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Exercise therapy for treatment of non-specific low back pain

  1. Jill Hayden1,*,
  2. Maurits W van Tulder2,
  3. Antti Malmivaara3,
  4. Bart W Koes4

Editorial Group: Cochrane Back Group

Published Online: 17 FEB 2010

Assessed as up-to-date: 30 SEP 2004

DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000335.pub2

Database Title

Additional Information

How to Cite

Hayden J, van Tulder MW, Malmivaara A, Koes BW. Exercise therapy for treatment of non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD000335. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000335.pub2.

Author Information

  1. 1

    Dalhousie University, Dept. of Community Health & Epidemiology, Halifax, NS, Canada

  2. 2

    VU University, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands

  3. 3

    National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Centre for Health Economics CHESS, Helsinki, Finland

  4. 4

    Erasmus Medical Center, Department of General Practice, Rotterdam, Netherlands

*Jill Hayden, Dept. of Community Health & Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, 5790 University Avenue, Room 222, Halifax, NS, B3H 1V7, Canada. jhayden@dal.ca.

Publication History

  1. Publication Status: Edited (no change to conclusions)
  2. Published Online: 17 FEB 2010

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References

References to studies included in this review

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to studies awaiting assessment
  4. Additional references
  5. References to other published versions of this review
Alexandre 2001 {published data only}
  • Alexandre NM, de Moraes MA, Correa Filho HR, Jorge SA. Evaluation of a program to reduce back pain in nursing personnel. Revista de Saude Publica 2001;35:356-61.
Aure (ex2) {published data only}

 

Aure 2003 {published data only}
  • Aure O, Nilsen J, Vasseljen O. Manual therapy and exercise therapy in patients with chronic low back pain. A randomized, controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Spine 2003;28(6):525-532.
Bendix_a (ex2) {published data only}

 

Bendix_a 2000 {published data only}
  • Bendix T, Bendix A, Labriola M, Haestrup C, Ebbehoj N. Functional restoration versus outpatient physical training in chronic low back pain: a randomized comparative study. Spine 2000;25:2494-500.
Bendix_b (ex2) {published data only}

 

Bendix_b 1995 {published data only}
  • Bendix AF, Bendix T, Labriola M, Boekgaard P. Functional restoration for chronic low back pain: Two-year follow-up of two randomized clinical trials. Spine 1998;23:717-25.
  • Bendix AF, Bendix T, Lund C, Kirkbak S, Ostenfeld S, Kirking BC. Comparison of three intensive programs for chronic low back pain patients: a prospective, randomized, observer-blinded study with one-year follow-up. Scand J Rehab Med 1997;29:81-9.
  • Bendix AF, Bendix T, Ostenfeld S, Bush E, Andersen A. Active treatment programs for patients with chronic low back pain: a prospective randomized, observer-blinded study. Eur Spine J 1995;4:148-52.
Bentsen (ex2) {published data only}

 

Bentsen 1997 {published data only}
  • Bentsen H, Lindgärde F, Manthorpe R. The effect of dynamic strength back exercise and/or a home training program in 57-year old women with chronic low back pain: results of a prospective randomized study with a 3-year follow-up period. Spine 1997;22:1494-500.
Bronfort (ex2) {published data only}

 

Bronfort 1996 {published data only}
  • Bronfort G, Goldsmith CH, Nelson C, Boline PD, Anderson AV. Trunk exercise combined with spinal manipulative or NSAID therapy for chronic low back pain: a randomized, observer-blinded clinical trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1996;19:570-82.
Buswell (ex2) {published data only}

 

Buswell 1982 {published data only}
  • Buswell J. Low back pain: a comparison of two treatment programmes. NZ J Physiotherapy 1982;10:13-7.
Calmels (ex2) {published data only}

 

Calmels 2004 {published data only}
  • Calmels P, Jacob JF, Fayolle-Minon I, Charles C, Bouchet JP, Rimaud D, Thomas T. [Use of isokinetic techniques vs standard physiotherapy in patients with chronic low back pain. Preliminary results] [French]. Annales de Readaptation et de Medecine Physique 2004;47:20-7.
Cherkin 1998 {published data only}
  • Cherkin DC, Deyo RA, Battie M, Street J, Barlow W. A comparison of physical therapy, chiropractic manipulation, and provision of an educational booklet for the treatment of patients with low back pain. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1021-9.
Chok 1999 {published data only}
Dalichau (ex2) {published data only}

 

Dalichau 2000 {published data only}
  • Dalichau S, Scheele K. [Effects of elastic lumbar belts on the effect of a muscle training program for patients with chronic back pain]. [German]. Zeitschrift fur Orthopadie und Ihre Grenzgebiete 2000;138:8-16.
Davies (ex2) {published data only}

 

Davies 1979 {published data only}
Delitto (ex2) {published data only}

 

Delitto 1993 {published data only}
  • Delitto A, Cibulka MT, Erhard RE, Bowling RW, Tenhula JA. Evidence for use of an extension-mobilization category in acute low back syndrome: a prescriptive validation pilot study. Phys Ther 1993;73:216-28.
Descarreaux (ex2) {published data only}

 

Descarreaux 2002 {published data only}
Deyo 1990 {published data only}
  • Deyo RA, Walsh NE, Martin DC, Schoenfeld LS, Ramamurthy S. A controlled trial of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and exercise for chronic low back pain. N Engl J Med 1990;322:1627-34.
Elnaggar (ex2) {published data only}

 

Elnaggar 1991 {published data only}
  • Elnaggar IM, Nordin M, Sheikhzadeh A, Parnianpour M, Kahanovitz N. Effects of spinal flexion and extension exercises on low-back pain and spinal mobility in chronic mechanical low-back pain patients. Spine 1991;16:967-72.
Faas 1993 {published data only}
Farrell 1982 {published data only}
Frost 1995 {published data only}
  • Frost H, Klaber Moffett JA, Moser JS, Fairbank JCT. Randomised controlled trial for evaluation of fitness programme for patients with chronic low back pain. Br Med J 1995;310:151-4.
  • Frost H, Lamb SE, Klaber Moffett JA, Fairbank JCT, Moser JS. A fitness programme for patients with chronic low back pain: 2-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Pain 1998;75:273-9.
Frost 2004 {published data only}
Galantino 2004 {published data only}
  • Galantino ML, Bzdewka TM, Eissler-Russo JL, Holbrook ML, Mogck EP, Geigle P, et al. The impact of modified hatha yoga on chronic low back pain: A pilot study. Alternative Therapies in Health & Medicine 2004;10:56-9.
Gilbert (ex2) {published data only}

 

Gilbert 1985 {published data only}
  • Evans C, Gilbert JR, Taylor DW, Hildebrand A. A randomized controlled trial of flexion exercises, education, and bed rest for patients with acute low back pain. Physiother Can 1987;39:96-101.
  • Gilbert JR, Taylor DW, Hildebrand A, Evans C. Clinical practice of common treatments for low-back pain. Br Med J 1985;291:789-92.
Gur (ex2) {published data only}

 

Gur 2003 {published data only}
  • Gur A, Karakoc M, Cevik R, Nas K, Sarac AJ, Karakoc M. Efficacy of low power laser therapy and exercise on pain and functions in chronic low back pain. Lasers in Surgery & Medicine 2003;32:233-8.
    Direct Link:
Hansen 1993 {published data only}
  • Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, Jensen CV, Kristensen JH, Krohn L, et al. Intensive, dynamic back-muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy, or placebo-control treatment of low back pain. Spine 1993;18:98-107.
Hemmila 1997 {published data only}
  • Hemmila H, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Levoska S, Puska P. Long-term effectiveness of bone-setting, light exercise therapy, and physiotherapy for prolonged back pain: A randomized controlled trial. J Manip Phys Therapeutics 2002;25:99-104.
  • Hemmilä HM, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Levoska S, Puska P. Does folk medicine work? A randomized clinical trial on patients with prolonged back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78:571-7.
Hides 1996 {published data only}
  • Hides JA, Jull GA, Richardson CA. Long-term effects of specific stabilizing exercises for first-episode low back pain. Spine 2001;26:E243-8.
  • Hides JA, Richardson CA, Jull GA. Multifidus muscle recovery is not automatic after resolution of acute first-episode low back pain. Spine 1996;21:2763-9.
Hildebrandt 2000 {published data only}
  • Hildebrandt VH, Proper KI, van den Berg R, Douwes M, van den Heuvel SG, van Buuren S. [Cesar therapy is temporarily more effective in patients with chronic low back pain than the standard treatment by family practitioner: randomized, controlled and blinded clinical trial with 1 year follow-up]. [Dutch]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 2000;144:2258-64.
Johanssen (ex2) {published data only}

 

Johanssen 1995 {published data only}
  • Johanssen F, Remvig L, Kryger P, Beck P, Warming S, Lybeck K, et al. Exercises for chronic low back pain: a clinical trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1995;22:52-9.
Jousset (ex2) {published data only}

 

Jousset 2004 {published data only}
  • Jousset N, Fanello S, Bontoux L, Dubus V, Billabert C, Vielle B, et al. Effects of functional restoration versus 3 hours per week physical therapy: a randomized controlled study. Spine 2004;29:487-93.
Kankaanpaa 1999 {published data only}
  • Kankaanpaa M, Taimela S, Airaksinen O, Hanninen O. The efficacy of active rehabilitation in chronic low back pain. Effect on pain intensity, self-experienced disability, and lumbar fatigability. Spine 1999;24:1034-42.
Kendall (ex2) {published data only}

 

Kendall (ex3) {published data only}

 

Kendall 1968 {published data only}
  • Kendall PH, Jenkins JM. Exercises for backache: a double-blind controlled trial. Physiother 1968;54:154-7.
Kuukkanen 2000 {published data only}
Lidström 1970 {published data only}
  • Lidström A, Zachrisson M. Physical therapy on low back pain and sciatica. Scand J Rehabil Med 1970;2:37-42.
Lie (ex2) {published data only}

 

Lie 1999 {published data only}
  • Lie H, Frey S. [Mobilizing or stabilizing exercise in degenerative disk disease in the lumbar region?]. [Norwegian]. Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening 1999;119:2051-3.
Lindstrom 1992 {published data only}
  • Lindström I. A successful intervention program for patients with subacute low back pain. (Academic Thesis). Göteborg: Göteborg University, 1994.
  • Lindström I, Öhlund C, Eek C, Wallin L, Peterson LE, Fordyce WE, et al. The effect of graded activity on patients with subacute low back pain: a randomized prospective clinical study with an operant-conditioning behavioural approach. Physical Therapy 1992a;72:279-93.
  • Lindström I, Öhlund C, Eek C, Wallin L, Peterson LE, Nachemson A. Mobility, strength, and fitness after a graded activity program for patients with subacute low back pain. A randomized prospective clinical study with a behavioural therapy approach. Spine 1992b;17:641-52.
Ljunggren (ex2) {published data only}

 

Ljunggren 1997 {published data only}
Malmivaara 1995 {published data only}
Manniche (ex2) {published data only}

 

Manniche (ex3) {published data only}

 

Manniche 1988 {published data only}
  • Manniche C, Hesselsoe G, Bentzen L, Christensen I, Lundberg E. Clinical trial of intensive muscle training for chronic low back pain. Lancet 1988;ii:1473-6.
  • Manniche C, Lundberg E, Christensen I, Bentzen L, Hesselsoe G. Intensive dynamic back exercises for chronic low back pain: a clinical trial. Pain 1991;47:53-63.
Mannion (ex2) {published data only}

 

Mannion (ex3) {published data only}

 

Mannion 1999 {published data only}
Moffett 1999 {published data only}
  • Moffett JK, Torgerson D, Bell-Syer S, Jackson D, Llewlyn-Phillips H, Farrin A, et al. Randomised controlled trial of exercise for low back pain: clinical outcomes, costs, and preferences. BMJ 1999;319:279-83.
Moseley 2002 {published data only}
Niemisto 2003 {published data only}
  • Niemisto L, Lahtinen-Suopanki T, Rissanen P, Lindgren K-A, Sarna S, Hurri H. A randomized trial of combined manipulation, stabilizing exercises, and physician consultation compared to physician consultation alone for chronic low back pain. Spine 2003;28:2185-91.
Petersen (ex2) {published data only}

 

Petersen 2002 {published data only}
  • Petersen T, Kryger P, Ekdahl C, Olsen S, Jacobsen S. The effect of McKenzie therapy as compared with that of intensive strengthening training for the treatment of patients with subacute or chronic low back pain: A randomized controlled trial.. Spine 2002;27:1702-9.
Preyde (ex2) {published data only}

 

Preyde 2000 {published data only}
Rasmussen-Barr 2003 {published data only}
Risch 1993 {published data only}
Rittweger (ex2) {published data only}

 

Rittweger 2002 {published data only}
  • Rittweger J, Just K, Kautzsch K, Reeg P, Felsenberg D. Treatment of chronic lower back pain with lumbar extension and whole-body vibration exercise: a randomized controlled trial. Spine 2002;27:1829-34.
Seferlis 1998 {published data only}
  • Seferlis T, Nemeth G, Carlsson AM, Gillström P. Conservative treatment in patients sick-listed for acute low-back pain: a prospective randomised study with 12 months' follow-up. Eur Spine J 1998;7(6):461-70.
Soukup (ex2) {published data only}

 

Soukup 1999 {published data only}
  • Glomsrod B, Lonn JH, Soukup MG, Bo K, Larsen S. 'Active back school', prophylactic management for low back pain: Three-year follow-up of a randomized, controlled trial. J Rehab Med 2001;33:26-30.
  • Lonn JH, Glomsrod B, Soukup MG, Bo K, Larsen S. Active back school: Prophylactic management for low back pain. A randomized controlled, 1-year follow-up study. Spine 1999;24:865-71.
  • Soukup M, Lonn J, Glomsrod B, Bo K, Larsen S. Exercises and education as secondary prevention for recurrent low back pain. Phys Res Int 2001;6:27-39.
    Direct Link:
  • Soukup MG, Glomsrod B, Lonn JH, Bo K, Larsen S, Fordyce WE. The effect of a Mensendieck exercise program as secondary prophylaxis for recurrent low back pain: A randomized, controlled trial with 12-month follow-up. Spine 1999;24:1585-92.
Staal 2004 {published data only}
  • Staal JB, Hlobil H, Twisk JW, Smid T, Koke AJ, van Mechelen W. Graded activity for low back pain in occupational health care: a randomized, controlled trial.[see comment]. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:77-84.
Stankovic 1990 {published data only}
Storheim 2003 {published data only}
  • Storheim K, Brox JI, Holm I, Koller AK, Bo K. Intensive group training versus cognitive intervention in sub-acute low back pain: short-term results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. J Rehabil Med 2003;35:132-40.
Torstensen (ex2) {published data only}

 

Torstensen 1998 {published data only}
  • Torstensen TA, Ljunggren AE, Meen HD, Odland E, Mowinckel P, Geijerstam S. Efficiency and costs of medical exercise therapy, conventional physiotherapy, and self-exercise in patients with chronic low back pain: a pragmatic, randomized, single-blinded, controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Spine 1998;23:2616-24.
Tritilanunt (ex2) {published data only}

 

Tritilanunt 2001 {published data only}
  • Tritilanunt T, Wajanavisit W. The efficacy of an aerobic exercise and health education program for treatment of chronic low back pain. J Med Assoc Thailand 2001;84:S528-33.
Turner (ex2) {published data only}

 

Turner 1990 {published data only}
Underwood 1998 {published data only}
Waterworth 1985 {published data only}
  • Waterworth RF, Hunter IA. An open study of diflunisal, conservative and manipulative therapy in the management of acute mechanical low back pain. N Z Med J 1985;95:372-5.
Yelland 2004 {published data only}
  • Yelland MJ, Glasziou PP, Bogduk N, Schluter PJ, McKernon M. Prolotherapy injections, saline injections, and exercises for chronic low-back pain: a randomized trial. Spine 2004;29:9-16.
Yeung (ex2) {published data only}

 

Yeung 2003 {published data only}
  • Yeung CK, Leung MC, Chow DH. The use of electro-acupuncture in conjunction with exercise for the treatment of chronic low-back pain. J Alternative & Complementary Medicine 2003;9:479-90.
Yozbatiran (ex2) {published data only}

 

Yozbatiran 2004 {published data only}
  • Yozbatiran N, Yildirim Y, Parlak B. Effects of fitness and aquafitness exercises on physical fitness in patients with chronic low back pain. The Pain Clinic 2004;16:35-42.
Zylbergold 1981 {published data only}

References to studies excluded from this review

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to studies awaiting assessment
  4. Additional references
  5. References to other published versions of this review
Coxhead 1981 {published data only}
  • Coxhead CE, Inskip H, Meade TW, North WRS, Troup JDG. Multicentre trial of physiotherapy in the management of sciatic symptoms. Lancet 1981;i:1065-8.
Danielsen 2000 {published data only}
Danneels 2001 {published data only}
  • Danneels LA, Cools AM, Vanderstraeten GG, Cambier DC, Witvrouw EE, Bourgois J, et al. The effects of three different training modalities on the cross-sectional area of the paravertebral muscles. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2001;11:335-41.
    Direct Link:
  • Danneels LA, Vanderstraeten GG, Cambier DC, Witvrouw EE, Bourgois J, Dankaerts W, et al. Effects of three different training modalities on the cross sectional area of the lumbar multifidus muscle in patients with chronic low back pain. Br J Sports Med 2001;35:186-91.
Friedrich 1998 {published data only}
  • Friedrich M, Gittler G, Halberstadt Y, Cermak T, Heiller I. Combined exercise and motivation program: Effect on the compliance and level of disability of patients with chronic low back pain: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1998;79:475-87.
Ghoname 1999 {published data only}
  • Ghoname EA, Craig WF, White PF, Ahmed HE, Hamza MA, Henderson BN, et al. Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for low back pain: a randomized crossover study. [see comments.] [erratum appears in JAMA 1999 May 19;281(19):1795.]. JAMA 1999;281:818-23.
Hagen 2000 {published data only}
Helewa 1999 {published data only}
  • Helewa A, Goldsmith CH, Lee P, Smythe HA, Forwell L. Does strengthening the abdominal muscles prevent low back pain - A randomized controlled trial. J Rheum 1999;26:1808-15.
Horneij 2001 {published data only}
  • Horneij E, Hemborg B, Jensen I, Ekdahl C. No significant differences between intervention programmes on neck, shoulder and low back pain: a prospective randomized study among home-care personnel. J Rehabil Med 2001;33:170-6.
Lang 2003 {published data only}
  • Lang E, Liebig K, Kastner S, Neundorfer B, Heuschmann P. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation versus usual care for chronic low back pain in the community: effects on quality of life. Spine Journal 2003;3(4):270-6.
Little 2001 {published data only}
  • Little P, Roberts L, Blowers H, Garwood J, Cantrell T, Langridge J, et al. Should we give detailed advice and information booklets to patients with back pain? A randomized controlled factorial trial of a self-management booklet and doctor advice to take exercise for back pain. Spine 2001;26:2065-72.
Manniche 1993 {published data only}
  • Manniche C, Asmussen K, Lauritsen B, Vinterberg H, Karbo H, Abildstrup S, et al. Intensive dynamic back exercises with or without hyperextension in chronic back pain after surgery for lumbar disc protrusion: a clinical trial. Spine 1993;18:560-7.
Martin 1980 {published data only}
  • Martin PR, Rose MJ, Nichols PJR, Russell PL, Hughes JG. Physiotherapy exercises for low back pain: process and clinical outcome. Int Rehabil Med 1980;8:34-8.
Morton 1999 {published data only}
  • Morton JE. Manipulation in the treatment of acute low back pain. J Man Manip Ther 1999;7:182-9.
Muller 2001 {published data only}
  • Muller K, Schwesig R, Leuchte S, Riede D. [Coordinative treatment and quality of life - A randomised trial of nurses with back pain] German.. Gesundheitswesen 2001;63:609-18.
Nwuga 1982 {published data only}
Nwuga 1985 {published data only}
  • Nwuga G, Nwuga V. Relative therapeutic efficacy of the Williams and McKenzie protocols in back pain management. Physiother Pract 1985;1:99-105.
O'Sullivan 1997 {published data only}
  • O'Sullivan PB, Twomey LT, Allison GT. Evaluation of specific stabilising exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine 1997;22:2959-67.
Sachs 1994 {published data only}
  • Sachs BL, Ahmad SS, LaCroix M, Olimpio D, Heath R, David JA, et al. Objective assessment for exercise treatment on the B-200 isostation as part of work tolerance rehabilitation: a random prospective blind evaluation with comparison control population. Spine 1994;19:49-52.
Scrimshaw 2001 {published data only}
Snook 1998 {published data only}
  • Snook SH, Webster BS, McGorry RW, Fogleman MT, McCann B. The reduction of chronic nonspecific low back pain through the control of early morning lumbar flexion. A randomized controlled trial. Spine 1998;23:2601-7.
Spratt 1993 {published data only}
  • Spratt KF, Weinstein JN, Lehmann TR, Woody J, Sayre H. Efficacy of flexion and extension treatments incorporating braces for low back pain patients with retrodisplacement, spondylolisthesis, or normal sagittal translation. Spine 1993;18:1839-49.
Strand 2001 {published data only}
White 1966 {published data only}

References to studies awaiting assessment

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to studies awaiting assessment
  4. Additional references
  5. References to other published versions of this review
Erhard 1994 {published data only}
  • Erhard RE, Delitto A, Cibulka MT. Relative effectiveness of an extension program and a combined program of manipulation and flexion and extension exercises in patients with acute low back syndrome. Phys Ther 1994;74(12):1093-100.
Gillan 1998 {published data only}
  • Gillan MG, Ross JC, McLean IP, Porter RW. The natural history of trunk list, its associated disability and the influence of McKenzie management. Eur Spine J 1998;7:480-3.
Kladny 2003 {published data only}
  • Kladny B, Fischer FC, Haase I. [Evaluation of specific stablizing exercise in the treatment of low back pain and lumbar disk disease in outpatient rehabilitation][German]. Zeitschrift fur Orthopadie und Ihre Grenzgbiete 2003;141:401-5.

Additional references

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to studies awaiting assessment
  4. Additional references
  5. References to other published versions of this review
Abenhaim 2000
  • Abenheim L, Rossignol M, Valat J, Nordin M, Avouac B, Blotman F, et al. The role of activity in the therapeutic management of back pain: Report of the International Paris Task Force on back pain. Spine 2000;25:1S-33S.
Begg 1996
Bombardier 2001
DerSimonian 1986
Deyo 1998
Egger 1997
Ernst 2003
Higgins 2002
  • Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine 2002;21(11):1539-58.
    Direct Link:
Hilde 1998
  • Hilde G, Bo K. Effect of exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain: a systematic review emphasizing type and dose of exercise. Physical Therapy Reviews 1998;3:107-17.
Jadad 1996
  • Jadad AR, Moore A, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds JM, Gavaghan DJ, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary?. Controlled Clinical Trials 1996;17(1):1-12.
Kool 2004
  • Kool J, de Bie R, Oesch P, Knusel O, van den Brandt P, Bachmann S. Exercise reduces sick leave in patients with non-acute non-specific low back pain: a meta-analysis. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2004;36:49-62.
Kopec 2000
Liddle 2004
Pengel 2002
Salaffi 2004
  • Salaffi F, Stancati A, Silvestri CA, Ciapetti A, Grassi W. Minimally clinically important changes in chronic musculoskeletal pain intensity measured on a numerical rating scale. European Journal of Pain 2004;8:283-91.
Song 2003
  • Song F, Altman DG, Glenny AM, Deeks JJ. Validity of indirect comparison for estimating efficacy of competing interventions: empirical evidence from published meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;326:472.
Tugwell 2001
  • Tugwell P. Philadelphia panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on selected rehabilitation interventions for low back pain. Physical Therapy 2001;81:1641-74.
van Tulder 2003
  • van Tulder MW, Furlan A, Bombardier C, Bouter L, the Editorial Board of the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Spine 2003;28:1290-9.
von Korff 2000
Waddell 1997

References to other published versions of this review

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to studies awaiting assessment
  4. Additional references
  5. References to other published versions of this review
Hayden 2005a
  • Hayden JA, van Tulder MW, Malmivaara AV, Koes BW. Meta-analysis: Exercise Therapy for Nonspecific Low Back Pain. Annals of Internal Medicine 2005;142:765-75.
Hayden 2005b
  • Hayden JA, van Tulder MW, Tomlinson G. Systematic Review: Strategies for Using Exercise Therapy to Improve Outcomes in Chronic Low Back Pain. Annals of Internal Medicine 2005;142:776-85.
van Tulder 2000a
  • van Tulder MW, Malmivaara A, Esmail R, Koes BW. Exercise therapy for low-back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2000, Issue 2. [Art. No.: CD000335. DOI: ]
van Tulder 2000b
  • van Tulder MW, Malmivaara A, Esmail R, Koes BW. Exercise therapy for low back pain: A systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Spine 2000;25(21):2784-96.
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