| 1. | Introduction |
| 1.1. | Historical Development of Membranes and Membrane Processes |
| 1.2. | Advantages and Limitations of Membrane Processes |
| 1.3. | The Membrane-Based Industry |
| 1.4. | The Future of Membrane Science and Technology |
| 2. | Fundamentals |
| 2.1. | Definition of Terms |
| 2.1.1. | Definition of a Membrane and its Function |
| 2.1.2. | Definition of the Various Membrane Processes |
| 2.1.3. | The Membrane Transport Mechanism |
| 2.2. | Materials and Structures of Synthetic Membranes |
| 2.2.1. | Symmetric and Asymmetric Membranes |
| 2.2.2. | Porous Membranes |
| 2.2.3. | Homogeneous Membranes |
| 2.2.4. | Ion-Exchange Membranes |
| 2.2.5. | Liquid Membranes |
| 2.2.6. | Fixed-Carrier Membranes |
| 2.3. | Fluxes and Driving Forces in Membrane Separation Processes |
| 2.4. | Mathematical Description of Mass Transport in Membrane Processes |
| 2.5. | Membrane Separation Capability |
| 2.6. | Chemical and Electrochemical Equilibrium in Membrane Processes |
| 2.6.1. | Osmotic Equilibrium, Osmotic Pressure, Osmosis, and Reverse Osmosis |
| 2.6.2. | Donnan Equilibrium and Donnan Potential |
| 3. | Principles |
| 3.1. | Principle of Microfiltration |
| 3.2. | Principle of Ultrafiltration |
| 3.3. | Principle of Reverse Osmosis |
| 3.3.1. | Mass Transport in Reverse Osmosis Described by Phenomenological Equations |
| 3.3.2. | Description of Mass Transport in Reverse Osmosis by the Solution-Diffusion Model |
| 3.4. | Principle of Gas Separation |
| 3.4.1. | Gas Separation by Knudsen Diffusion |
| 3.4.2. | Gas Transport by the Solution-Diffusion Mechanism in a Polymer Matrix |
| 3.5. | Principle of Pervaporation |
| 3.6. | Principle of Dialysis |
| 3.6.1. | Dialytic Mass Transport of Neutral Components |
| 3.6.2. | Dialytic Mass Transport of Electrolytes in a Membrane without Fixed Ions |
| 3.6.3. | Dialysis of Electrolytes in Ion-Exchange Membranes |
| 3.7. | Principle of Electrodialysis |
| 3.7.1. | Electrical Current and Ion Fluxes |
| 3.7.2. | Transport Number and Membrane Permselectivity |
| 3.7.3. | Membrane Counterion Permselectivity |
| 3.7.4. | Water Transport in Electrodialysis |
| 3.8. | Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membranes |
| 3.9. | Energy Requirements of Membrane Processes |
