| 1. | Introduction |
| 1.1. | History |
| 1.2. | General Aspects of Oil Refining |
| 2. | Crude Oils and Products |
| 2.1. | Crude Oil Constituents |
| 2.2. | Classification of Crude Oils |
| 2.3. | Oil Products |
| 2.3.1. | Gas Fuels |
| 2.3.2. | Liquid Fuels |
| 2.3.3. | Nonfuel Applications |
| 3. | Oil Refining Processes |
| 3.1. | Crude Oil Distillation |
| 3.1.1. | Atmospheric Distillation |
| 3.1.2. | Vacuum Distillation |
| 3.1.3. | Crude Oil Desalting |
| 3.2. | Catalytic Cracking (Cat Cracking) |
| 3.3. | Hydrotreating |
| 3.3.1. | Distillate Hydrotreating |
| 3.3.2. | Pyrolysis Gasoline Hydrotreating |
| 3.4. | Catalytic Reforming |
| 3.4.1. | Introduction |
| 3.4.2. | Semiregenerative Reformer |
| 3.4.3. | Fully Regenerative Reformer |
| 3.4.4. | Continuously Regenerative Reformer |
| 3.5. | Hydrocracking |
| 3.6. | Residue Conversion Processes |
| 3.6.1. | Introduction |
| 3.6.2. | Fundamentals of Residue Conversion and Process Options |
| 3.6.3. | Hydrogen Addition (“H-in”) Processes |
| 3.6.3.1. | Residue Hydrotreating (Demetallization, Desulfurization, Denitrification) |
| 3.6.3.2. | Residue Hydrocracking (Hydroconversion) |
| 3.6.4. | Carbon Rejection (“C-out”) Processes |
| 3.6.4.1. | Thermal Processes (Visbreaking, Coking) |
| 3.6.4.2. | Catalytic Processes (Residue Cat Cracking) |
| 3.6.5. | Other Processes |
| 3.6.5.1. | Extraction of Asphaltenes |
| 3.6.5.2. | Partial Oxidation |
| 3.6.6. | Process Combinations |
| 3.7. | Gasoline Upgrading Processes |
| 3.7.1. | Alkylation |
| 3.7.2. | Polymerization |
| 3.7.3. | Isomerization |
| 3.7.4 | Production of Ethers (MTBE; ETBE) |
| 3.8. | Other Processes |
| 3.8.1. | Gas Treating |
| 3.8.2. | Sulfur Recovery |
| 3.9. | Catalysts |
| 4. | Environmental Protection in Oil Refining |
| 4.1. | Introduction |
| 4.2. | Manufacturing Emissions |
| 4.2.1. | Hydrocarbons (HC) |
| 4.2.1.1. | Hydrocarbons in Air |
| 4.2.1.2. | Hydrocarbons in Wastewater |
| 4.2.1.3. | Hydrocarbons in Soil and Groundwater |
| 4.2.2. | Sulfur and Nitrogen Compounds |
| 4.2.2.1. | Sulfur Compounds |
| 4.2.2.2. | Nitrogen Compounds |
| 4.2.3. | Noise |
| 4.3. | Consumer Related Emissions |
| 4.3.1. | Transportation Fuels |
| 4.3.1.1. | Motor Gasoline |
| 4.3.1.2. | Diesel Fuel |
| 4.3.1.3. | Marine Fuels |
| 4.3.2. | Fuels for Heat Generation |
| 4.4. | Cost of Environmental Conservation |
| 5. | Integrated Refinery Models |
| 5.1. | Trends of Refinery Structures |
| 5.2. | Hydroskimming Refinery |
| 5.3. | Conversion Concepts |
| 5.3.1. | Cat Cracking - Visbreaking Refinery |
| 5.3.2. | Hydrocracking - Cat Cracking Refinery |
| 5.3.3. | Hydrocracking - Coking Refinery |
| 5.3.4. | Integration of Existing Refineries |
| 6. | Corrosion and Materials |
| 7. | Testing and Analysis |
| 7.1. | Crude Oil and Product Properties |
| 7.2. | Testing Methods and Standards |
| 8. | Storage and Transport |
