The Earth's Crust and Upper Mantle

Copyright © 1969 by the American Geophysical Union.

The Earth's Crust and Upper Mantle

Editor(s): Pembroke J. Hart

Published Online: 25 MAR 2013

Print ISBN: 9780875900131

Online ISBN: 9781118668979

DOI: 10.1029/GM013

About this Book

Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 13.

We have many reasons to believe that the history of the development of the earth's crust is fundamentally dependent on processes in the upper mantle to a depth not exceeding 1000 km. Because of this relation, the Upper Mantle Project was organized as an international program of geophysical, geochemical, and geological studies concerning the 'upper mantle and its influence on the development of the earth's crust.'

Many important results have emerged during the course of the Upper Mantle Project. Probably the most significant is the delineation in some detail of the 'fine structure'-the lateral and vertical variations of properties-of the upper mantle. These results have fully convinced us that there is a fundamental relation between this fine structure, the motions of materials in the upper mantle, and activities at or near the surface of the earth such as earthquakes (and the types of earthquake motions), volcanism, the building and deformation of mountains, and the differentiation of various rock types, including concentrations that are of economic interest.

Table of contents

    1. You have free access to this content
      Front Matter (pages i–xvi)

  2. Part 1: Composition of the Crust and Upper Mantle

    1. Composition and Evolution of the Upper Mantle (pages 1–17)

      A. E. Ringwood

    1. Density and Composition of the Upper Mantle: First Approximation as an Olivine Layer (pages 18–36)

      Francis Birch

    1. Chemical Composition of the Earth's Crust (pages 37–57)

      A. B. Ronov and A. A. Yaroshevsky

    1. Isotope Geochemistry of Crust-Mantle Processes (pages 58–62)

      Stanley R. Hart

  6. Part 2: Heat Flow

    1. Thermal History of the Earth (pages 63–77)

      E. A. Lubimova

    1. Heat Flow in North America (pages 78–81)

      Gene Simmons and Robert F. Roy

    1. Heat Flow Map of Eurasia (pages 82–88)

      E. A. Lubimova and B. G. Polyak

    1. Heat Flow in Oceanic Regions (pages 88–95)

      R. P. Von Herzen and W. H. K. Lee

    1. Terrestrial Heat Flow in Volcanic Areas (pages 95–109)

      Ki-Iti Horai and Seiya Uyeda

  11. Part 3: Seismology

    1. Seismology and Upper Mantle Investigations (pages 110–115)

      A. R. Ritsema

    1. Seismicity of the Earth (pages 115–124)

      Setumi Miyamura

    1. Tectonic Activity in North America as Indicated by Earthquakes (pages 125–133)

      George P. Woollard

    1. Seismicity of Continental Asia and the Region of the Sea of Okhotsk, 1953–1965 (pages 134–139)

      E. F. Savarensky and N. V. Golubeva

    1. Seismicity of the European Area (pages 139–144)

      VíT KáRnáK

    1. Seismicity of Southeast Australia (pages 145–147)

      J. C. Jaeger and Lesley Read

    1. Seismicity of the Mid-Oceanic Ridge System (pages 148–153)

      Lynn R. Sykes

    1. Worldwide Earthquake Mechanism (pages 153–160)

      Anne E. Stevens

    1. Mechanism of Earthquakes in and Near Japan and Related Problems (pages 160–165)

      Masaji Ichikawa

    1. The Field of Elastic Stresses Associated with Earthquakes (pages 166–171)

      L. M. Balakina, L. A. Misharina, E. I. Shirokova and A. V. Vvedenshaya

    1. Zero Frequency Seismology (pages 171–173)

      Frank Press

    1. Prediction of Earthquakes (pages 174–176)

      Takahiro Hagiwara

    1. Explosion Seismology: Introduction (page 177)

      I. P. Kosminskaya

    1. Explosion Seismic Studies in Western Europe (pages 178–188)

      H. Closs

    1. Seismic Crustal Studies in Southeastern Europe (pages 189–195)

      V. B. Sollogub

    1. Explosion Seismology in the USSR (pages 195–208)

      I. P. Kosminskaya, N. A. Belyaevsky and I. S. Volvovsky

    1. Explosion Seismic Studies in North America (pages 208–220)

      John H. Healy and David H. Warren

    1. Seismic Model of the Atlantic Ocean (pages 220–225)

      John Ewing

    1. Explosion Seismic Refraction Studies of the Crust and Upper Mantle in the Pacific and Indian Oceans (pages 225–230)

      George G. Shor and Russell W. Raitt

    1. Surface Waves and Crustal Structure (pages 230–242)

      James N. Brune

    1. Regional Variations of P-Wave Velocity in the Upper Mantle Beneath North America (pages 242–246)

      Eugene Herrin

    1. Upper Mantle Structure and Velocity Distribution in Eurasia (pages 246–250)

      Jiřř VaněK

    1. Anisotropy of the Upper Mantle (pages 250–256)

      Russell W. Raitt

    1. Seismic Surface-Wave Data on the Upper Mantle (pages 257–265)

      James Dorman

    1. Higher-Mode Surface Waves (pages 265–272)

      Z. Alterman

    1. Attenuation of Seismic Waves in the Mantle (pages 273–276)

      Leon Knopoff

    1. Seismic Models of the Upper Mantle (pages 276–279)

      Jiřř VaněK

    1. Earthquakes and Tectonics (pages 279–282)

      B. A. Petrushevsky

  39. Part 4: Gravity

    1. Standardization of Gravity Measurements (pages 283–293)

      George P. Woollard

    1. Figure of the Earth and Mass Anomalies Defined by Satellite Orbital Perturbations (pages 293–304)

      M. A. Khan

    1. Gravity Anomalies as a Function of Elevation: Some Results in Western Europe (pages 304–312)

      S. Coron

    1. The Relation Between the Earth'S Crust, Surface Relief, and Gravity Field in the USSR (pages 312–319)

      R. M. Demenitskaya and N. A. Belyaevsky

    1. Regional Variations in Gravity (pages 320–341)

      George P. Wollard

    1. Gravity Field Over the Atlantic Ocean (pages 341–351)

      Manik Talwani and Xavier Le Pichon

    1. Gravity and Its Relation to Topography and Geology in the Pacific Ocean (pages 352–363)

      Peter Dehlinger

    1. Gravity Anomalies Over Volcanic Regions (pages 364–379)

      Alexander Malahoff

    1. Recent Movements of the Earth's Crust and Isostatic Compensation (pages 379–390)

      E. V. Artyushkov and Yu. A. Mescherikov

  48. Part 5: Magnetism

    1. Reduction of Geomagnetic Data and Interpretation of Anomalies (pages 391–398)

      Takesi Nagata

    1. The Relation of Magnetic Anomalies to Topography and Geologic Features in Europe (pages 399–404)

      A. Hahn and A. Zitzmann

    1. Aeromagnetic Investigations of the Earth's Crust in the United States (pages 404–415)

      Isidore Zietz

    1. Relation of Magnetic Anomalies to Topography and Geology in the USSR (pages 415–421)

      Tatiana Simonenko

    1. Magnetic Intensity Field in the Pacific (pages 422–430)

      Victor Vacquier

    1. Geomagnetic Studies in the Atlantic Ocean (pages 430–436)

      J. R. Heirtzler

    1. Magnetic Studies Over Volcanoes (pages 436–446)

      Alexander Malahoff

    1. The Paleomagnetic Vector Field (pages 447–457)

      S. K. Runcorn

    1. Magnetic Anomalies and Crustal Structure (pages 457–463)

      Ned A. Ostenso

    1. Conductivity Anomaly of the Upper Mantle (pages 463–469)

      Tsuneji Rikitake

    1. Magnetotelluric Studies of the Electrical Conductivity Structure of the Crust and Upper Mantle (pages 469–479)

      T. R. Madden and C. M. Swift

    1. The Ultramafic Belts (pages 480–483)

      Peter J. Wyllie

    1. Batholiths and Their Orogenic Setting (pages 483–489)

      Ahti Simonen

    1. The Origin of Basalt Magmas (pages 489–495)

      D. H. Green and A. E. Ringwood

    1. Plateau Basalts (pages 495–501)

      Hisashi Kuno

    1. Andesitic and Rhyolitic Volcanism of Orogenic Belts (pages 501–507)

      Alexander R. Mcbirney

    1. Mafic and Ultramafic Inclusions in Basaltic Rocks and the Nature of the Upper Mantle (pages 507–513)

      Hisashi Kuno

    1. Petrology of the Precambrian Basement Complex (pages 513–518)

      K. R. Mehnert

    1. Age Relationships of the Precambrian Basement Rock Complex (page 519)

      Hisashi Kuno

    1. Metamorphism and its Relation to Depth (pages 519–522)

    1. Crustal Movements and Tectonic Structure of Continents (pages 523–538)

      V. E. Khain and M. V. Muratov

    1. Continental Rifts (pages 539–544)

      V. V. Beloussov

    1. Wrench (Transcurrent) Fault Systems (pages 544–549)

      H. W. Wellman

    1. Continental Margins (pages 549–556)

      Charles L. Drake

    1. The Crust and Upper Mantle Beneath the Sea (pages 556–617)

      Peter R. Vogt, Eric D. Schneider and G. Leonard Johnson

    1. Electrical Conductivity of the Mantle (pages 618–621)

      D. C. Tozer

    1. Heat Conductivity in the Mantle (pages 622–626)

      Sydney P. Clark

    1. Magnetic Properties of Rocks (pages 627–633)

      John Verhoogen

    1. Phase Equilibrium Studies Relevant to Upper Mantle Petrology (pages 634–637)

      M. J. O'Hara

    1. Phase Transitions (pages 637–649)

      A. E. Ringwood and D. H. Green

    1. Equation of State at High Pressure (pages 650–659)

      V. N. Zharkov and V. A. Kalinin

    1. The Mohorovicic Discontinuity (pages 660–664)

      D. P. Mckenzie

    1. Low-Velocity Layers in the Upper Mantle (pages 664–675)

      V. A. Magnitsky and V. N. Zharkov

    1. The Transitional Layer in the Mantle (pages 676–682)

      V. A. Magnitsky

    1. Continental Drift and Convection (pages 683–689)

      Leon Knopoff

    1. Problem of Convection in the Earth's Mantle (pages 689–692)

      E. N. Lyustikh

    1. Convection in the Mantle (pages 692–698)

      S. K. Runcorn

    1. Interrelations Between the Earth's Crust and Upper Mantle (pages 698–712)

      V. V. Beloussov

    1. You have free access to this content
      Author Index (pages 713–725)

    1. You have free access to this content
      Subject Index (pages 726–735)

SEARCH