Toxicant and parasite challenge of Manz intermittent slow sand filter

  1. G. Palmateer1,*,
  2. D. Manz2,
  3. A. Jurkovic3,
  4. R. McInnis3,
  5. S. Unger4,
  6. K. K. Kwan3,
  7. B. J. Dutka3

Article first published online: 7 APR 1999

DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1522-7278(199905)14:2<217::AID-TOX2>3.0.CO;2-L

Issue

Environmental Toxicology

Environmental Toxicology

Volume 14, Issue 2, pages 217–225, May 1999

Additional Information

How to Cite

Palmateer, G., Manz, D., Jurkovic, A., McInnis, R., Unger, S., Kwan, K. K. and Dutka, B. J. (1999), Toxicant and parasite challenge of Manz intermittent slow sand filter. Environmental Toxicology, 14: 217–225. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1522-7278(199905)14:2<217::AID-TOX2>3.0.CO;2-L

Author Information

  1. 1

    EnviroMicrobial Services Inc. 1020 Hargrieve Rd. London, ON, Canada, N6E 1P5

  2. 2

    DAVNOR Inc. Calgary, AL, Canada, T2L 1C5

  3. 3

    AEPB, NWRI, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada

  4. 4

    Bacteriology Department M.O.E. London, ON, Canada

*EnviroMicrobial Services Inc. 1020 Hargrieve Rd. London, ON, Canada, N6E 1P5

Publication History

  1. Issue published online: 7 APR 1999
  2. Article first published online: 7 APR 1999
  3. Manuscript Accepted: 17 DEC 1997
  4. Manuscript Revised: 6 OCT 1997
  5. Manuscript Received: 4 MAR 1997

Funded by

  • International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada

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Keywords:

  • sand filter;
  • potable water;
  • microbial hazards;
  • parasites;
  • toxicants;
  • Giardia lamblia cysts;
  • cryptosporidium oocysts

Abstract

Safe potable water is a luxury that is generally unavailable to the majority of rural and suburban populations of developing, underdeveloped, and often developed countries. Important considerations in the development and maintenance of safe water supplies is the availability and use of efficient, inexpensive, and appropriate technology for removing microbial hazards, parasites, and toxicants. The Manz intermittent slow sand filter was known to be user friendly, small enough to fit into the smallest kitchen, and could remove up to 97% of the fecal coliforms present in the raw water before treatment by the Manz filter. This filter was evaluated for its ability to remove parasitic cysts and toxicants as well as bacteria. Using two different filters and two different water supplies our results indicated that the intermittent slow sand filter could remove 83+% total heterotrophic bacterial populations, 100% of Giardia cysts, 99.98% of Cryptosporidium oocysts, and 50–90% of organic and inorganic toxicants when administered in concentrations varying from 10–>100× environmental pollution levels. Methodology details are provided in the paper. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 14: 217–225, 1999

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