Chapter 17. Mixing in the Fine Chemicals and Pharmaceutical Industries
- Edward L. Paul3,
- Victor A. Atiemo-Obeng4,
- Suzanne M. Kresta5
Published Online: 30 JAN 2004
DOI: 10.1002/0471451452.ch17
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Book Title
Handbook of Industrial Mixing: Science and Practice
Additional Information
How to Cite
Paul, E. L., Midler, M. and Sun, Y. (2004) Mixing in the Fine Chemicals and Pharmaceutical Industries, in Handbook of Industrial Mixing: Science and Practice (eds E. L. Paul, V. A. Atiemo-Obeng and S. M. Kresta), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA. doi: 10.1002/0471451452.ch17
Editor Information
- 3
Merck & Co., Inc. (retired); 308 Brooklyn Boulevard, Sea Girt, NJ 08750, USA
- 4
The Dow Chemical Company, Building 1776, Midland, MI 48674, USA
- 5
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G6
Publication History
- Published Online: 30 JAN 2004
- Published Print: 14 NOV 2003
ISBN Information
Print ISBN: 9780471269199
Online ISBN: 9780471451457
- Summary
- Chapter
Keywords:
- mixing;
- reaction;
- fine chemicals;
- pharmaceuticals;
- agrichemicals;
- glass-lined mixing equipment;
- crystallization;
- organic compounds;
- reaction calorimetry;
- calorimetry
Summary
Mixing requirements specific to the fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals industries are discussed. Mixing requirements can be dictated by (1) the nature of the compounds, which are generally structurally and/or functionally complex organic molecules, and (2) the need to satisfy regulatory controls imposed on the pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals industries. The majority of mixing operations in these industries are carried out in batch and semibatch, rather than in continuous, mode. Often, multiple tasks are carried out in the same vessel (e.g chemical reaction, heat and mass transfer, concentration, crystallization), requiring a fine balance in design and operation. Poor mixing can result in loss of product yield and purity, excessive crystalline fines or “oiled out” material, and/or intractable emulsions or foam. Attention is paid to micro-, meso- and macromixing requirements, particularly for competitive chemical reactions and for crystallization. A section of this chapter is devoted to reaction calorimetry, and another is dedicated to a review of glass-lined mixing equipment which is widely used in pharmaceutical and fine chemicals production.