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Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults

  1. Chiung-ju Liu1,*,
  2. Nancy K Latham2

Editorial Group: Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group

Published Online: 8 JUL 2009

Assessed as up-to-date: 1 DEC 2007

DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002759.pub2

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How to Cite

Liu CJ, Latham NK. Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD002759. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002759.pub2.

Author Information

  1. 1

    Indiana University at Indianapolis, Department of Occupational Therapy, Indianpolis, Indiana, USA

  2. 2

    Boston University, Health and Disabilty Research Institute, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

*Chiung-ju Liu, Department of Occupational Therapy, Indiana University at Indianapolis, 1140 W Michigan ST CF 303, Indianpolis, Indiana, 46202, USA. liu41@iupui.edu.

Publication History

  1. Publication Status: New search for studies and content updated (conclusions changed)
  2. Published Online: 8 JUL 2009

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References

References to studies included in this review

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to studies awaiting assessment
  4. Additional references
  5. References to other published versions of this review
Ades 1996 {published data only}
Baker 2001 {published data only}
  • Baker KR, Nelson ME, Felson DT, Layne JE, Sarno R, Roubenoff R. The efficacy of home based progressive strength training in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Rheumatology 2001;28:1655-65.
Balagopal 2001 {published data only}
  • Balagopal P, Schimke JC, Ades P, Adey D, Nair KS. Age effect on transcript levels and synthesis rate of muscle MHC and response to resistance exercise. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001;280(2):E203-8.
Ballor 1996 {published data only}
  • Ballor DL, Harvey-Berino JR, Ades PA, Cryan J, Calles-Escandon J. Contrasting effects of resistance and aerobic training on body composition and metabolism after diet-induced weight loss. Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental 1996;45(2):179-83.
Barrett 2002 {published data only}
  • Barrett CJ, Smerdely P. A comparison of community-based resistance exercise and flexibility exercise for seniors. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2002;48(3):215-9.
Baum 2003 {published data only}
  • Baum EE, Jarjoura D, Polen AE, Faur D, Rutechi G. Effectiveness of a group exercise program in a long-term care facility: a randomized pilot trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2003;4(2):74-80.
Bean 2004 {published data only}
  • Bean JF, Herman S, Kiely DK, Frey IC, Leveille SG, Fielding RA, et al. Increased Velocity Exercise Specific to Task (InVEST) training: a pilot study exploring effects on leg power, balance, and mobility in community-dwelling older women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2004;52(5):799-804.
    Direct Link:
Beneka 2005 {published data only}
  • Beneka A, Malliou P, Fatouros I, Jamurtas A, Gioftsidou A, Godolias G, et al. Resistance training effects on muscular strength of elderly are related to intensity and gender. Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport 2005;8(3):274-83.
Bermon 1999 {published data only}
  • Bermon S, Philip P, Ferrari P, Candito M, Dolisi C. Effects of a short-term strength training programme on lymphocyte subsets at rest in elderly humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 1999;79(4):336-40.
Boshuizen 2005 {published data only}
  • Boshuizen HC, Stemmerik L, Westhoff MH, Hopman-Rock M. The effects of physical therapists' guidance on improvement in a strength-training program for the frail elderly. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity 2005;13(1):5-22.
Brandon 2000 {published data only}
  • Brandon LJ, Boyetter LW, Gaasch DA, Lloyd DG. Effects of lower extremity strength training on functional mobility in older adults. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity 2000;8(3):214-27.
Brandon 2003 {published data only}
  • Brandon LJ, Gaasch DA, Boyette LW, Lloyd AM. Effects of long-term resistive training on mobility and strength in older adults with diabetes. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2003;58(8):740-5.
Brochu 2002 {published data only}
  • Ades PA, Savage PD, Brochu M, Tischler MD, Lee NM, Poehlman ET. Resistance training increases total daily energy expenditure in disabled older women with coronary heart disease. Journal of Applied Physiology 2005;98(4):1280-5.
  • Ades PA, Savage PD, Cress ME, Brochu M, Lee NM, Poehlman ET. Resistance training on physical performance in disabled older female cardiac patients. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2003;35(8):1265-70.
  • Brochu M, Savage P, Lee M, Dee J, Cress ME, Poehlman ET, et al. Effects of resistance training on physical function in older disabled women with coronary heart disease. Journal of Applied Physiology 2002;92(2):672-8.
Bruunsgaard 2004 {published data only}
  • Bruunsgaard H, Bjerregaard E, Schroll M, Pedersen BK. Muscle strength after resistance training is inversely correlated with baseline levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors in the oldest old. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2004;52(2):237-41.
    Direct Link:
Buchner 1997 {published data only}
  • Buchner DM, Cress ME, de Lateur BJ. The effect of strength and endurance training on gait, balance, fall risk and health services use in community-living older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 1997;52(4):M218-24.
  • Buchner DM, Cress ME, de Lateur BJ, Wagner EH. Variability in the effect of strength training on skeletal muscle in older adults. Facts and Research in Gerontology 1993;7:143-53.
  • Coleman EA, Buchner DM, Cress ME, Chan BKS, de Lateur BJ. The relationship of joint symptoms with exercise performance in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1996;44(1):14-21.
Casaburi 2004 {published data only}
  • Casaburi R, Bhasin S, Cosentino L, Porszasz J, Somfay A, Lewis MI, et al. Effects of testosterone and resistance training in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 2004;170(8):870-8.
Castaneda 2001 {published data only}
  • Castaneda C, Gordon PL, Uhlin KL, Levery AS, Kehayias JJ, Dwyer JT, et al. Resistance training to counteract the catabolism of a low-protein diet in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Annals of Internal Medicine 2001;135(11):965-76.
Castaneda 2004 {published data only}
  • Castaneda C, Gordon PL, Parker RC, Uhlin KL, Roubenoff R, Levey AS. Resistance training to reduce the malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome of chronic kidney disease. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2004;43(4):607-16.
Chandler 1998 {published and unpublished data}
  • Chandler JM, Duncan PW, Kochersberger G, Studenski S. Is lower extremity strength gain associated with improvement in physical performance and disability in frail, community-dwelling elders?. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1998;79(1):24-30.
Charette 1991 {published data only}
Chin A Paw 2006 {published data only}
  • Chin A Paw MJM, Van Poppel MNM, Twisk JWR, Van Mechelen W. Effects of resistance and all-round, functional training on quality of life, vitality and depression of older adults living in long-term care facilities: A 'randomized' controlled trial [ISRCTN87177281]. BMC Geriatrics 2004;4:1-9.
  • Chin A Paw MJM, Van Poppel MNM, Twisk JWR, Van Mechelen W. Once a week not enough, twice a week not feasible? A randomised controlled exercise trial in long-term care facilities [ISRCTN87177281]. Patient Education & Counseling 2006;63(1-2):205-14.
  • Chin A Paw MJM, Van Poppel MNM, Van Mechelen W. Effects of resistance and functional-skills training on habitual activity and constipation among older adults living in long-term care facilities: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics 2006;6:9.
Collier 1997 {unpublished data only}
  • Collier CD. Isotonic resistance training related functional fitness, physical self-efficacy and depression in adults ages 65-85 (thesis). Stillwater (OK): Oklahoma State University, 1997.
Damush 1999 {published data only}
de Vos 2005 {published data only}
  • de Vos NJ, Singh NA, Ross DA, Stavrinos TM, Orr R, Fiatarone-Singh MA. Optimal load for increasing muscle power during explosive resistance training in older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2005;60(5):638-47.
  • Orr R, de Vos NJ, Singh NA, Ross DA, Stavrinos TM, Fiatarone-Singh MA. Power training improves balance in healthy older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2006;61(1):78-85.
de Vreede 2007 {published data only}
  • de Vreede PL, Samson MM, Van Meeteren NL, Van der Bom JG, Duursma SA, Verhaar HJ. Functional tasks exercise versus resistance exercise to improve daily function in older women: a feasibility study. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2004;85(12):1952-61.
  • de Vreede PL, Samson MM, Van Meeteren NLU, Duursma SA, Verhaar HJJ. Functional-task exercise versus resistance strength exercise to improve daily function in older women: A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(1):2-10.
    Direct Link:
  • de Vreede PL, Van Meeteren NL, Samson MM, Wittink HM, Duursma SA, Verhaar HJ. The effect of functional tasks exercise and resistance exercise on health-related quality of life and physical activity: A randomized controlled trial. Gerontology 2007;53(1):12-20.
DeBeliso 2005 {published data only}
  • DeBeliso M, Harris C, Spitzer-Gibson T, Adams KJ. A comparison of periodised and fixed repetition training protocol on strength in older adults. Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport 2005;8(2):190-9.
DiFrancisco 2007 {published data only}
Donald 2000 {published and unpublished data}
Earles 2001 {published data only}
  • Earles DR, Judge JO, Gunnarsson OT. Velocity training induces power-specific adaptations in highly functioning older adults. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2001;82(7):872-8.
Ettinger 1997 {published data only}
  • Ettinger WH Jr, Burns R, Messier SP, Applegate W, Rejeski WJ, Morgan T, et al. A randomized trial comparing aerobic exercise and resistance exercise with a health education program in older adults with knee osteoarthritis. The Fitness Arthritis and Seniors Trial (FAST). JAMA 1997;277(1):25-31.
  • Mangani I, Cesari M, Kritchevsky SB, Maraldi C, Carter CS, Atkinson HH, et al. Physical exercise and comorbidity. Results from the Fitness and Arthritis in Seniors Trial (FAST). Aging-Clinical & Experimental Research 2006;18(5):374-80.
  • Messier SP, Royer TD, Craven TE, O'Toole ML, Burns R, Ettinger WH Jr. Long-term exercise and its effect on balance in older, osteoarthritic adults: results from the Fitness, Arthritis and Seniors Trial (FAST). Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2000;48(2):131-8.
  • Penninx B, Rejeski WJ, Pandya J, Miller ME, Di Bari M, Applegate WB, et al. Exercise and depressive symptoms: A comparison of aerobic and resistance exercise effects on emotional and physical function in older persons with high and low depressive symptomatology. Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences 2002;57(2):124-32.
  • Rejeski WJ, Ettinger WH Jr, Martin K, Morgan T. Treating disability in knee osteoarthritis with exercise therapy: a central role for self-efficacy and pain. Arthritis Care & Research 1998;11(2):94-101.
    Direct Link:
  • Sevick MA, Bradham DD, Muender M, Chen GJ, Enarson C, Dailey M, et al. Cost-effectiveness of aerobic and resistance exercise in seniors with knee osteoarthritis. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2000;32(9):1534-40.
Fahlman 2002 {published data only}
  • Fahlman MM, Boardley D, Lambert CP, Flynn MG. Effects of endurance training and resistance training on plasma lipoprotein profiles in elderly women. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2002;57(2):B54-60.
Fatouros 2002 {published data only}
  • Fatouros I, Taxildaris K, Tokmakidis S, Kalapotharakos VI, Aggelousis N, Athanasopoulos S, et al. The effects of strength training, cardiovascular training and their combination on flexibility of inactive older adults. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2002;23(2):112-9.
Fatouros 2005 {published data only}
  • Fatouros IG, Kambas A, Katrabasas I, Leontsini D, Chatzinikolaou A, Jamurtas AZ, et al. Resistance training and detraining effects on flexibility performance in the elderly are intensity-dependent. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 2006;20(3):634-42.
  • Fatouros IG, Kambas A, Katrabasas I, Nikolaidis K, Chatzinikolaou A, Leontsini D, et al. Strength training and detraining effects on muscular strength, anaerobic power, and mobility of inactive older men are intensity dependent. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2005;39(10):776-80.
  • Fatouros IG, Tournis S, Leontsini D, Jamurtas AZ, Sxina M, Thomakos P, et al. Leptin and adiponectin responses in overweight inactive elderly following resistance training and detraining are intensity related. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2005;90(11):5970-7.
Fiatarone 1994 {published data only}
  • Fiatarone MA, O'Neill EF, Ryan ND, Clements KM, Solares GR, Nelson ME, et al. Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. New England Journal of Medicine 1994;330(25):1769-75.
  • Singh MA, Ding W, Manfredi TJ, Solares GS, O'Neill EF, Clements KM. Insulin-like growth factor I in skeletal muscle after weight-lifting exercise in frail elders. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 1999;277(40):E135-43.
Fiatarone 1997 {published data only}
  • Fiatarone MA, O'Neill EF, Doyle RN, Clements K. Efficacy of home-based resistance training in frail elders. Abstracts of the 16th Congress of the International Association of Gerontology. Bedford Park, South Australia: 1997 World Congress of Gerontology Inc, 1997:323 Abstract 985.
Fielding 2002 {published data only}
  • Fielding RA, LeBrasseur NK, Cuoco A, Bean J, Mizer K, Fiatarone Singh MA. High-velocity resistance training increases skeletal muscle peak power in older women.[see comment]. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2002;50(4):655-62.
    Direct Link:
  • Sayers SP, Bean J, Cuoco A, LeBrasseur NK, Jette A, Fielding RA. Changes in function and disability after resistance training: does velocity matter? A pilot study. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2003;82(8):605-13.
Flynn 1999 {published data only}
  • Flynn MG, Fahlman M, Braun WA, Lambert CP, Bouillon LE, Brolinson PG, et al. Effects of resistance training on selected indexes of immune function in elderly women. Journal of Applied Physiology 1999;86(6):1905-13.
Foley 2003 {published data only}
  • Foley A, Halbert J, Hewitt T, Crotty M. Does hydrotherapy improve strength and physical function in patients with osteoarthritis - A randomised controlled trial comparing a gym based and a hydrotherapy based strengthening programme. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2003;62(12):1162-7.
Frontera 2003 {published data only}
  • Frontera WR, Hughes VA, Krivickas LS, Kim SK, Foldvari M, Roubenoff R. Strength training in older women: early and late changes in whole muscle and single cells. Muscle & Nerve 2003;28(5):601-8.
    Direct Link:
Galvao 2005 {published data only}
  • Galvao DA, Taaffe DR. Resistance exercise dosage in older adults: Single- versus multiset effects on physical performance and body composition. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(12):2090-7.
    Direct Link:
Hagerman 2000 {published data only}
  • Hagerman FC, Walsh SJ, Staron RS, Hikida RS, Gilders RM, Murray TF, et al. Effects of high-intensity resistance strength training on untrained older men 1. Strength, cardiovascular and metabolic responses. Journals of Gerontology.Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2000;55A(7):B336-46.
Harris 2004 {published data only}
  • Harris C, DeBeliso MA, Spitzer-Gibson TA, Adams KJ. The effect of resistance-training intensity on strength-gain response in the older adult. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 2004;18(4):833-8.
Haykowsky 2000 {published data only}
  • Haykowsky M, Humen D, Teo K, Quinney A, Souster M, Bell G, et al. Effects of 16 weeks of resistance training on left ventricular morphology and systolic function in healthy men >60 years of age. American Journal of Cardiology 2000;85(8):1002-6.
Haykowsky 2005 {published data only}
  • Haykowsky M, McGavock J, Vonder Muhll I, Koller M, Mandic S, Welsh R, et al. Effect of exercise training on peak aerobic power, left ventricular morphology, and muscle strength in healthy older women. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2005;60(3):307-11.
Hennessey 2001 {published data only}
  • Hennessey JV, Chromiak JA, DellaVentura S, Reinert SE, Puhl J, Kiel DP, et al. Growth hormone administration and exercise effects on muscle fibre type and diameter in moderately frail older people. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2001;49(7):852-8.
    Direct Link:
Hepple 1997 {published data only}
  • Hepple RT, Mackinnon SL, Goodman MJ, Thomas SG, Plyley MJ. Resistance and aerobic training in older men: effects on VO2 peak and the capillary supply to skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology 1997;82(4):1305-10.
Hiatt 1994 {published data only}
  • Hiatt WR, Wolfel EE, Meier RH, Regensteiner JG. Superiority of treadmill walking exercise versus strength training for patients with peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 1994;90(4):1866-74.
  • Regensteiner JG, Steiner JF, Hiatt WR. Exercise training improves functional status in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1996;23(1):104-15.
Hortobagyi 2001 {published data only}
  • Hortobagyi T, Tunnel D, Moody J, Beam S, DeVita P. Low- or high-intensity strength training partially restores impaired quadriceps force accuracy and steadiness in aged adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2001;56(1):B38-47.
Hruda 2003 {published data only}
Hunter 2001 {published data only}
  • Hunter GR, Wetzstein CA, McLafferty CL Jr, Zuckerman PA, Landers KA, Bamman MM. High-resistance versus variable-resistance training in older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2001;33(10):1759-64.
Izquierdo 2004 {published data only}
  • Izquierdo M, Ibanez J, Hakkinen K, Kraemer WJ, Larrion JL, Gorostiaga EM. Once weekly combined resistance and cardiovascular training in healthy older men. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2004;36(3):435-43.
Jette 1996 {published data only}
  • Jette AM, Harris BA, Sleeper L, Lachman ME, Heislein D, Giorgetti M, et al. A home-based exercise program for nondisabled older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1996;44(6):644-9.
Jette 1999 {published and unpublished data}
Jones 1994 {published data only}
  • Jones CJ, Rikli RE, Benedict J, Williamson P. Effects of a resistance training program on leg strength and muscular endurance in older women. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 1995;5(6):329-41.
Jubrias 2001 {published data only}
  • Jubrias SA, Esselman PC, Price LB, Cress ME, Conley KE. Large energetic adaptations of elderly muscle to resistance and endurance training. Journal of Applied Physiology 2001;90(5):1663-70.
Judge 1994 {published data only}
  • Judge JO, Whipple RH, Wolfson LI. Effects of resistance and balance exercises on isokinetic strength in older persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1994;42(9):937-46.
  • Wolfson L, Whipple R, Derby C, Judge J, King M, Amerman P, et al. Balance and strength training in older adults: intervention gains and tai chi maintenance. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1996;44(5):498-506.
Kalapotharakos 2005 {published data only}
  • Kalapotharakos VI, Michalopoulos M, Tokmakidis SP, Godolias G, Gourgoulis V. Effects of a heavy and a moderate resistance training on functional performance in older adults. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 2005;19(3):652-7.
  • Kalapotharakos VI, Michalopoulou M, Godolias G, Tokmakidis SP, Malliou PV, Gourgoulis V. The effects of high- and moderate-resistance training on muscle function in the elderly. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity 2004;12(2):131-43.
  • Kalapotharakos VI, Michalopoulou M, Tokmakidis S, Godolias G, Strimpakos N, Karteroliotis K. Effects of a resistance exercise programme on the performance of inactive older adults. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 2004;11(7):318-23.
  • Kalapotharakos VI, Tokmakidis SP, Smilios I, Michalopoulos M, Gliatis J, Godolias G. Resistance training in older women: effect on vertical jump and functional performance. Journal of Sports Medicine & Physical Fitness 2005;45(4):570-5.
Kallinen 2002 {published data only}
  • Kallinen M, Sipila S, Alen M, Suominen H. Improving cardiovascular fitness by strength or endurance training in women aged 76-78 years. A population-based, randomized controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2002;31(4):247-54.
Katznelson 2006 {published data only}
  • Katznelson L, Robinson MW, Coyle CL, Lee H, Farrell CE. Effects of modest testosterone supplementation and exercise for 12 weeks on body composition and quality of life in elderly men. European Journal of Endocrinology 2006;155(6):867-75.
Kongsgaard 2004 {published data only}
  • Kongsgaard M, Backer V, Jorgensen K, Kjaer M, Beyer N. Heavy resistance training increases muscle size, strength and physical function in elderly male COPD-patients - a pilot study. Respiratory Medicine 2004;98(10):1000-7.
Krebs 2007 {published data only}
  • Krebs DE, Scarborough DM, McGibbon CA. Functional vs. strength training in disabled elderly outpatients. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2007;86(2):93-103.
Lamoureux 2003 {published data only}
  • Lamoureux E, Sparrow WA, Murphy A, Newton RU. The effects of improved strength on obstacle negotiation in community-living older adults. Gait & Posture 2003;17(3):273-83.
  • Lamoureux EL, Murphy A, Sparrow A, Newton RU. The effects of progressive resistance training on obstructed-gait tasks in community-living older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 2003;11(1):98-110.
Latham 2001 {published and unpublished data}
  • Latham NK, Stretton CS, Ronald M. Progressive resistance strength training in hospitalised older people: a preliminary investigation. New Zealand Journal of Physiotherapy 2001;29(2):41-8.
Latham 2003 {published data only}
  • Latham NK, Anderson CS, Lee A, Bennett D, Moseley AM, Cameron ID. A randomized, controlled trial of quadriceps resistance exercise and vitamin D in frail older people: the Frailty Interventions Trial in Elderly Subjects (FITNESS). Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(3):291-9.
    Direct Link:
Liu-Ambrose 2005 {published data only}
  • Liu-Ambrose T, Khan KM, Eng JJ, Janssen PA, Lord SR, McKay HA. Resistance and agility training reduce fall risk in women aged 75 to 85 with low bone mass: a 6-month randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2004;52(5):657-65.
    Direct Link:
  • Liu-Ambrose T, Khan KM, Eng JJ, Lord SR, McKay HA. Balance confidence improves with resistance or agility training: Increase is not correlated with objective changes in fall risk and physical abilities. Gerontology 2004;50(6):373-82.
  • Liu-Ambrose TYL, Khan KM, Eng JJ, Lord SR, Lentle B, McKay HA. Both resistance and agility training reduce back pain and improve health-related quality of life in older women with low bone mass. Osteoporosis International 2005;16(11):1321-9.
  • Liu-Ambrose TYL. Studies of fall risk and bone morphology in older women with low bone mass [dissertation]. British Columbia (Canada): The University of British Columbia, 2004.
Macaluso 2003 {published data only}
  • Macaluso A, Young A, Gibb KS, Rowe DA, De Vito G. Cycling as a novel approach to resistance training increases muscle strength, power, and selected functional abilities in healthy older women. Journal of Applied Physiology 2003;95(6):2544-53.
Madden 2006 {published data only}
  • Madden KM, Levy WC, Stratton JK. Exercise training and heart rate variability in older adult female subjects. Clinical & Investigative Medicine - Medecine Clinique et Experimentale 2006;29(1):20-8.
Maiorana 1997 {published data only}
  • Maiorana AJ, Briffa TG, Goodman C, Hung J. A controlled trial of circuit weight training on aerobic capacity and myocardial oxygen demand in men after coronary artery bypass surgery. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 1997;17(4):239-47.
Malliou 2003 {published data only}
  • Malliou P, Fatouros I, Beneka A, Gioftsidou A, Zissi V, Godolias G, et al. Different training programs for improving muscular performance in healthy inactive elderly. Isokinetics and Exercise Science 2003;11(4):189-95.
Mangione 2005 {published data only}
  • Mangione KK, Craik RL, Tomlinson SS, Palombaro KM. Can elderly patients who have had a hip fracture perform moderate- to high-intensity exercise at home?. Physical Therapy 2005;85(8):727-39.
Manini 2005 {published data only}
  • Manini TM, Clark BC, Tracy BL, Burke J, Ploutz-Snyder L. Resistance and functional training reduces knee extensor position fluctuations in functionally limited older adults. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2005;95(5-6):436-46.
Maurer 1999 {published data only}
  • Maurer BT, Stern AG, Kinossian B, Cook KD, Schumacher HR. Osteoarthritis of the knee: isokinetic quadriceps exercise versus an educational intervention. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1999;80(10):1293-9.
McCartney 1995 {published data only}
  • McCartney N, Hicks A, Martin J, Webber C. A longitudinal trial of weight training in the elderly: continued improvements in year 2. Journals of Gerontology.Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 1996;51(6):B425-33.
  • McCartney N, Hicks AL, Martin J, Webber CE. Long-term resistance training in elderly: Effects on dynamic strength, exercise capacity, muscle and bone. Journals of Gerontology.Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 1995;50(2):B97-104.
McGuigan 2001 {published data only}
  • McGuigan MR, Bronks R, Newton RU, Sharman MJ, Graham JC, Cody DV, et al. Resistance training in patients with peripheral arterial disease: effects on myosin isoforms, fiber type distribution and capillary supply to skeletal muscle. Journals of Gerontology.Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2001;56(7):B302-10.
McMurdo 1995 {published data only}
Mihalko 1996 {published data only}
  • Mihalko SL, McAuley E. Strength training effects on subjective well-being and physical function in the elderly. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 1996;4(1):56-68.
Mikesky 2006 {published data only}
  • Mikesky AE, Mazzuca SA, Brandt KD, Perkins SM, Damush T, Lane KA. Effects of strength training on the incidence and progression of knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism - Arthritis Care and Research 2006;55(5):690-9.
    Direct Link:
Miller 2006 {published data only}
  • Miller MD, Crotty M, Whitehead C, Bannerman E, Daniels LA. Nutritional supplementation and resistance training in nutritionally at risk older adults following lower limb fracture: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2006;20(4):311-23.
Miszko 2003 {published data only}
  • Miszko TA, Cress ME, Slade JM, Covey CJ, Agrawal SK, Doerr CE. Effect of strength and power training on physical function in community-dwelling older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2003;58(2):171-5.
Moreland 2001 {unpublished data only}
  • Moreland J. Personal Communication 2001.
  • Moreland JD, Goldsmith CH, Huijbregts MP, Anderson RE, Prentice DM, Brunton KB, et al. Progressive resistance strengthening exercises after stroke: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003;84(10):1433-40.
Nelson 1994 {published data only}
  • Morganti CM, Nelson ME, Fiatarone MA, Dallal GE, Economos CD, Crawford BM, et al. Strength improvements with 1 yr of progressive resistance training in older women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1995;27(6):906-12.
  • Nelson ME, Fiatarone MA, Morganti CM, Trice I, Greenberg RA, Evans WJ. Effects of high-intensity strength training on multiple risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. JAMA 1994;272(24):1909-14.
Newnham 1995 {unpublished data only}
  • Newnham J. The effects of a strengthening program on muscle function and mobility skills in an elderly instituionalised population [thesis]. Montreal (Quebec): McGill University, 1995.
Nichols 1993 {published data only}
  • Nichols JF, Omizo DK, Peterson KK, Nelson KP. Efficacy of heavy-resistance training for active women over sixty: Muscular strength, body composition and program adherence. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1993;41(3):205-10.
Ouellette 2004 {published data only}
  • Ouellette MM, LeBrasseur NK, Bean JF, Phillips E, Stein J, Frontera WR, et al. High-intensity resistance training improves muscle strength, self-reported function, and disability in long-term stroke survivors. Stroke 2004;35(6):1404-9.
Parkhouse 2000 {published data only}
  • Parkhouse WS, Coupland DC, Li C, Vanderhoek KJ. IGF-1 bioavailabililty is increased by resistance training in older women with low bone mineral density. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 2000;113(2):75-83.
Pollock 1991 {published data only}
  • Hagberg JM, Graves JE, Limacher M, Woods DR, Leggett SH, Cononie C, et al. Cardiovascular responses of 70- to 79-year-old mean and women to exercise training. Journal of Applied Physiology 1989;66(6):2589-94.
  • Panton LB, Graves JE, Pollock ML, Hagberg JM, Chen W. Effect of aerobic and resistance training on fractionated reaction time and speed of movement. Journal of Gerontology 1990;45(1):M26-31.
  • Pollock ML, Carroll JF, Graves JE, Leggett SH, Braith RW, Limacher M, et al. Injuries and adherence to walk/jog and resistance training programs in the elderly. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1991;23(10):1194-200.
Pu 2001 {published data only}
  • Pu CT, Johnson MT, Forman DE, Hausdorff JM, Roubenoff R, Foldvari M, et al. Randomized trial of progressive resistance training to counteract the myopathy of chronic heart failure. Journal of Applied Physiology 2001;90(6):2341-50.
Rall 1996 {published data only}
  • Rall LC, Meydani SN, Kehayias JJ, Dawson Hughes B, Roubenoff R. The effect of progressive resistance training in rheumatoid arthritis. Increased strength without changes in energy balance or body composition. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1996;39(3):415-26.
    Direct Link:
  • Rall LC, Rosen CJ, Dolnikowski G, Hartman WJ, Lundgren N, Abad LW, et al. Protein metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis and aging. Effects of muscle strength training and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1996;39(7):1115-24.
    Direct Link:
  • Rall LC, Roubenoff R, Cannon JG, Abad LW, Dinarello CA, Meydani SN. Effects of progressive resistance training on immune response in aging and chronic inflammation. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1996;28(11):1356-65.
Reeves 2004 {published data only}
Rhodes 2000 {published data only}
  • Rhodes EC, Martin AD, Taunton JE, Donnely M, Warren J, Elliot J. Effects of one year of resistance training on the relation between muscular strength and bone density in elderly women. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2000;34(1):18-22.
Schilke 1996 {published data only}
  • Schilke JM, Johnson GO, Housh TJ, O'Dell JR. Effects of muscle-strength training on the functional status of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee joint. Nursing Research 1996;45(2):68-72.
Schlicht 1999 {published and unpublished data}
  • Schlicht, J. Effect of intense strength training on walking speed, standing balance and sit-to-stand performance in older adults [thesis]. Storrs (CT): Univ. of Connecticut, 1999.
  • Schlicht J, Camaione DN, Owen SV. Effect of intense strength training on standing balance, walking speed and sit-to-stand performance in older adults. Journals of Gerontology.Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2001;56(5):M281-6.
Segal 2003 {published data only}
  • Segal RJ, Reid RD, Courneya KS, Malone SC, Parliament MB, Scott CG, et al. Resistance exercise in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2003;21(9):1653-9.
Selig 2004 {published data only}
  • Selig SE, Carey MF, Menzies DG, Patterson J, Geerling RH, Williams AD, et al. Moderate-intensity resistance exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure improves strength, endurance, heart rate variability, and forearm blood flow. Journal of Cardiac Failure 2004;10(1):21-30.
Seynnes 2004 {published data only}
  • Seynnes O, Fiatarone Singh MA, Hue O, Pras P, Legros P, Bernard PL. Physiological and functional responses to low-moderate versus high-intensity progressive resistance training in frail elders. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2004;59(5):503-9.
Simoneau 2006 {published data only}
Simons 2006 {published data only}
Simpson 1992 {published data only}
Sims 2006 {published data only}
  • Sims J, Hill K, Davidson S, Gunn J, Huang N. Exploring the feasibility of a community-based strength training program for older people with depressive symptoms and its impact on depressive symptoms. BMC Geriatrics 2006;6:18.
Singh 1997 {published data only}
  • Singh NA, Clements KM, Fiatarone MA. A randomised trial of progressive resistance training in depressed elders. Journals of Gerontology.Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 1997;52(1):M27-35.
  • Singh NA, Clements KM, Fiatarone Singh MA. The efficacy of exercise as a long-term antidepressant in elderly subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Journals of Gerontology. Series A-Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2001;56(8):497-504.
Singh 2005 {published data only}
  • Singh NA, Stavrinos TM, Scarbek Y, Galambos G, Liber C, Fiatarone Singh MA. A randomized controlled trial of high versus low intensity weight training versus general practitioner care for clinical depression in older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2005;60(6):768-76.
Sipila 1996 {published data only}
  • Siplia S, Multanen J, Kallinen M, Era P, Suominen H. Effects of strength and endurance training on isometric muscle strength and walking speed in elderly women. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1996;156(4):457-64.
    Direct Link:
Skelton 1995 {published and unpublished data}
  • Skelton DA, Young A, Greig CA, Malbut KE. Effects of resistance training on strength, power, and functional abilities of women aged 75 and older. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1995;43(10):1081-7.
Skelton 1996 {published and unpublished data}
  • Skelton DA, McLaughlin AW. Training functional ability in old age. Physiotherapy 1996;82(3):159-67.
Sousa 2005 {published data only}
  • Sousa N, Sampaio J. Effects of progressive strength training on the performance of the Functional Reach Test and the Timed Get-Up-and-Go Test in an elderly population from the rural north of Portugal. American Journal of Human Biology 2005;17(6):746-51.
    Direct Link:
Suetta 2004 {published data only}
  • Suetta C, Aagaard P, Rosted A, Jakobsen AK, Duus B, Kjaer M, et al. Training-induced changes in muscle CSA, muscle strength, EMG, and rate of force development in elderly subjects after long-term unilateral disuse. Journal of Applied Physiology 2004;97(5):1954-61.
  • Suetta C, Magnusson SP, Rosted A, Aagaard P, Jakobsen AK, Larsen LH, et al. Resistance training in the early postoperative phase reduces hospitalization and leads to muscle hypertrophy in elderly hip surgery patients - A controlled, randomized study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2004;52(12):2016-22.
    Direct Link:
Sullivan 2005 {published data only}
  • Sullivan DH, Roberson PK, Johnson LE, Bishara O, Evans WJ, Smith ES, et al. Effects of muscle strength training and testosterone in frail elderly males. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2005;37(10):1664-72.
  • Sullivan DH, Roberson PK, Smith ES, Price JA, Bopp MM. Effects of muscle strength training and megestrol acetate on strength, muscle mass, and function in frail older people. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55(1):20-8.
    Direct Link:
Symons 2005 {published data only}
  • Symons TB, Vandervoort AA, Rice CL, Overend TJ, Marsh GD. Effects of maximal isometric and isokinetic resistance training on strength and functional mobility in older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2005;60(6):777-81.
Taaffe 1996 {published data only}
  • Pruitt LA, Taaffe DR, Marcus R. Effects of a one-year high-intensity versus low-intensity resistance training program on bone mineral density in older women. Journal of Bone & Mineral Research 1995;10(11):1788-95.
    Direct Link:
  • Taaffe DR, Pruitt L, Pyka G, Guido D, Marcus R. Comparative effects of high- and low- intensity resistance training on thigh muscle strength, fiber area, and tissue composition in elderly women. Clinical Physiology 1996;16(4):381-92.
    Direct Link:
  • Taaffe DR, Pruitt L, Reim J, Butterfield G, Marcus R. Effect of sustained resistance training on basal metabolic rate in older women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1995;43(5):465-71.
Taaffe 1999 {published data only}
  • Taaffe DR, Duret C, Wheeler S, Marcus R. Once-weekly resistance exercise improves strength and neuromuscular performance in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1999;47(10):1208-14.
Topp 1993 {published data only}
  • Mikesky AE, Topp R, Wigglesworth JK, Harsha DM, Edwards JE. Efficacy of a home-based training program for older adults using elastic tubing. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 1994;69(4):316-20.
  • Topp R, Mikesky A, Wigglesworth J, Holt W, Edwards JE. The effect of a 12-week dynamic resistance strength training on gait velocity and balance in older adults. Gerontologist 1993;33(4):501-6.
Topp 1996 {published data only}
  • Topp R, Mikesky A, Dayhoff NE, Holt W. Effect of resistance training on strength, postural control and gait velocity in older adults. Clinical Nursing Research 1996;5(4):407-21.
Topp 2002 {published data only}
  • Topp R, Woolley S, Hornyak J 3rd, Khuder S, Kahaleh B. The effect of dynamic versus isometric resistance training on pain and functioning among adults with osteoarthritis of the knee. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2002;83(9):1187-95.
Topp 2005 {published data only}
  • Topp R, Boardley D, Morgan AL, Fahlman M, McNevin N. Exercise and functional tasks among adults who are functionally limited. Western Journal of Nursing Research 2005;27(3):252-70.
Tracy 2004 {published data only}
  • Tracy BL, Byrnes WC, Enoka RM. Strength training reduces force fluctuations during anisometric contractions of the quadriceps femoris muscles in old adults. Journal of Applied Physiology 2004;96(4):1530-40.
Tsutsumi 1997 {published and unpublished data}
  • Tsutsumi, T. The effects of strength training on mood, self-efficacy, cardiovascular reactivity and quality of life in older adults [thesis]. Boston (MA): Boston University, 1997.
  • Tsutsumi T, Don BM, Zaichkowsky LD, Delizonna LL. Physical fitness and psychological benefits of strength training in community dwelling older adults. Applied Human Science 1997;16(6):257-66.
  • Tsutsumi T, Don BM, Zaichkowsky LD, Takenaka K, Oka K, Ohno T. Comparison of high and moderate intensity of strength training on mood and anxiety in older adults. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1998;87(3 Pt 1):1003-11.
Tyni-Lenne 2001 {published data only}
  • Tyni-Lenne R, Dencker K, Gordon A, Jansson E, Sylven C. Comprehensive local muscle training increases aerobic working capacity and quality of life and decreases neurohormonal activation in patients with chronic heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure 2001;3(1):47-52.
Vincent 2002 {published data only}
  • Vincent KR, Braith BW. Resistance exercise and bone turnover in elderly men and women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2002;34(1):17-23.
  • Vincent KR, Braith RW, Bottiglieri T, Vincent HK, Lowenthal DT. Homocysteine and lipoprotein levels following resistance training in older adults. Preventive Cardiology 2003;6(4):197-203.
    Direct Link:
  • Vincent KR, Braith RW, Feldman RA, Kallas HE, Lowenthal DT. Improved cardiorespiratory endurance following 6 months of resistance exercise in elderly men and women. Archives of Internal Medicine 2002;162(6):673-8.
  • Vincent KR, Braith RW, Feldman RA, Magyari PM, Cutler RB, Persin SA, et al. Resistance exercise and physical performance in adults aged 60 to 83. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2002;50(6):1100-7.
    Direct Link:
Westhoff 2000 {published data only}
  • Westhoff MH, Stemmerik L, Boshuizen HC. Effects of a low-intensity strength-training program on knee-extensor strength and functional ability of frail older people. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 2000;8(4):325-42.
Wieser 2007 {published data only}
Wood 2001 {published data only}
  • Wood RH, Reyes R, Welsch MA, Favaloro-Sabatier J, Sabatier M, Lee CM, et al. Concurrent cardiovascular and resistance training in healthy older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2001;33(10):1751-8.

References to studies excluded from this review

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to studies awaiting assessment
  4. Additional references
  5. References to other published versions of this review
Adami 1999 {published data only}
  • Adami S, Gattie D, Braga V, Bianchini D, Rossini M. Site-specific effects of strength training on bone structure and geometry of ultradistal radius in postmenopausal women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1999;14(1):120-4.
    Direct Link:
Adams 2001 {published data only}
  • Adams KJ, Swank AM, Berning JM, Sevene-Adams PG, Barnard KL, et al. Progressive strength training in sedentary older African American women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2001;33(9):1567-76.
Agre 1988 {published data only}
  • Agre JC, Pierce LE, Raab DM, McAdams M, Smith EL. Light resistance and stretching exercise in elderly women: effect upon strength. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1988;69(4):273-6.
  • Raab DM, Agre JC, McAdam M, Smith EL. Light resistance and stretching exercise in elderly women: effect upon flexibility. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1988;69(4):268-72.
Alexander 2003 {published data only}
  • Alexander JL. Effect of strength training on functional fitness in older chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients [dissertation]. Arizona State University, 2003.
Aniansson 1981 {published data only}
  • Aniansson A, Gustafsson E. Physical training in elderly men with special reference to quadriceps muscle strength and morphology. Clinical Physiology 1981;1(1):87-98.
    Direct Link:
Annesi 2004 {published data only}
  • Annesi JJ, Gann S, Westcott WW, Annesi JJ, Gann S, Westcott WW. Preliminary evaluation of a 10-wk. resistance and cardiovascular exercise protocol on physiological and psychological measures for a sample of older women. Perceptual & Motor Skills 2004;98(1):163-70.
Ardman 1998 {published data only}
  • Ardman O. The effects of strength training on strength, mobility and balance in two groups of institutionalised elderly subjects [dissertation]. Montreal (Quebec): McGill University, 1998.
Ballard 2004 {published data only}
  • Ballard JE, McFarland C, Wallace LS, Holiday DB, Roberson G. The effect of 15 weeks of exercise on balance, leg strength, and reduction in falls in 40 women aged 65 to 89 years. Journal of the American Medical Womens Association 2004;59(4):255-61.
Barbosa 2002 {published data only}
  • Barbosa AR, Santarem JM, Filho WJ, Marucci MFN. Effects of resistance training on the sit-and-reach test in elderly women. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 2002;16(1):14-8.
Baum 2003b {published data only}
  • Baum K, Ruether T, Essfeld D. Reduction of blood pressure response during strength training through intermittent muscle relaxations. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2003;24(6):441-5.
Bean 2002 {published data only}
  • Bean J, Herman S, Kiely DK, Callahan D, Mizer K, Frontera WR, et al. Weighted stair climbing in mobility-limited older people: a pilot study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2002;50(4):663-70.
    Direct Link:
Bellew 2003 {published data only}
  • Bellew JW, Yates JW, Gater DR. The initial effects of low-volume strength training on balance in untrained older men and women. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 2003;17(1):121-8.
Beniamini 1997 {published data only}
  • Beniamini Y, Rubenstein JJ, Zaichkowsky LD, Leonard D, Crim MC. Effects of high-intensity strength training on quality-of-life parameters in cardiac rehabilitation patients. American Journal of Cardiology 1997;80(7):841-6.
Beniamini 1999 {published data only}
  • Beniamini Y, Rubenstein JJ, Faigehbaum AD, Lichenstein AH, Crim MC. High-intensity strength training of patients enrolled in an outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 1999;19(1):8-17.
Berg 1998 {published data only}
  • Berg WP, Lapp BA. The effect of a "practical" resistance training intervention on mobility in independent, community-dwelling older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 1998;6(1):18-35.
Bernard 1999 {published data only}
  • Bernard S, Whittom F, Leblanc P, Jobin J, Belleau R, Berube C, et al. Aerobic and strength training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory Care and Critical Care Medicine 1999;159(3):896-901.
Bilodeau 2000 {published data only}
  • Bilodeau M, Keen DA, Sweeney PJ, Shields RW, Enoka RM. Strength training can improve steadiness in persons with essential tremor. Muscle and Nerve 2000;23:771-8.
    Direct Link:
Binda 2003 {published data only}
Binder 2002 {published data only}
  • Binder EF, Schechtman KB, Ehsani AA, Steger-May K, Brown M, Sinacore DR, et al. Effects of exercise training on frailty in community-dwelling older adults: results of a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2002;50(12):1921-8.
    Direct Link:
  • Binder EF, Yarasheski KE, Steger-May K, Sinacore DR, Brown M, Schechtman KB, et al. Effects of progressive resistance training on body composition in frail older adults: Results of a randomized, controlled trial. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2005;60(11):1425-31.
Boardley 2007 {published data only}
  • Boardley D, Fahlman M, Topp R, Morgan AL, McNevin N. The impact of exercise training on blood lipids in older adults. American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2007;16(1):30-5.
    Direct Link:
Braith 2005 {published data only}
  • Braith RW, Magyari PM, Pierce GL, Edwards DG, Hill JA, White LJ, et al. Effect of resistance exercise on skeletal muscle myopathy in heart transplant recipients. American Journal of Cardiology 2005;95(10):1192-8.
Brandon 2003b {published data only}
  • Brandon LJ, Gaasch DA, Boyette LW, Lloyd AM. Effects of long-term resistive training on mobility and strength in older adults with diabetes. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2003;58(8):740-5.
Brandon 2004 {published data only}
  • Brandon LJ, Boyette LW, Lloyd A, Gaasch DA. Resistive training and long-term function in older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 2004;12(1):10-28.
Brill 1998 {published data only}
  • Brill PA, Matthews M, Mason J, Davis D, Mustafa T, Macera C. Improving functional performance through a group-based free weight strength training program in residents of two assisted living communities. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics 1998;15(3):57-69.
  • Brill PA, Probst JC, Greenhouse DL, Schell B, Macera CA. Clinical feasibility of a free-weight strength-training program for older adults. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice 1998;11(6):445-51.
Brose 2003 {published data only}
  • Brose A, Parise G, Tarnopolsky MA. Creatine supplementation enhances isometric strength and body composition improvements following strength exercise training in older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2003;58(1):11-9.
Brown 1990 {published data only}
Brown 1991 {published data only}
  • Brown M, Holloszy JO. Effects of a low intensity exercise program on selected physical performance characteristics of 60- to 70- year olds. Aging (Milan, Italy) 1991;3(2):129-39.
Brown 2000 {published data only}
  • Brown M, Sinacore DR, Ehsani AA, Binder EF, Holloszy JO, Kohrt WM. Low-intensity exercise as a modifier of physical frailty in older adults. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2000;81(7):960-5.
Bunout 2001 {published data only}
  • Bunout B, Barrera G, de la Maza P, Avendano M, Gattas V, Petermann M, et al. Effects of nutritional supplementation and resistance training on muscle strength in free living elders. Results of one year follow. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2004;8(2):68-75.
  • Bunout D, Barrera G, Avendano M, de la Maza P, Gattas V, Leiva L, et al. Results of a community-based weight-bearing resistance training programme for healthy Chilean elderly subjects. Age and Ageing 2005;34(1):80-3.
  • Bunout D, Barrera G, de la Maza P, Avendano M, Gattas V, Petermann M, et al. The impact of nutritional supplementation and resistance training on the health and function of free-living Chilean elders: results of 18 months of follow-up. Journal of Nutrition 2001;131(9):2441S-6S.
  • Bunout D, Barrera G, Leiva L, Gattas V, de la Maza MP, Avendano M, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation and exercise training on physical performance in Chilean vitamin D deficient elderly subjects. Experimental Gerontology 2006;41(8):746-52.
Campbell 2002 {published data only}
Campbell 2004 {published data only}
  • Campbell WW, Joseph LJO, Ostlund Jr RE, Anderson RA, Farrell PA, Evans WJ. Resistive training and chromium picolinate: Effects on inositols and liver and kidney functions in older adults. International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism 2004;14(4):430-42.
Cancela 2003 {published data only}
  • Cancela Carral JM, Romo Perez V, Camina Fernandez F. Effect of strength program on a 65 years old elderly woman [Spanish]. Gerokomos 2003;14(2):80-9.
Candow 2004 {published data only}
  • Candow DG, Chilibeck PD, Chad KE, Chrusch MJ, Shawn Davison K, Burke DG. Effect of ceasing creatine supplementation while maintaining resistance training in older men. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity 2004;12(3):219-31.
Capodaglio 2002 {published data only}
  • Capodaglio P, Facioli M, Burroni E, Giordano A, Ferri A, Scaglioni G. Effectiveness of a home-based strengthening program for elderly males in Italy. A preliminary study. Aging-Clinical & Experimental Research 2002;14(1):28-34.
Carter 2002 {published data only}
  • Carter ND, Khan KM, McKay HA, Petit MA, Waterman C, Heinonen A, et al. Community-based exercise program reduces risk factors for falls in 65- to 75-year-old women with osteoporosis: randomized controlled trial. CMAJ 2002;167(9):997-1004.
Carter 2005 {published data only}
  • Carter JM, Bemben DA, Knehans AW, Bemben MG, Witten MS. Does nutritional supplementation influence adaptability of muscle to resistance training in men aged 48 to 72 years. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 2005;28(2):40-7.
Carvalho 2002 {published data only}
  • Carvalho J, Oliveira J, Magalhaes J, Ascensao A, Cabri J, Soares JMC. The influence of initial strength levels on isokinetic torque after training in elderly adults. European College of Sport Science, Proceedings of the 7th annual congress of the European College of Sport Science; 2002 July 24-28; Athens Greece. Pashalidis Medical Publisher, 2002:513.
Cauza 2005 {published data only}
  • Cauza E, Hanusch-Enserer U, Strasser B, Kostner K, Dunky A, Haber P. Strength and endurance training lead to different post exercise glucose profiles in diabetic participants using a continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring system. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 2005;35(12):745-51.
    Direct Link:
Cauza 2005b {published data only}
  • Cauza E, Hanusch-Enserer U, Strasser B, Ludvik B, Metz-Schimmerl S, Pacini G, et al. The relative benefits of endurance and strength training on the metabolic factors and muscle function of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2005;86(8):1527-33.
Chaloupka 2000 {published data only}
  • Chaloupka V, Elbl L, Nehyba S. Strength training in patients after myocardial infarct [Silovy trenink u nemocnych po infarktu myokardu]. Vnitrni Lekarstvi 2000;46(12):829-34.
Chetlin 2004 {published data only}
  • Chetlin RD, Gutmann L, Tarnopolsky M, Ullrich IH, Yeater RA. Resistance training effectiveness in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: recommendations for exercise prescription. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2004;85(8):1217-23.
Chiba 2006 {published data only}
  • Chiba A. Positive effects of resistance training on QOL in the frail elderly. Japanese Journal of Public Health 2006;53(11):851-8.
Chien 2005 {published data only}
  • Chien MY, Yang RS, Tsauo JY. Home-based trunk-strengthening exercise for osteoporotic and osteopenic postmenopausal women without fracture - A pilot study. Clinical Rehabilitation 2005;19(1):28-36.
Connelly 1995 {published data only}
  • Connelly DM, Vandervoort AA. Effects of detraining on knee extensor strength and functional mobility in a group of elderly women. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1997;26(6):340-6.
  • Connelly DM, Vandervoort AA. Improvement in knee extensor strength of institutionalized elderly women after exercise with ankle weights. Physiotherapy Canada 1995;41(1):15-23.
Connelly 2000 {published data only}
  • Connelly DM, Vandervoort AA. Effects of isokinetic strength training on concentric and eccentric torque development in the ankle dorsiflexors of older adults. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2000;55:B465-72.
Cramp 2006 {published data only}
  • Cramp MC, Greenwood RJ, Gill M, Rothwell JC, Scott OM. Low intensity strength training for ambulatory stroke patients. Disability & Rehabilitation 2006;28(13-14):883-9.
Cress 1991 {published data only}
  • Cress ME, Thomas DP, Johnson J, Kasch FW, Cassens RG, Smith EL, et al. Effect of training on VO2 max, thigh strength and muscle morphology in septuagenarian women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1991;23:752-8.
Cress 1999 {published data only}
  • Cress ME, Buchner DM, Questad KA, Esselman PC, de Lateur BJ, Schwartz RS. Exercise: effects on physical functional performance in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 1999;54(5):M242-8.
Daepp 2006 {published data only}
  • Daepp C, Vogt M, Klossner S, Popp A. Lippuner K, Hoppeler H. Slimmer and stronger - the effect of eccentric exercise in the elderly. Schweizerische Zeitschrift Fuer Sportmedizin Und Sporttraumatologie/Revue Suisse De Medecine Et De Traumatologie Du Sport/Rivista Svizzera Di Medicina e Traumatologia Dello Sport 2006;54(2):71. [: 1422-0644]
Daly 2005 {published data only}
  • Daly RM, Dunstan DW, Owen N, Jolley D, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ. Does high-intensity resistance training maintain bone mass during moderate weight loss in older overweight adults with type 2 diabetes?. Osteoporosis International 2005;16(12):1703-12.
de Bruin 2007 {published data only}
  • de Bruin ED, Menzi C, Waelle R, Murer K. Strength training and balance performance compared to combined strength and agility training in elderly over 80 years: a three months RCT. Isokinetics and Exercise Science 2004;12(1):33-4.
  • de Bruin ED, Murer K. Effect of additional functional exercises on balance in elderly people. Clinical Rehabilitation 2007;21(2):112-21.
de Vito 1999 {published data only}
  • de Vito G, Bernardi M, Forte R, Pulejo C, Figura F. Effects of a low-intensity programme on VO2 max and maximal instantaneous peak power in elderly women. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 1999;80(3):227-32.
DeBolt 2004 {published data only}
  • DeBolt LS, McCubbin JA, DeBolt LS, McCubbin JA. The effects of home-based resistance exercise on balance, power, and mobility in adults with multiple sclerosis. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2004;85(2):290-7.
Delagardelle 2002 {published data only}
  • Delagardelle C, Feiereisen P, Autier P, Shita R, Krecke R, Beissel J. Strength/endurance training versus endurance training in congestive heart failure. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2002;34(12):1868-72.
Delecluse 2004 {published data only}
  • Delecluse C, Colman V, Roelants M, Verschueren S, Derave W, Ceux T, et al. Exercise programs for older men: mode and intensity to induce the highest possible health-related benefits. Preventive Medicine 2004;39(4):823-33.
DeVito 2003 {published data only}
  • DeVito CA, Morgan RO, Duque M, Abdel-Moty E, Virnig BA. Physical performance effects of low-intensity exercise among clinically defined high-risk elders. Gerontology 2003;49(3):146-54.
Dibble 2006 {published data only}
  • Dibble LE, Hale T, Marcus RL, Gerber JP, Lastayo PC. The safety and feasibility of high-force eccentric resistance exercise in persons with Parkinson's disease. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2006;87(9):1280-2.
Dibble 2006b {published data only}
  • Dibble LE, Hale TF, Marcus RL, Droge J, Gerber JP, LaStayo PC. High-intensity resistance training amplifies muscle hypertrophy and functional gains in persons with Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 2006;21(9):1444-52.
    Direct Link:
Dunstan 2002 {published data only}
  • Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N, Jolley D, De Courten M, Shaw J, et al. High-intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002;25(10):1729-36.
Dunstan 2005 {published data only}
  • Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N, Jolley D, Vulikh E, Shaw J, et al. Home-based resistance training is not sufficient to maintain improved glycemic control following supervised training in older individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28(1):3-9.
Dupler 1993 {published data only}
Fernandez Ramirez 99 {published data only}
  • Fernandez Ramirez AI, Fernandez Ramirez AS. Effect of an exercise program on physical fitness of institutionalized elderly men. Archivos de Medicina del Deporte 1999;16(72):325-32.
Ferrara 2006 {published data only}
  • Ferrara CM, Goldberg AP, Ortmeyer HK, Ryan AS. Effects of aerobic and resistive exercise training on glucose disposal and skeletal muscle metabolism in older men. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2006;61(5):480-7.
Ferri 2003 {published data only}
  • Ferri A, Scaglioni G, Pousson M, Capodaglio P, Van Hoecke J, Narici MV. Strength and power changes of the human plantar flexors and knee extensors in response to resistance training in old age. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 2003;177(1):69-78.
    Direct Link:
Fiatarone 1990 {published data only}
Fisher 1991 {published data only}
  • Fisher NM, Pendergast DR, Calkins E. Muscle rehabilitation in impaired elderly nursing home residents. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1991;72:181-5.
  • Fisher NM, Pendergast DR, Gresham GE, Calkins E. Muscle rehabilitation: its effect on muscular and functional performance of patients with knee osteoarthritis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1991;72(6):367-74.
Forte 2003 {published data only}
Frontera 1988 {published data only}
  • Frontera WR, Meredith C, O'Reilly KP, Knuttgen HG, Evans W. Strength conditioning in older men: skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improved function. Journal of Applied Physiology 1988;64(3):1038-44.
Frontera 1990 {published data only}
Galvao 2006 {published data only}
  • Galvao DA, Nosaka K, Taaffe DR, Spry N, Kristjanson LJ, McGuigan MR, et al. Resistance training and reduction of treatment side effects in prostate cancer patients. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2006;38(12):2045-52.
Grimby 1992 {published data only}
  • Grimby G, Aniansson A, Hedberg M, Henning GB, Grangard U, Kvist H. Training can improve muscle strength and endurance in 78- to 84-year-old men. Journal of Applied Physiology 1992;73(6):2517-23.
Gur 2002 {published data only}
  • Gur H, Cakin N, Akova B, Okay E, Kucukoglu S. Concentric versus combined concentric-eccentric isokinetic training: effects on functional capacity and symptoms in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2002;83(3):308-16.
Hageman 2002 {published data only}
  • Hageman PA, Thomas VS. Gait performance in dementia: the effects of a 6-week resistance training program in an adult day-care setting. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2002;17(4):329-34.
    Direct Link:
Hakkinen 1999 {published data only}
  • Hakkinen A, Sokka T, Kotaniemi A, Kautiainen H, Jappinen I, Laitinen L, et al. Dynamic strength training in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis increases muscle strength but not bone mineral density. Journal of Rheumatology 1999;26(6):1257-63.
Hameed 2004 {published data only}
  • Hameed M, Lange KHW, Andersen JL, Schjerling P, Kjaer M, Harridge SDR, et al. The effect of recombinant human growth hormone and resistance training on IGF-I mRNA expression in the muscles of elderly men. Journal of Physiology 2004;555(1):231-40.
    Direct Link:
Hartard 1996 {published data only}
  • Hartard M, Haber P, Ilieva D, Preisinger E, Seidl G, Huber J. Systematic strength training as a model of therapeutic intervention. A controlled trial in postmenopausal women with osteopenia. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1996;75(1):21-8.
Haub 2002 {published data only}
  • Haub MD, Wells AM, Tarnopolsky MA, Campbell WW. Effect of protein source on resistive-training-induced changes in body composition and muscle size in older men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;76(3):511-7.
Heiwe 2005 {published data only}
  • Heiwe S, Clyne N, Tollback A, Borg K. Effects of regular resistance training on muscle histopathology and morphometry in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2005;84(11):865-74.
Henwood 2006 {published data only}
  • Henwood TR, Taaffe DR. Short-term resistance training and the older adult: The effect of varied programmes for the enhancement of muscle strength and functional performance. Clinical Physiology & Functional Imaging 2006;26(5):305-13.
    Direct Link:
Hess 2005 {published data only}
  • Hess JA, Woollacott M. Effect of high-intensity strength-training on functional measures of balance ability in balance-impaired older adults. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics 2005;28(8):582-90.
Hess 2006 {published data only}
  • Hess JA, Woollacott M, Shivitz N. Ankle force and rate of force production increase following high intensity strength training in frail older adults. Aging-Clinical & Experimental Research 2006;18(2):107-115.
Hirsch 2003 {published data only}
  • Hirsch MA, Toole T, Maitland CG, Rider RA. The effects of balance training and high-intensity resistance training on persons with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003;84(8):1109-17.
Host 2007 {published data only}
Huggett 2004 {published data only}
  • Huggett DL, Elliott ID, Overend TJ, Vandervoort AA. Comparison of heart-rate and blood-pressure increases during isokinetic eccentric versus isometric exercise in older adults. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity 2004;12(2):157-69.
Hughes 2004 {published data only}
Humphries 2000 {published data only}
  • Humphries B, Newton RU, Bronks R, Marshall S, McBride J, Triplett-McBride T, et al. Effect of exercise intensity on bone density, strength, and calcium turnover in older women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2000;32(6):1043-50.
Hung 2004 {published data only}
  • Hung C, Daub B, Black B, Welsh R, Quinney A, Haykowsky M. Exercise training improves overall physical fitness and quality of life in older women with coronary artery disease.[see comment]. Chest 2004;126(4):1026-31.
Hunter 1995 {published data only}
  • Hunter GR, Treuth MS, Weinsier RL, Kekes-Szabo T, Kell SH, Roth DL, et al. The effects of strength conditioning on older women's ability to perform daily tasks. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1995;43(7):756-60.
Hunter 2002 {published data only}
  • Hunter GR, Bryan DR, Wetzstein CJ, Zuckerman PA, Bamman MM. Resistance training and intra-abdominal adipose tissue in older men and women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2002;34(6):1023-8.
Ibanez 2005 {published data only}
  • Ibanez J, Izquierdo M, Arguelles I, Forga L, Larrion JL, Garcia-Unciti M, et al. Twice-weekly progressive resistance training decreases abdominal fat and improves insulin sensitivity in older men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28(3):662-7.
Ivey 2000 {published data only}
  • Ivey FM, Tracy BL, Lemmer JT, NessAiver M, Metter EJ, Fozard JL, et al. Effects of strength training and detraining on muscle quality: age and gender comparisons. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2000;55(3):B152-7.
Johansen 2006 {published data only}
  • Johansen KL, Painter PL, Sakkas GK, Gordon P, Doyle J, Shubert T. Effects of resistance exercise training and nandrolone decanoate on body composition and muscle function among patients who receive hemodialysis: A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2006;17(8):2307-14.
Jones 1987 {published data only}
  • Jones D, Rutherford O. Human muscle strength training: The effects of three different regimes and the nature of the resultant changes. Journal of Physiology 1987;391:1-11.
Judge 2005 {published data only}
  • Judge JO, Kleppinger A, Kenny A, Smith JA, Biskup B, Marcella G. Home-based resistance training improves femoral bone mineral density in women on hormone therapy. Osteoporosis International 2005;16(9):1096-108.
Katula 2006 {published data only}
Kerr 2001 {published data only}
  • Kerr D, Ackland T, Maslen B, Morton A, Prince R. Resistance training over 2 years increases bone mass in calcium-replete postmenopausal women. Journal of Bone & Mineral Research 2001;16(1):175-81.
    Direct Link:
Kolbe-Alexander 2006 {published data only}
  • Kolbe-Alexander TL, Charlton KE, Lambert EV. Effectiveness of a community based low intensity exercise program for older adults. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2006;10(1):21-9.
Komatireddy 1997 {published data only}
  • Komatireddy GR, Leitch RW, Cella K, Browning G, Minor M. Efficacy of low load resistive muscle training in patients with rheumatoid arthritis functional class II and III. Journal of Rheumatology 1997;24(8):1531-9.
La Forge 2002 {published data only}
  • La Forge R. Effect of high-intensity resistance exercise on elderly bones. IDEA Health & Fitness Source 2002;20(5):17. [: 1096-8156]
Labarque 2002 {published data only}
  • Labarque V, 'T Eijnde BO, Van Leemputte M. Resistance training alters torque-velocity relation of elbow flexors in elderly men [L ' entrainement de force altere la relation torsion-velocite des muscles flechisseurs du coude chez les hommes ages]. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2002;34(5):851-56. [: 0195-9131]
Lambert 2002 {published data only}
  • Lambert CP, Sullivan DH, Freeling SA, Lindquist DM, Evans WJ. Effects of testosterone replacement and/or resistance exercise on the composition of megestrol acetate stimulated weight gain in elderly men: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2002;87(5):2100-6.
Lambert 2003 {published data only}
  • Lambert CP, Sullivan DH, Evans WJ. Megestrol acetate-induced weight gain does not negatively affect blood lipids in elderly men: Effects of resistance training and testosterone replacement. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2003;58(7):644-647.
Lamotte 2005 {published data only}
  • Lamotte M, Niset G, Van de Borne P. The effect of different intensity modalities of resistance training on beat-to-beat blood pressure in cardiac patients. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation 2005;12(1):12-7.
Levinger 2005 {published data only}
  • Levinger I, Bronks R, Cody DV, Linton I, Davie A. Resistance training for chronic heart failure patients on beta blocker medications. International Journal of Cardiology 2005;102(3):493-9.
Lexell 1992 {published data only}
Lexell 1995 {published data only}
  • Lexell J, Downham DY, Larsson Y, Bruhn E, Morsing B. Heavy-resistance training in older Scandinavian men and women: short- and long-term effects on arm and leg muscles. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 1995;5(6):329-41.
Littbrand 2006 {published data only}
  • Littbrand H, Rosendahl E, Lindelof N, Lundin-Olsson L, Gustafson Y, Nyberg L. A high-intensity functional weight-bearing exercise program for older people dependent in activities of daily living and living in residential care facilities: evaluation of the applicability with focus on cognitive function. Physical Therapy 2006;86(4):489-98.
Liu 2004 {published data only}
  • Liu SW, Liu HB, Tang D. Strengthened training of knee joint isolated movement for ambulation ability in patients with stroke. [Chinese]. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu 2004;8(25):5214-5.
Liu-Ambrose 2004 {published data only}
  • Liu-Ambrose TYL, Khan KM, Eng JJ, Heinonen A, McKay HA. Both resistance and agility training increase cortical bone density in 75- to 85-year-old women with low bone mass: A 6-month randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Densitometry 2004;7(4):390-8.
Loeppky 2005 {published data only}
Lohman 1995 {published data only}
  • Lohman T, Going S, Pamenter R, Hall M, Boyden T, Houtkooper L, et al. Effects of resistance training on regional and total bone mineral density in premenopausal women: a randomized prospective study. Journal of Bone & Mineral Research 1995;10(7):1015-24.
    Direct Link:
Maddalozzo 2000 {published data only}
Magnusson 1996 {published data only}
  • Magnusson G, Gordon A, Kaijser L, Sylven C, Isberg B, Karpakka J, et al. High intensity knee extensor training in patients with chronic heart failure. European Heart Journal 1996;17(7):1048-55.
Marcora 2005 {published data only}
  • Marcora SM, Lemmey AB, Maddison PJ. Can progressive resistance training reverse cachexia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? Results of a pilot study. Journal of Rheumatology 2005;32(6):1031-9.
Martin Ginis 2006 {published data only}
  • Martin Ginis KA, Latimer AE, Brawley LR, Jung ME, Hicks AL. Weight training to activities of daily living: Helping older adults make a connection. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2006;38(1):116-21.
McCool 1991 {published data only}
McMurdo 1994 {published data only}
  • McMurdo M, Rennie L. Improvements in quadriceps strength with regular seated exercise in the institutionalised elderly. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1994;75:600-3.
Mobily 2004 {published data only}
  • Mobily KE, Mobily PR, Raimondi RM, Walter KL, Rubenstein LM. Strength training and falls among older adults: a community-based TR intervention. Annual in Therapeutic Recreation 2004;13:1-11, 109-18.
Morey 1989 {published data only}
  • Morey MC, Cowper PA, Feussner JR, DiPasquale RC, Crowley GM, Kitzman DW, et al. Evaluation of a supervised exercise program in a geriatric population. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1989;37:348-54.
Morey 1991 {published data only}
  • Morey MC, Cowper PA, Feussner JR, DiPasquale RC, Crowley GM, Sullivan RJ Jr. Two-year trends in physical performance following supervised exercise among community-dwelling older veterans. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1991;39(6):549-54.
Morse 2005 {published data only}
  • Morse CI, Thom JM, Mian OS, Muirhead A, Birch KM, Narici MV. Muscle strength, volume and activation following 12-month resistance training in 70-year-old males. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2005;95(2-3):197-204.
Narici 1989 {published data only}
  • Narici MV, Roi GS, Landoni L, Minetti AE, Cerretelli P. Changes in force, cross-sectional area and neural activation during strength training and detraining of the human quadriceps. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 1989;59(4):310-9.
Nelson 1997 {published data only}
  • Hausdorff JM, Nelson ME, Kaliton D, Layne JE, Bernstein MJ, Nuernberger A, et al. Etiology and modification of gait instability in older adults: A randomized controlled trial of exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 2001;90:2117-29.
  • Nelson ME, Layne JE, Nuernberger A, Allen MJ, Judge J, Kailiton D, et al. Home-based exercise training in the frail elderly: Effects on physical performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1997;29(Suppl 5):S110.
Ochala 2005 {published data only}
  • Ochala J, Lambertz D, Van Hoecke J, Pousson M, Ochala J, Lambertz D, et al. Effect of strength training on musculotendinous stiffness in elderly individuals. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2005;94(1-2):126-33.
Ohira 2006 {published data only}
  • Ohira T, Schmitz KH, Ahmed RL, Yee D. Effects of weight training on quality of life in recent breast cancer survivors: the Weight Training for Breast Cancer Survivors (WTBS) study. Cancer 2006;106(9):2076-83.
    Direct Link:
Oka 2000 {published data only}
  • Oka RK, De Marco T, Haskell WL, Botvinick E, Dae MW, Bolen K, et al. Impact of a home-based walking and resistance training program on quality of life in patients with heart failure. American Journal of Cardiology 2000;85(3):365-9.
Okawa 2004 {published data only}
  • Okawa T, Sato T, Koike T. Effect of exercises on bone mineral density and physical strength in elderly women. Nippon Rinsho - Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine 2004;62 Suppl 2:510-4.
Okumiya 1996 {published data only}
  • Okumiya K, Matsubayashi K, Wada T, Kimura S, Doi Y, Ozawa T. Effects of exercise on neurobehavioral function in community-dwelling older people more than 75 years of age. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1996;44(5):569-72.
Panton 2004 {published data only}
  • Panton LB, Golden J, Broeder CE, Browder KD, Cestaro-Seifer DJ, Seifer FD. The effects of resistance training on functional outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2004;91(4):443-9.
Parsons 1992 {published data only}
  • Parsons D, Foster V, Harman F, Dickinson A, Olivia P, Westerlind K. Balance and strength changes in elderly subjects after heavy resistance strength training [abstract]. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1992;24(Suppl 5):S21.
Perhonen 1992 {published data only}
  • Perhonen M, Komi P, Hakkinen K, Von Bonsdorff H, Partio E. Strength training and neuromuscular function in elderly people with total knee endoprosthesis. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 1992;2:234-43.
Perkins 1961 {published data only}
  • Perkins L, Kaiser H. Results of short-term isotonic and isometric exercise programs in persons over sixty. Physical Therapy Review 1961;41:633-5.
Perrig-Chiello 1998 {published data only}
Petrella 2000 {published data only}
  • Petrella R, Bartha C. Home based exercise therapy for older patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 2000;27(9):2215-21.
Phillips 2004 {published data only}
Pyka 1994 {published data only}
  • Pyka G, Lindenberger E, Charette S, Marcux R. Muscle strength and fiber adaptations to a year-long resistance training program. Journal of Gerontology 1994;49(1):M22-7.
Rabelo 2004 {published data only}
  • Rabelo HT, Oliveira RJ, Bottaro M. Effects of resistance training on activities of daily living in older women. Biology of Sport 2004;21(4):325-36. [: 0860-021X]
Ramsbottom 2004 {published data only}
  • Ramsbottom R, Ambler A, Potter J, Jordan B, Nevill A, Williams C. The effect of 6 months training on leg power, balance, and functional mobility of independently living adults over 70 years old. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity 2004;12(4):497-510.
Reeves 2004b {published data only}
  • Reeves ND, Narici MV, Maganaris CN. Effect of resistance training on skeletal muscle-specific force in elderly humans. [Abstract]. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2004;14(2):134-5. [: 0905-7188]
Reeves 2005 {published data only}
Reeves 2006 {published data only}
Richards 1996 {published data only}
  • Richards D. Efficacy of upper extremity strength training on upper extremity functional performance among elderly long-term care residents [thesis]. Pittsburgh (PA): Univ. of Pittsburgh, 1996.
Roman 1993 {published data only}
  • Roman WJ, Fleckenstein J, Stray-Gundersen J, Alway SE, Peshock R, Gonyea WJ. Adaptations in the elbow flexors of elderly males after heavy-resistance training. Journal of Applied Physiology 1993;74(2):750-4.
Rooks 1997 {published data only}
  • Rooks D, Kiel D, Parsons C, Hayes W. Self-paced resistance training and walking exercise in community-dwelling older adults: effects on neuromotor performance. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 1997;52(3):M161-8.
Salli 2006 {published data only}
  • Salli A, Ugurlu H, Emlik D. Comparison of the effectiveness of concentric, combined concentric-eccentric and isometric exercises on symptoms and functional capacity in patients with knee osteoarthritis [Diz Osteoartritinde Konsantrik, Kombine Konsantrik-Eksantrik ve Izometrik Egzersizlerin Semptomlar ve Fonksiyonel Kapasite Uzerine Etkinliginin Karsilastirilmasi]. Turkiye Fiziksel Tip ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 2006;52(2):61-7.
Sallinen 2006 {published data only}
  • Sallinen J, Pakarinen A, Fogelholm M, Sillanpaa E, Alen M, Volek JS, et al. Serum basal hormone concentrations and muscle mass in aging women: effects of strength training and diet. International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism 2006;16(3):316-31.
Sanders 1998 {published data only}
  • Sanders S. The effects of two modes of strength training on elderly men [thesis]. Minneapolis (MN): Walden University, 1998.
Sartorio 2001 {published data only}
  • Sartorio A, Lafortuna C, Capodaglio P, Vangeli V, Narici MV, Faglia G. Effects of a 16-week progressive high-intensity strength training (HIST) on indexes of bone turnover in men over 65 years: A randomized controlled study. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 2001;24(11):882-6.
Sauvage 1992 {published data only}
  • Sauvage LJ, Myklebust B, Crow-Pan J, Novak S, Millington P, Hoffman MD, et al. A clinical trial of strengthening and aerobic exercise to improve gait and balance in elderly male nursing home residents. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1992;71:333-42.
Sayers 2003 {published data only}
  • Sayers SP, Bean J, Cuoco A, LeBrasseur NK, Jette A, Fielding RA. Changes in function and disability after resistance training: does velocity matter? A pilot study. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2003;82(8):605-13.
Schott 2006 {published data only}
  • Schott N, Konietzny S, Raschka C. Red ginseng enhances the effectiveness of strength training in elderly: A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial [Einfluss von Rotem Ginseng auf ein Krafttraining bei alteren Erwachsenen: Eine randomisierte placebokontrollierte Doppelblindstudie]. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Ganzheitsmedizin 2006;18(7-8):376-83.
Sharp 1997 {published data only}
Shaw 1998 {published data only}
Sherrington 1997 {published data only}
  • Sherrington C, Lord SR. Home exercise to improve strength and walking velocity after hip fracture: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997;78:208-12.
Signorile 2005 {published data only}
  • Signorile JF, Carmel MP, Lai S, Roos BA. Early plateaus of power and torque gains during high- and low-speed resistance training of older women. Journal of Applied Physiology 2005;98(4):1213-20.
Sinaki 1996 {published data only}
  • Sinaki M, Wahner H, Bergstralh E, Hodgson SF, Offord KP, Squires RW, et al. Three-year controlled, randomized trial of the effect of dose-specified loading and strengthening exercises on bone mineral density of spine and femur in nonalthletic, physically active women. Bone 1996;19(3):233-44.
Sipila 1994 {published data only}
  • Sipila S, Suominen H. Knee extension strength and walking speed in relation to quadriceps muscle composition and training in elderly women. Clinical Physiology 1994;14(4):433-42.
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Spruit 2002 {published data only}
  • Spruit MA, Gosselink R, Troosters T, De Paepe K, Decramer M. Resistance versus endurance training in patients with COPD and peripheral muscle weakness. European Respiratory Journal 2002;19(6):1072-8.
Sullivan 2001 {published data only}
  • Sullivan DH, Wall PT, Bariola JR, Bopp MM, Frost YM. Progressive resistance muscle strength training of hospitalized frail elderly. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2001;80:503-9.
Taaffe 1997 {published data only}
Teixeira 2002 {published data only}
  • Teixeira R, Guerra S, Esculcas C, Ribeiro JC, Carvalho J, Mota J. Influence of age on physical fitness improvements after training on elderly women. [Abstract]. In Koskolou 2002:514.
Teixeira 2003 {published data only}
  • Teixeira PJ, Going SB, Houtkooper LB, Metcalfe LL, Blew RM, Flint-Wagner HG, et al. Resistance training in postmenopausal women with and without hormone therapy. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2003;35(4):555-62.
Teixeira-Salm. 2005 {published data only}
  • Teixeira-Salmela LF, Santiago L, Lima RC, Lana DM, Camargos FF, Cassiano JG. Functional performance and quality of life related to training and detraining of community-dwelling elderly. Disability & Rehabilitation 2005;27(17):1007-12.
Thielman 2004 {published data only}
  • Thielman GT, Dean CM, Gentile AM. Rehabilitation of reaching after stroke: Task-related training versus progressive resistive exercise. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2004;85(10):1613-8.
Thomas 2004 {published data only}
  • Thomas KJ, Tomsic JB, Martin MS. Does participation in light to moderate strength and endurance exercise result in measurable physical benefits for older adults?. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 2004;27(2):53-8.
Thomas 2005 {published data only}
  • Thomas GN, Hong AW, Tomlinson B, Lau E, Lam CW, Sanderson JE, et al. Effects of Tai Chi and resistance training on cardiovascular risk factors in elderly Chinese subjects: a 12-month longitudinal, randomized, controlled intervention study. Clinical Endocrinology 2005;63(6):663-9.
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Thompson 1988 {published data only}
  • Thompson RF, Crist DM, Marsh M, Rosenthal M. Effects of physical exercise for elderly patients with physical impairments. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1988;36(2):130-5.
Timonen 2002 {published data only}
  • Timonen L, Rantanen T, Ryynanen OP, Taimela S, Timonen TE, Sulkava R. A randomized controlled trial of rehabilitation after hospitalization in frail older women: effects on strength, balance and mobility. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2002;12(3):186-92.
    Direct Link:
Timonen 2006 {published data only}
  • Timonen L, Rantanen T, Makinen E, Timonen TE, Tormakangas T, Sulkava R. Effects of group-based exercise program on functional abilities in frail older women after hospital discharge. Aging-Clinical & Experimental Research 2006;18(1):50-6.
Timonen 2006b {published data only}
  • Timonen L, Rantanen T, Timonen TE, Sulkava R. Effects of a group-based exercise program on the mood state of frail older women after discharge from hospital. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2006;17(12):1106-11.
    Direct Link:
Treuth 1994 {published data only}
  • Treuth MS, Ryan AS, Pratley RE, Rubin MA, Miller JP, Nicklas BJ, et al. Effects of strength training on total and regional body composition in older men. Journal of Applied Physiology 1994;77(2):614-20.
Trudelle-Jack. 2004 {published data only}
  • Trudelle-Jackson E, Smith SS. Effects of a late-phase exercise program after total hip arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004;85(7):1056-62.
Tsuji 2000 {published data only}
  • Tsuji I, Tamagawa A, Nagatomi R, Irie N, Ohkubo T, Saito M, et al. Randomised controlled trial of exercise training for older people: study design and primary outcome. Journal of Epidemiology 2000;10(1):55-64.
Vad 2002 {published data only}
  • Vad E, Worm C, Lauritsen JM, Poulsen PB, Puggaard L, Stovring H, et al. Physical training as treatment of reduced functional ability in frail 75+ year-olds living at home. A randomized intervention study in general practice with technological assessment elements [Fysisk traening som behandling af nedsat funktionsevne hos svage, hjemmeboende 75+ -arige. Et randomiseret interventionsstudie i almen praksis omfattende elementer til en teknologivurdering]. Ugeskrift for Laeger 2002;164(44):5140-4.
Vale 2003 {published data only}
  • Vale RGS, Damasceno V, Cordeiro LS, Baptista MR, Pernambuco CS, Motta T, et al. Effects of supine resistance strength training in independent elderly women [Efeitos de um treinamento resistido de forca no supino reto em idosas independentes [Abstract]]. Fitness & Performance Journal 2003;2(4):255. [: 1519-9088]
Valkeinen 2005 {published data only}
  • Valkeinen H, Hakkinen K, Pakarinen A, Hannonen P, Hakkinen A, Airaksinen O, et al. Muscle hypertrophy, strength development, and serum hormones during strength training in elderly women with fibromyalgia. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 2005;34(4):309-14.
Van den Ende 2000 {published data only}
  • Van den Ende CH, Breedveld FC, le Cessie S, Dijkmans BA, de Mug AW, Hazes JM. Effect of intensive exercise on patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised clinical trial. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2000;59(8):615-21.
Vanbiervliet 2003 {published data only}
  • Vanbiervliet W, Pelissier J, Ledermann B, Kotzki N, Benaim C, Herisson C, et al. Strength training with elastic bands: measure of its effects in cardiac rehabilitation after coronary diseases [Le renforcement musculaire par bandes elastiques : evaluation de ses effets dans le reentrainement a l'effort du coronarien]. Annales de Readaptation et de Medecine Physique 2003;46(8):545-52.
Veloso 2003 {published data only}
  • Veloso U, Monteiro W, Farinatti P. Do continuous and intermittent exercises sets induce similar cardiovascular responses in the elderly women?. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 2003;9(2):85-90. [: 1517-8692]
Verfaillie 1997 {published data only}
  • Verfaillie D, Nichols J, Turkel E, Hovell M. Effects of resistance, balance and gait training on reduction of risk factors leading to falls in elders. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 1997;5:213-28.
Villareal 2003 {published data only}
  • Villareal DT, Binder EF, Yarasheski KE, Williams DB, Brown M, Sinacore DR, et al. Effects of exercise training added to ongoing hormone replacement therapy on bone mineral density in frail elderly women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(7):985-90.
    Direct Link:
Villareal 2006b {published data only}
  • Villareal DT, Holloszy JO. DHEA enhances effects of weight training on muscle mass and strength in elderly women and men. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology & Metabolism 2006;291(5):E1003-8.
Vincent 2002b {published data only}
  • Vincent KR, Vincent HK, Braith RW, Lennon SL, Lowenthal DT. Resistance exercise training attenuates exercise-induced lipid peroxidation in the elderly. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2002;87(4/5):416-23. [: 1439-6327]
Vincent 2003 {published data only}
  • Vincent KR, Vincent HK, Braith RW, Bhatnagar V, Lowenthal DT. Strength training and hemodynamic responses to exercise. American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2003;12(2):97-106.
    Direct Link:
Vincent 2006 {published data only}
  • Vincent KR, Braith RW, Vincent HK. Influence of resistance exercise on lumbar strength in older, overweight adults. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2006;87(3):383-9. [: 0003-9993]
Woo 2007 {published data only}
  • Woo J, Hong A, Lau E, Lynn H. A randomised controlled trials of Tai Chi and resistance exercise on bone health, muscle strength and balance in community-living elderly people. Age and Ageing 2007;36:262-8.
Yang 2006 {published data only}
  • Yang Y, Wang R, Lin K, Chu M, Chan R. Task-oriented progressive resistance strength training improves muscle strength and functional performance in individuals with stroke. Clinical Rehabilitation 2006;20(10):860-70.
Zion 2003 {published data only}
  • Zion AS, De Meersman R, Diamond BE, Bloomfield DM, Zion AS, De Meersman R, et al. A home-based resistance-training program using elastic bands for elderly patients with orthostatic hypotension. Clinical Autonomic Research 2003;13(4):286-92.

References to studies awaiting assessment

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to studies awaiting assessment
  4. Additional references
  5. References to other published versions of this review
Bennell 2007 {published data only}
  • Bennell KL, Hunt MA, Wrigley TV, Hunter DJ. The effects of hip muscle strengthening on knee load, pain, and function in people with knee osteoarthritis: a protocol for a randomised, single-blind controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2007;8:121.
Cheema 2007 {published data only}
  • Cheema B, Abas H, Smith B, O'Sullivan A, Chan M, Patwardhan A, et al. Progressive exercise for anabolism in kidney disease (PEAK): a randomized, controlled trial of resistance training during hemodialysis. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2007;18(5):1594-601.
Fahlman 2007 {published data only}
  • Fahlman M, Morgan A, McNevin N, Topp R, Boardley D. Combination training and resistance training as effective interventions to improve functioning in elders. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity 2007;15(2):195-205.
Henwood 2008 {published data only}
  • Henwood TR, Riek S, Taaffe DR. Strength versus muscle power-specific resistance training in community-dwelling older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2008;63(1):83-91.
Karinkanta 2007 {published data only}
  • Karinkanta S, Heinonen A, Sievanen H, Uusi-Rasi K, Pasanen M, Ojala K, et al. A multi-component exercise regimen to prevent functional decline and bone fragility in home-dwelling elderly women: randomized, controlled trial. Osteoporosis International 2007;18(4):453-62. [MEDLINE: Yes]
Lin 2007 {published data only}
  • Lin D-H, Lin Y-F, Chai H-M, Han Y-C, Jan M-H. Comparison of proprioceptive functions between computerized proprioception facilitation exercise and closed kinetic chain exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis.[erratum appears in Clin Rheumatol. 2007 Apr;26(4):617 Note: Chai, Hei-Min [corrected to Chai, Huei-Ming]]. Clinical Rheumatology 2007;26(4):520-8. [MEDLINE: yes]
Mitchell 2001 {published data only}
O'Shea 2007 {published data only}
  • O'Shea SD, Taylor NF, Paratz JD. A predominantly home-based progressive resistance exercise program increases knee extensor strength in the short-term in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2007;53(4):229-37.
Raso 2007 {published data only}
  • Raso V, Benard G, Da Silva Duarte AJ, Natale VM. Effect of resistance training on immunological parameters of healthy elderly women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2007;39(12):2152-9.
Williams 2007 {published data only}
  • Williams AD, Carey MF, Selig S, Hayes A, Krum H, Patterson J, et al. Circuit resistance training in chronic heart failure improves skeletal muscle mitochondrial ATP production rate - a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Cardiac Failure 2007;13(2):79-85.

Additional references

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to studies awaiting assessment
  4. Additional references
  5. References to other published versions of this review
Anonymous 2001
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Brosseau 2003
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Buchner 1993
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Buchner 1996
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Doherty 1993
Fiatarone 1993
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Frontera 1988
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Gillespie 2003
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Howe 2007
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King 1998
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Mazzeo 1998
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Singh 2002
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  • World Health Organization. ICIDH-2: International classification of functioning, disability and health (final draft). Geneva: World Health Organization, 2001.

References to other published versions of this review

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to studies awaiting assessment
  4. Additional references
  5. References to other published versions of this review
Latham 2003a
  • Latham NK, Anderson CS, Bennett DA, Stretton C. Progressive resistance strength training for physical disability in older people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 2. [DOI: ]
Latham 2004
  • Latham NK, Bennett DA, Stretton CM, Anderson CS. Systematic review of progressive resistance strength training in older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2004;59(1):48-61.
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