan, Tadaharu Yokokawa and Hiroshi Harada

    13. Integration and Automation of Residual Stress and Service Stress Modeling for Superalloy Component Design (pages 129–134)

      Gangshu Shen, Nate Cooper, Nathan Ottow, Robert Goetz and John Matlik

    14. Structural Stability of Topologically Close-Packed Phases: Understanding Experimental Trends in Terms of the Electronic Structure (pages 135–142)

      T. Hammerschmidt, B. Seiser, M. Cak, R. Drautz and D. G. Pettifor

    15. The Variability of Fatigue in Notched Bars of IN100 (pages 143–148)

      Andrew H. Rosenberger, Dennis J. Buchanan, D'Anthony A. Ward and Sushant K. Jha

    16. Grain Boundary Deformation and Fracture Mechanisms in Dwell Fatigue Crack Growth in Turbine Disk Superalloy ME3 (pages 149–158)

      Jinesh Dahal, Kimberly Maciejewski and Hamouda Ghonem

    17. Grain Scale Crystal Plasticity Model with Slip and Microtwinning for a Third Generation Ni-Base Disk Alloy (pages 159–166)

      Jin E. Song and David L. McDowell

    18. Influence of γ′ Precipitate Size and Distribution on LCF Behavior of a PM Disk Superalloy (pages 167–176)

      G. Boittin, D. Locq, A. Rafray, P. Caron, P. Kanouté, F. Gallerneau and G. Cailletaud

  4. Part II: Single Crystal Alloys & Behavior

    1. New Single Crystal Superalloys, CMSX®-7 and CMSX®-8 (pages 177–188)

      Jacqueline B. Wahl and Ken Harris

    2. Development of an Oxidation-Resistant High-Strength Sixth-Generation Single-Crystal Superalloy TMS-238 (pages 189–195)

      Kyoko Kawagishi, An-Chou Yeh, Tadaharu Yokokawa, Toshiharu Kobayashi, Yutaka Koizumi and Hiroshi Harada

    3. A New Single Crystal Superalloy for Power Generation Applications (pages 197–204)

      R.C. Reed, J.J. Moverare, A. Sato, F. Karlsson and M. Hasselqvist

    4. Influence of Ruthenium on Topologically Close Packed Phase Precipitation in Single-Crystal Ni-Based Superalloys: Numerical Experiments and Validation (pages 205–214)

      R. Rettig and R.F. Singer

    5. Deformation and Damage Mechanisms during Thermomechanical Fatigue of a Single-Crystal Superalloy in the <001> and <011> Directions (pages 215–223)

      Mikael Segersäll, Johan J. Moverare, Kjell Simonsson and Sten Johansson

    6. The Effect of Crystal Orientation and Temperature on Fatigue Crack Growth of Ni-Based Single Crystal Superalloy (pages 225–233)

      Hiroyuki Kagawa and Yasuhiro Mukai

    7. Comparison of the Mechanical Behavior and Evaluation of Different Damage Mechanisms in an Equiaxed and a Single Crystal Superalloys Subjected to Creep LCF and TMF (pages 235–244)

      E. Vacchieri and A. Costa

    8. Microstructural Evolution of Single Crystal and Directionally Solidified Rejuvenated Nickel Superalloys (pages 245–254)

      A. Rowe, J. Wells, G.D. West and R.C. Thomson

    9. Development of Ni-Based DS Superalloy with Excellent Oxidation Resistance and LCF Properties for Power-Generation Gas Turbines (pages 255–263)

      Akira Yoshinari, Osam Tamura, Yoshinori Murata and Masahiko Morinaga

    10. Effect of the Prior Microstructure Degradation on the High Temperature/Low Stress Non-Isothermal Creep Behavior of CMSX-4® Ni-Based Single Crystal Superalloy (pages 265–274)

      Rémi Giraud, Jonathan Cormier, Zéline Hervier, Denis Bertheau, Ken Harris, Jacqueline Wahl, Xavier Milhet, José Mendez and Antoine Organista

    11. A Proposal on Quantitative Treatment of Multiple Cracks Nucleating in Single Crystal Superalloys (pages 275–283)

      Yasuhiro Mukai and Hiroyuki Kagawa

    12. Quantitative Analysis of Creep Strengthening Factors in Ni-Base Single Crystal Superalloys (pages 285–292)

      Tadaharu Yokokawa, Hiroshi Harada, Kyoko Kawagishi, Yutaka Koizumi and Toshiharu Kobayashi

    13. Low Cycle Fatigue of CMSX-4 in Off-Axis Orientations and the Effect of a Multi-Axial Stress State (pages 293–300)

      N.C. Barnard, D.W. MacLachlan, N. Jones, J. Mason-Flucke, S.M. Bagnall and M.R. Bache

    14. Effects of Y and La Additions on the Processing and Properties of a Second Generation Single Crystal Nickel-Base Superalloy CMSX-4® (pages 301–310)

      H.T. Pang, I.M. Edmonds, C.N. Jones, H.J. Stone and C.M.F. Rae

    15. Influence of Crystallographic Orientation on Creep Behavior of Aluminized Ni-Base Single Crystal Superalloys (pages 311–320)

      F. H. Latief, K. Kakehi, H. Murakami and K. Kasai

    16. Prediction of Initial Oxidation Behavior of Ni-Base Single Crystal Superalloys: A New Oxidation Map and Regression Analysis (pages 321–329)

      A. S. Suzuki, K. Kawagishi, T. Yokokawa, T. Kobayashi and H. Harada

    17. Modeling of the Influence of Oxidation on Thin-Walled Specimens of Single Crystal Superalloys (pages 331–340)

      Matthias Bensch, Atsushi Sato, Nils Warnken, Ernst Affeldt, Roger C. Reed and Uwe Glatzel

    18. Rejuvenation of Nickel-Based Superalloys GTD444(DS) and René N5(SX) (pages 341–349)

      L. H. Rettberg, M. Tsunekane and T. M. Pollock

  5. Part III: Creep and Fatigue

    1. Stress Rupture and Fatigue in Thin Wall Single Crystal Superalloys with Cooling Holes (pages 351–362)

      Eugene Sun, Tab Heffernan and Randy Helmink

    2. Evolution of Grain Boundary Precipitates in a Directionally Solidified Ni-Base Superalloy during High Temperature Creep (pages 363–368)

      Dong Wang, Chang Liu, Jian Zhang and Langhong Lou

    3. Thermomechanical Fatigue of Single-Crystal Superalloys: Influence of Composition and Microstructure (pages 369–377)

      Johan J. Moverare, Mikael Segersäll, Atsushi Sato, Sten Johansson and Roger C. Reed

    4. Processing to Fatigue Properties: Benefits of High Gradient Casting for Single Crystal Airfoils (pages 379–385)

      Clinique L. Brundidge and Tresa M. Pollock

    5. Secondary Creep of Thin-Walled Specimens Affected by Oxidation (pages 387–394)

      Matthias Bensch, Ernst Fleischmann, Christian H. Konrad, Markus Fried, Catherine M. F. Rae and Uwe Glatzel

    6. Sustained Macroscopic Deflected Fatigue Crack Growth in Nickel Based Superalloy 720Li (pages 395–402)

      C. Schoettle, P.A.S. Reed, M.J. Starink, I. Sinclair, D.J. Child, G.D. West and R.C. Thomson

    7. Analysis of Deformation Substructures in a Notched LCF Sample under Dwell Condition in a Ni-Based Superalloy (pages 403–409)

      G.B. Viswanathan, Ken Bain, Dan Huber, S. Jha, S. Sam, J. Tiley, Christopher Woodward and H.L. Fraser

    8. Effect of Thermal Cycling on High Temperature Creep of Coated CMSX-4 (pages 411–419)

      Raphaél Goti, Bernard Viguier and Fabrice Crabos

    9. Relative Contributions of Secondary and Tertiary γ′ Precipitates to Intergranular Crack Growth Resistance in IN100 Alloy (pages 421–430)

      Kimberly Maciejewski and Hamouda Ghonem

    10. Fatigue Crack Propagation in Thin-Wall Superalloys Component; Experimental Investigation via Miniature CT Specimen (pages 431–437)

      Motoki Sakaguchi, Takeshi Tsuru and Masakazu Okazaki

    11. An Analysis of Fatigue Crack Initiation using 2D Orientation Mapping and Full-Field Simulation of Elastic Stress Response (pages 439–444)

      Clayton Stein, Sukbin Lee and Anthony Rollett

    12. Specific Failures of Superalloys with Thermal Barrier Coatings Subjected to Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue Loadings with a Thermal Gradient in a Simulated Combustion Environment (pages 445–454)

      Masakazu Okazaki, Satoshi Yamagishi, Motoki Sakaguchi and Subramanian Rajivgandhi

    13. Effects of Alloying Elements on Elastic, Stacking Fault, and Diffusion Properties of Fcc Ni from First-Principles: Implications for Tailoring the Creep Rate of Ni-Base Superalloys (pages 455–461)

      C. L. Zacherl, S. L. Shang, D. E. Kim, Y. Wang and Z. K. Liu

    14. The Effect of Carbide Decomposition and Reformation on Rupture Lives of IN738LC during Multiple Reheat Treatment and Degradation Cycles (pages 463–471)

      S. Pahlavanyali, M Wood and G. Marchant

    15. A New Approach to Modeling of Creep in Superalloys (pages 473–479)

      Ramkumar Oruganti, Mallikarjun Karadge, Sachin Nalawade, Sivakumar Kelekanjeri and Francesco Mastromatteo

    16. Physics-Based Modeling of Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue in PWA 1484 (pages 481–490)

      Robert L. Amaro, Stephen D. Antolovich, Richard W. Neu and Alexander Staroselsky

    17. Rafting during High Temperature Deformation in a Single Crystal Superalloy: Experiments and Modeling (pages 491–500)

      Bernard Fedelich, Alexander Epishin, Thomas Link, Hellmuth Klingelhöffer, Georgia Künecke and Pedro Dolabella Portella

    18. Cyclic Dwell Fatigue Behaviour of Single Crystal Ni-Base Superalloys with/without Rhenium (pages 501–508)

      S. Yandt, X-J. Wu, N. Tsuno and A. Sato

  6. Part IV: Models for Processing & Properties

    1. Direct Laser Fabrication of Inconel-718: Effects on Distortion and Microstructure (pages 509–519)

      Lakshmi Lavanya Parimi, Moataz M. Attallah, J.C. Gebelin and Roger C. Reed

    2. Effect of Off-Stoichiometry and Ternary Additions on Planar Fault Energies in Ni3Al (pages 521–530)

      K. V. Vamsi and S. Karthikeyan

    3. Interfaces in Ni-Based Superalloys and Implications for Mechanical Behavior and Environmental Embrittlement: A First-Principles Study (pages 531–536)

      Suchismita Sanyal, Umesh V. Waghmare, Timothy Hanlon, Ernest L. Hall, PR Subramanian and Michael F.X. Gigliotti

    4. Molecular-Dynamics Simulations of Molten Ni-Based Superalloys (pages 537–545)

      Christopher Woodward, James Lill, Mark Asta and Dallas R. Trinkle

    5. Prediction of Plastic Strain for Recrystallisation during Investment Casting of Single Crystal Superalloys (pages 547–556)

      C. Panwisawas, H. Mathur, J.-C. Gebelin, D.C. Putman, P. Withey, N. Warnken, C.M.F. Rae and R.C. Reed

    6. Progress of Research on P/M and Spray-Formed Superalloy in ISCPM, USTB (pages 557–562)

      Changchun Ge, Yu Zhang, Yi Xu, Weiping Shen, Yuchun Zhang and Hao Wu

    7. Weld Solidification Behavior of Ni-Base Superalloys for use in Advanced Supercritical Coal-Fired Power Plants (pages 563–567)

      David C. Tung and John C. Lippold

    8. Sputtered Ni-Base Superalloys for Microscale Devices (pages 569–575)

      Devin E. Burns, Yong Zhang, Timothy P. Weihs and Kevin J. Hemker

    9. Laser Powder Bed Fabrication of Nickel-Base Superalloys: Influence of Parameters; Characterisation, Quantification and Mitigation of Cracking (pages 577–586)

      Luke N. Carter, Moataz M. Attallah and Roger C. Reed

    10. On Liquation and Liquid Phase Oxidation during Linear Friction Welding of Nickel-Base IN738 and CMSX Superalloys (pages 587–594)

      M. Y. Amegadzie, O. T. Ola, O.A. Ojo, P. Wanjara and MC. Chaturvedi

    11. Microstructure Development during Controlled Directional Solidification in Alloy 718 (pages 595–600)

      Ashish D. Patel, Jill Erbrick, Karl Heck and Gernant Maurer

    12. Numerical Simulation of Microstructure Formation during Solidification and Heat Treatments of Ni-Base Superalloys (pages 601–608)

      L. Rougier, A. Jacot, Ch.-A. Gandin, P. Di Napoli, P.-Y. Théry and V. Jaquet

    13. Effects of Hammer Peening and Aging Treatment on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Oil-Grade Alloy 718 (pages 609–614)

      Ting Chen, Hendrik John, Jing Xu, Jeffrey Hawk and Xingbo Liu

    14. Dendrite Bending during Directional Solidification (pages 615–624)

      J.W. Aveson, G. Reinhart, H. Nguyen-Thi, N. Mangelinck-Noël, A. Tandjaoui, B. Billia, K. Goodwin, T.A. Lafford, J. Baruchel, H.J. Stone and N. D'Souza

    15. A Closed Concept to Associate the Hot-Forging Process Controlled Microstructure with Fatigue Life (pages 625–631)

      Michael Stoschka, Martin Stockinger, Hermann Maderbacher and Martin Riedler

    16. Polycrystalline γ(Ni)/γ′ (Ni3A1)-δ(Ni3Nb) Eutectic Ni-Base Superalloys: Chemistry, Solidification and Microstructure (pages 633–642)

      Mengtao Xie, Randolph C. Helmink and Sammy Tin

    17. Two Integrated Experimental and Modeling Approaches to Study Strain Distributions in Nickel and Nickel-Base Superalloy Polycrystals (pages 643–652)

      T.J. Turner, P.A. Shade, J. Schuren, M.A. Groeber, M. Miller and M.D. Uchic

    18. Development and Application of an Optimization Protocol for Directional Solidification: Integrating Fundamental Theory, Experimentation and Modeling Tools (pages 653–662)

      Jonathan D. Miller and Tresa M. Pollock

    19. INCONEL 718 Single and Multipass Modelling of Hot Forging (pages 663–672)

      J. de Jaeger, D. Solas, T. Baudin, O. Fandeur, J-H. Schmitt and C. Rey

    20. Computational Fluid Dynamics Modelling of Heat Treatment of Single Crystal Nickel Based Superalloys for Turbine Blade Application (pages 673–682)

      Francesco Cosentino, Nils Warnken, Jean-Christophe Gebelin, Robert W. Broomfield and Roger C. Reed

  7. Part V: Alloy & Coating Development

    1. Alloying Effects in the γ′ Phase of Co-Based Superalloys (pages 683–693)

      Alessandro Mottura, Anderson Janotti and Tresa M. Pollock

    2. Creep Strength and Microstructure of Polycrystalline γ′ – Strengthened Cobalt-Base Superalloys (pages 695–703)

      Alexander Bauer, Steffen Neumeier, Florian Pyczak and Mathias Göken

    3. Quaternary Alloying Effects and the Prospects for a New Generation of Co-Base Superalloys (pages 705–714)

      Hui-Yu Yan, Vassili A. Vorontsov, James Coakley, Nicholas G. Jones, Howard J. Stone and David Dye

    4. Dynamic Strain Aging in Ni Base Alloys with Different Stacking Fault Energy (pages 715–722)

      C.Y. Cui, C.G. Tian, Y.Z. Zhou, T. Jin and X.F. Sun

    5. The Effect of Water Vapor and Superalloy Composition on Thermal Barrier Coating Lifetime (pages 723–732)

      B. A. Pint, J. A. Haynes, K. A. Unocic and Y. Zhang

    6. Potential of the Halogen Effect for the Formation of a Protective Alumina Scale on Ni-Base Superalloys (pages 733–739)

      Hans-Eberhard Zschau and Michael Schütze

    7. Environmental and Dwell Effects on the Damage Tolerance Properties of ATI 718Plus® Alloy (pages 741–749)

      R.M. Kearsey, J. Tsang, S. Oppenheimer and E. McDevitt

    8. Microstructural Characterisation of High Temperature Oxidation of Nickel Base Superalloy RR1000 and the Effect of Shot-Peening (pages 751–758)

      S. Cruchley, M.P. Taylor, H.E. Evans, P. Bowen, M. C. Hardy and S. Stekovic

    9. Experimental Determination of TTT Diagram for Alloy 718Plus® (pages 759–768)

      Dheepa Srinivasan, Leah Underwood Lawless and Eric A. Ott

    10. Development of a New 760°C (1400°F) Capable Low Thermal Expansion Alloy (pages 769–777)

      M. Fahrmann, S. K. Srivastava and L. M. Pike

    11. Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of a New Wrought Ni-Co-Base Disk Superalloy TMW-4M3 (pages 779–786)

      Z.H. Zhong, Y.F. Gu, Y. Yuan, T. Osada, T. Yokokawa and H. Harada

    12. On the Development of Cast ATI 718Plus® Alloy for Structural Gas Turbine Engine Components (pages 787–794)

      Benjamin Peterson, Dan Frias, Dave Brayshaw, Randy Helmink, Scott Oppenheimer, Eric Ott, Ray Benn and Michael Uchic

    13. Characterization and Modelling of Ni Based Superalloy Materials with a Dual Layered MCrAlY Coating System (pages 795–802)

      Y. Liu, M.S.A. Karunaratne, M.A.E. Jepson and R.C. Thomson

    14. The Development and Validation of a New Thermodynamic Database for Ni-Based Alloys (pages 803–812)

      J. Bratberg, H. Mao, L. Kjellqvist, A. Engström, P. Mason and Q. Chen

    15. Alloying Effects on Heat-Treated Microstructure in Co-Al-W-Base Superalloys at 1300°C and 900°C (pages 813–821)

      Fei Xue, Meiling Wang and Qiang Feng

    16. High Temperature Creep of New L12 Containing Cobalt-Base Superalloys (pages 823–832)

      Michael S. Titus, Akane Suzuki and Tresa M. Pollock

    17. Polycrystalline γ-γ′-δ Ternary Eutectic Ni-Base Superalloys (pages 833–841)

      S. Tin, A. Rodriguez, A. DiScuillo-Jones, R. Helmink and M. Hardy

  8. Part VI: Models and Behavior of Disk Alloys

    1. Dwell Notch Low-Cycle Fatigue Performance of Powder Metal Alloy 10 (pages 843–852)

      Dan Greving, Pete Kantzos, Jim Neumann, Derek Rice and Harry Kington

    2. Dwell Notch Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of a Powder Metallurgy Nickel Disk Alloy (pages 853–862)

      J. Telesman, T.P. Gabb, Y. Yamada, L.J. Ghosn, D. Hornbach and N. Jayaraman

    3. Oxidation and the Effects of High Temperature Exposures on Notched Fatigue Life of an Advanced Powder Metallurgy Disk Superalloy (pages 863–872)

      Chantal K. Sudbrack, Susan L. Draper, Timothy T. Gorman, Jack Telesman, Timothy P. Gabb and David R. Hull

    4. Grain Boundary Engineering Alloy 706 for Improved High Temperature Performance (pages 873–880)

      Andrew J. Detor, Andrew D. Deal and Timothy Hanlon

    5. Residual Stress Evolution during Manufacture of Aerospace Forgings (pages 881–891)

      J. Rolph, M. Preuss, N. Iqbal, M. Hofmann, S. Nikov, M. C. Hardy, M. G. Glavicic, R. Ramanathan and A. Evans

    6. Characterization and Computational Modeling of Minor Phases in Alloy LSHR (pages 893–902)

      Herng-Jeng Jou, Gregory Olson, Tim Gabb, Anita Garg and Derek Miller

    7. An Advanced Cast-and-Wrought Superalloy (TMW-4M3) for Turbine Disk Applications Beyond 700°C (pages 903–910)

      Y. Gu, Z. Zhong, Y. Yuan, T. Osadal, C. Cui, T. Yokokawa and H. Harada

    8. AD730™ - A New Nickel-Based Superalloy for High Temperature Engine Rotative Parts (pages 911–919)

      A. Devaux, B. Picqué, M.F. Gervais, E. Georges, T. Poulain and P. Héritier

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      Author Index (pages 921–924)

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      Subject Index (pages 925–928)

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      Alloys Index (pages 929–930)

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