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Progressive resistance strength training for physical disability in older people

  1. Nancy K Latham1,*,
  2. Craig S Anderson2,
  3. Derrick A Bennett3,
  4. Caroline Stretton4

Editorial Group: Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group

Published Online: 15 APR 2009

Assessed as up-to-date: 2 DEC 2002

DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002759

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How to Cite

Latham NK, Anderson CS, Bennett DA, Stretton C. Progressive resistance strength training for physical disability in older people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD002759. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002759.

Author Information

  1. 1

    Boston University, Health and Disabilty Research Institute, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

  2. 2

    The George Institute for International Health, Department of Neurological and Mental Health, Sydney, Australia

  3. 3

    Oxford University, Clinical Trials Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Oxford, UK

  4. 4

    Auckland University of Technology, School of Physiotherapy, Auckland, New Zealand

*Nancy K Latham, Health and Disabilty Research Institute, School of Public Health, Boston University, 580 Harrison Avenue, 4th Floor, Boston, MA, 02118-2639, USA. nlatham@bu.edu.

Publication History

  1. Publication Status: Unchanged
  2. Published Online: 15 APR 2009

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References

References to studies included in this review

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to studies awaiting assessment
  4. Additional references
Ades 1996 {published data only}
  • Ades PA, Ballor DL, Ashikaga T, Utton JL, Nair KS. Weight training improves walking endurance in healthy elderly persons. Annals of Internal Medicine 1996;124(6):568-72. [MEDLINE: 96175655]
Baker 2001 {published data only}
  • Baker KR, Nelson ME, Felson DT, Layne JE, Sarno R, Roubenoff R. The efficacy of home based progressive strength training in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Rheumatology 2001;28:1655-65.
Balagopal 2001 {published data only}
  • Balagopal P, Schimke JC, Ades P, Adey D, Nair KS. Age effect on transcript levels and synthesis rate of muscle MHC and response to resistance exercise. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001;280(2):E203-8.
Ballor 1996 {published data only}
  • Ballor DL, Harvey-Berino JR, Ades PA, Cryan J, Calles-Escandon J. Contrasting effects of resistance and aerobic training on body composition and metabolism after diet-induced weight loss. Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental 1996;45(2):179-83.
Bermon 1999 {published data only}
  • Bermon S, Philip P, Ferrari P, Candito M, Dolisi C. Effects of a short-term strength training programme on lymphocyte subsets at rest in elderly humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 1999;79(4):336-40.
Brandon 2000 {published data only}
  • Brandon LJ, Boyetter LW, Gaasch DA, Lloyd DG. Effects of lower extremity strength training on functional mobility in older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 2000;8(3):214-27.
Buchner 1997 {published data only}
  • Buchner DM, Cress ME, de Lateur BJ. The effect of strength and endurance training on gait, balance, fall risk and health services use in community-living older adults. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 1997;52(4):M218-24.
  • Buchner DM, Cress ME, de Lateur BJ, Wagner EH. Variability in the effect of strength training on skeletal muscle in older adults. Facts and Research in Gerontology 1993;7:143-53.
  • Coleman EA, Buchner DM, Cress ME, Chan BKS, de Lateur BJ. The relationship of joint symptoms with exercise performance in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1996;44(1):14-21.
Castaneda 2001 {published data only}
  • Castaneda C, Gordon PL, Uhlin KL, Levery AS, Kehayias JJ, Dwyer JT, et al. Resistance training to counteract the catabolism of a low-protein diet in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Annals of Internal Medicine 2001;135(11):965-76.
Chandler 1998 {published and unpublished data}
  • Chandler JM, Duncan PW, Kochersberger G, Studenski S. Is lower extremity strength gain associated with improvement in physical performance and disability in community-dwelling elders. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1998;79(1):24-30.
Charette 1991 {published data only}
  • Charette S, McEvoy L, Pyka G. Muscle hypertrophy response to resistance training in older women. Journal of Applied Physiology 1991;70(5):1912-6.
Collier 1997 {unpublished data only}
  • Collier CD. Isotonic resistance training related functional fitness, physical self-efficacy and depression in adults ages 65-85 (thesis). Stillwater (OK): Oklahoma State University, 1997.
Damush 1999 {published data only}
  • Damush TM, Damush JG Jr. The effects of strength training on strength and health-related quality of life in older adult women. Gerontologist 1999;39(6):705-10.
Donald 2000 {published and unpublished data}
  • Donald IP, Pitt K, Armstrong E, Shuttleworth H. Preventing falls on an elderly care rehabilitation ward. Clinical Rehabilitation 2000;14(2):178-85.
Earles 2001 {published data only}
  • Earles DR, Judge JO, Gunnarsson OT. Velocity training induces power-specific adaptations in highly functioning older adults. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2001;82(7):872-8.
Ettinger 1997 {published data only}
  • Ettinger WH Jr, Burns R, Messier SP, Applegate W, Rejeski WJ, Morgan T, et al. A randomised trail comparing aerobic exercise and resistance exercise with a health education program in older adults. The Fitness Arthritis and Seniors Trial (FAST). JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Assocation 1997;277(1):25-31.
  • Messier SP, Royer TD, Craven TE, O'Toole ML, Burns R, Ettinger WH Jr. Long-term exercise and its effect on balance in older, osteoarthritic adults: results from the Fitness, Arthritis and Seniors (FAST) Trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2000;48(2):131-8.
  • Rejeski WJ, Ettinger WH Jr, Martin K, Morgan T. Treating disability in knee osteoarthritis with exercise therapy: a central role for self-efficacy and pain. Arthritis Care and Research 1998;11(2):94-101.
  • Sevick MA, Bradham DD, Muender M, Chen GJ, Enarson C, Dailey M, et al. Cost-effectiveness of aerobic and resistance exercise in seniors with knee osteoarthritis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2000;32(9):1534-40.
Fiatarone 1994 {published data only}
  • Fiatarone MA, O'Neill EF, Ryan ND, Clements KM, Solares GR, Nelson ME, et al. Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. New England Journal of Medicine 1994;330(25):1769-75.
  • Singh MA, Ding W, Manfredi TJ, Solares GS, O'Neill EF, Clements KM. Insulin-like growth factor I in skeletal muscle after weight-lifting exercise in frail elders. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 1999;277(40):E135-43.
Fiatarone 1997 {published data only}
  • Fiatarone MA, O'Neill EF, Doyle RN, Clements K. Efficacy of home-based resistance training in frail elders. Abstracts of the 16th Congress of the International Association of Gerontology. Bedford Park, South Australia: 1997 World Congress of Gerontology Inc, 1997:323 Abstract 985.
Flynn 1999 {published data only}
  • Flynn MG, Fahlman M, Braun WA, Lambert CP, Bouillon LE, Brolinson PG, et al. Effects of resistance training on selected indexes of immune function in elderly women. Journal of Applied Physiology 1999;86(6):1905-13.
Hagerman 2000 {published data only}
  • Hagerman FC, Walsh SJ, Staron RS, Hikida RS, Gilders RM, Murray TF, Toma K, Ragg KE. Effects of high-intensity resistance strength training on untrained older men 1. Strength, cardiovascular and metabolic responses. Journals of Gerontology.Series A, Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2000;55A(7):B336-46.
Haykowsky 2000 {published data only}
  • Haykowsky M, Humen D, Teo K, Quinney A, Souster M, Bell G, et al. Effects of 16 weeks of resistance training on left ventricular morphology and systolic function in healthy men >60 years of age. American Journal of Cardiology 2000;85(8):1002-6.
Hennessey 2001 {published data only}
  • Hennessey JV, Chromiak JA, DellaVentura S, Reinert SE, Puhl J, Kiel DP, et al. Growth hormone administration and exercise effects on muscle fibre type and diameter in moderately frail older people. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2001;49(7):852-8.
Hepple 1997 {published data only}
  • Hepple RT, Mackinnon SL, Goodman MJ, Thomas SG, Plyley MJ. Resistance and aerobic training in older men: effects on VO2 peak and the capillary supply to skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology 1997;82(4):1305-10.
Hiatt 1994 {published data only}
  • Hiatt WR, Wolfel EE, Meier RH, Regensteiner JG. Superiority of treadmill walking exercise versus strength training for patients with peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 1994;90(4):1866-74.
  • Regensteiner JG, Steiner JF, Hiatt WR. Exercise training improves functional status in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1996;23(1):104-15.
Hortobagyi 2001 {published data only}
  • Hortobagyi T, Tunnel D, Moody J, Beam S, DeVita P. Low- or high-intensity strength training partially restores impaired quadriceps force accuracy and steadiness in aged adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2001;56(1):B38-47.
Hunter 2001 {published data only}
  • Hunter GR, Wetzstein CA, McLafferty CL Jr, Zuckerman PA, Landers KA, Bamman MM. High-resistance versus variable-resistance training in older adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2001;33(10):1759-64.
Jette 1996 {published data only}
  • Jette AM, Harris BA, Sleeper L, Lachman ME, Heislein D, Giorgetti M, et al. A home-based exercise program for nondisabled older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1996;44(6):644-9.
Jette 1999 {published and unpublished data}
  • Jette AM, Lachman M, Giorgetti MM, Assman SF, Harris BA, Levenson C, et al. Exercise - it's never too late: The strong-for-life program. American Journal of Public Health 1999;89(1):66-72.
  • Krebs DE, Jette AM, Assmann SF. Moderate exercise improves gait stability in disabled elders. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1998;79(12):1489-95.
Jones 1994 {published data only}
  • Jones CJ, Rikli RE, Benedict J, Williamson P. Effects of a resistance training program on leg strength and muscular endurance in older women. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 1995;5(6):329-41.
Jubrias 2001 {published data only}
  • Jubrias SA, Esselman PC, Price LB, Cress ME, Conley KE. Large energetic adaptations of elderly muscle to resistance and endurance training. Journal of Applied Physiology 2001;90(5):1663-70.
Judge 1994 {published data only}
  • Judge JO, Whipple RH, Wolfson LI. Effects of resistance and balance exercises on isokinetic strength in older persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1994;42(9):937-46.
  • Wolfson L, Whipple R, Derby C, Judge J, King M, Amerman P, et al. Balance and strength training in older adults: intervention gains and tai chi maintenance. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1996;44(5):498-506.
Kerr 2001 {published data only}
  • Kerr D, Ackland T, Maslen B, Morton A, Prince R. Resistance training over 2 years increases bone mass in calcium-replete postmenopausal women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2001;16(1):175-81.
Latham 2001 {published and unpublished data}
  • Latham NK, Stretton CS, Ronald M. Progressive resistance strength training in hospitalised older people: a preliminary investigation. New Zealand Journal of Physiotherapy 2001;29(2):41-8.
Latham 2002 {published and unpublished data}
  • Latham NK, Anderson CS, Lee A, Bennett D, Moseley AM, Cameron ID. A randomized controlled trial of resistance exercises and vitamin D in hospitalised frail elderly: The Frailty Interventions Trial in Elderly Subjects (FITNESS). Journal of the American Geriatrics Society in press.
Maiorana 1997 {published data only}
  • Maiorana AJ, Briffa TG, Goodman C, Hung J. A controlled trial of circuit weight training on aerobic capacity and myocardial oxygen demand in men after coronay artery bypass surgery. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 1997;17(4):239-47.
Maurer 1999 {published data only}
  • Maurer BT, Stern AG, Kinossian B, Cook KD, Schumacher HR. Osteoarthritis of the knee: isokinetic quadriceps exercise versus and educational intervention. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1999;80(10):1293-9.
McCartney 1995 {published data only}
  • McCartney N, Hicks A, Martin J, Webber C. A longitudinal trial of weight training in the elderly: continued improvements in year 2. Journals of Gerontology.Series A, Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 1996;51(6):B425-33.
  • McCartney N, Hicks AL, Martin J, Webber CE. Long-term resistance training in elderly: Effects on dynamic strength, exercise capacity, muscle and bone. Journals of Gerontology.Series A, Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 1995;50(2):B97-104.
McGuigan 2001 {published data only}
  • McGuigan MR, Bronks R, Newton RU, Sharman MJ, Graham JC, Cody DV, et al. Resistance training in patients with peripheral arterial disease: effects on myosin isoforms, fiber type distribution and capillary supply to skeletal muscle. Journals of Gerontology.Series A, Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2001;56(7):B302-10.
McMurdo 1995 {published data only}
  • McMurdo ME, Johnstone R. A randomized controlled trial of a home exercise programme for elderly people with poor mobility. Age and Ageing 1995;24(5):425-8.
Mihalko 1996 {published data only}
  • Mihalko SL, McAuley E. Strength training effects on subjective well-being and physical function in the elderly. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 1996;4(1):56-68.
Moreland 2001 {unpublished data only}
  • Moreland J. personal communication 2001.
Nelson 1994 {published data only}
  • Morganti CM, Nelson ME, Fiatarone MA, Dallal GE, Economos CD, Crawford BM, et al. Strength improvements with 1 yr of progressive resistance training in older women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1995;27(6):906-12.
  • Nelson ME, Fiatarone MA, Morganti CM, Trice I, Greenberg RA, Evans WJ. Effects of high-intensity strength training on multiple risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994;272(24):1909-14.
Newnham 1995 {unpublished data only}
  • Newnham J. The effects of a strengthening program on muscle function and mobility skills in an elderly instituionalised population [thesis]. Montreal (Quebec): McGill University, 1995.
Nichols 1993 {published data only}
  • Nichols JF, Omizo DK, Peterson KK, Nelson KP. Efficacy of heavy-resistance training for active women over sixty: Muscular strength, body composition and program adherence. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1993;41(3):205-10.
Parkhouse 2000 {published data only}
  • Parkhouse WS, Coupland DC, Li C, Vanderhoek KJ. IGF-1 bioavailabililty is increased by resistance training in older women with low bone mineral density. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 2000;113(2):75-83.
Perrig-Chiello 1998 {published data only}
  • Perrig-Chiello P, Perrig WJ, Ehrsam R, Staehelin HB, Krings F. The effects of resistance training on well-being and memory in elderly volunteers. Age and Ageing 1998;27(4):469-76.
Pollock 1991 {published data only}
  • Hagberg JM, Graves JE, Limacher M, Woods DR, Leggett SH, Cononie C, et al. Cardiovascular responses of 70- to 79-year-old mean and women to exercise training. Journal of Applied Physiology 1989;66(6):2589-94.
  • Panton LB, Graves JE, Pollock ML, Hagberg JM, Chen W. Effect of aerobic and resistance training on fractionated reaction time and speed of movement. Journal of Gerontology 1990;45(1):M26-31.
  • Pollock ML, Carroll JF, Graves JE, Leggett SH, Braith RW, Limacher M, et al. Injuries and adherence to walk/jog and resistance training programs in the elderly. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1991;23(10):1194-1200.
Pu 2001 {published data only}
  • Pu CT, Johnson MT, Forman DE, Hausdorff JM, Roubenoff R, Foldvari M, et al. Randomized trial of progressive resistance training to counteract the myopathy of chronic heart failure. Journal of Applied Physiology 2001;90(6):2341-50.
Rall 1996 {published data only}
  • Rall LC, Meydani SN, Kehayias JJ, Dawson Hughes B, Roubenoff R. The effect of progressive resistance training in rheumatoid arthritis. Increased strength without changes in energy balance or body composition. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1996;39(3):415-26.
  • Rall LC, Rosen CJ, Dolnikowski G, Hartman WJ, Lundgren N, Abad LW, et al. Protein metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis and aging. Effects of muscle strength training and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1996;39(7):1115-24.
  • Rall LC, Roubenoff R, Cannon JG, Abad LW, Dinarello CA, Meydani SN. Effects of progressive resistance training on immune response in aging and chronic inflammation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1996;28(11):1356-65.
Rhodes 2000 {published data only}
  • Rhodes EC, Martin AD, Taunton JE, Donnely M, Warren J, Elliot J. Effects of one year of resistance training on the relation between muscular strength and bone density in elderly women. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2000;34(1):18-22.
Sartorio 2001 {published data only}
  • Sartorio A, Lafortuna C, Capodaglio P, Vangeli V, Narici MV, Faglia G. Effects of a 16-week progressive high-intensity strength training (HIST) on indexes of bone turnover in men over 65 years: A randomized controlled study. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 2001;24(11):882-6.
Schilke 1996 {published data only}
  • Schilke JM, Johnson GO, Housh TJ, O'Dell JR. Effects of muscle-strength training on the functional status of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee joint. Nursing Research 1996;45(2):68-72.
Schlicht 1999 {published and unpublished data}
  • Schlicht, J. Effect of intense strength training on walking speed, standing balance and sit-to-stand performance in older adults [thesis]. Storrs (CT): Univ. of Connecticut, 1999.
  • Schlicht J, Camaione DN, Owen SV. Effect of intense strength training on standing balance, walking speed and sit-to-stand performance in older adults. Journals of Gerontology.Series A, Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2001;56(5):M281-6.
Simpson 1992 {published data only}
  • Simpson K, Killian K, McCartney N, Lloyd DG, Jones NL. Randomised controlled trial of weightlifting exercise in patients with chronic airflow limitation. Thorax 1992;47(2):70-5.
Singh 1997 {published data only}
  • Singh NA, Clements KM, Fiatarone MA. A randomised trial of progressive resistance training in depressed elders. Journals of Gerontology.Series A, Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 1997;52(1):M27-35.
  • Singh NA, Clements KM, Fiatarone Singh MA. The efficacy of exercise as a long-term antidepressant in elderly subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2001;56(8):497-504.
Sipila 1996 {published data only}
  • Siplia S, Multanen J, Kallinen M, Era P, Suominen H. Effects of strength and endurance training on isometric muscle strength and walking speed in elderly women. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1996;156(4):457-64.
Skelton 1995 {published and unpublished data}
  • Skelton DA, Young A, Greig CA, Malbut KE. Effects of resistance training on strength, power, and functional abilities of women aged 75 and older. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1995;43(10):1081-7.
Skelton 1996 {published and unpublished data}
  • Skelton DA, McLaughlin AW. Training functional ability in old age. Physiotherapy 1996;82(3):159-67.
Taaffe 1996 {published data only}
  • Pruitt LA, Taaffe DR, Marcus R. Effects of a one-year high-intensity versus low-intensity resistance training program on bone mineral density in older women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1995;10(11):1788-95.
  • Taaffe DR, Pruitt L, Pyka G, Guido D, Marcus R. Comparative effects of high- and low- intensity resistance training on thigh muscle strength, fiber area, and tissue composition in elderly women. Clinical Physiology 1996;16(4):381-92.
  • Taaffe DR, Pruitt L, Reim J, Butterfield G, Marcus R. Effect of sustained resistance training on basal metabolic rate in older women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1995;43(5):465-71.
Taaffe 1999 {published data only}
  • Taaffe DR, Duret C, Wheeler S, Marcus R. Once-weekly resistance exercise improves strength and neuromuscular performance in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1999;47(10):1208-14.
Topp 1993 {published data only}
  • Mikesky AE, Topp R, Wigglesworth JK, Harsha DM, Edwards JE. Efficacy of a home-based training program for older adults using elastic tubing. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 1994;69(4):316-20.
  • Topp R, Mikesky A, Wigglesworth J, Holt W, Edwards JE. The effect of a 12-week dynamic resistance strength training on gait velocity and balance in older adults. The Gerontologist 1993;33(4):501-6.
Topp 1996 {published data only}
  • Topp R, Mikesky A, Dayhoff NE, Holt W. Effect of resistance training on strength, postural control and gait velocity in older adults. Clinical Nursing Research 1996;5(4):407-21.
Tsutsumi 1997 {published and unpublished data}
  • Tsutsumi, T. The effects of strength training on mood, self-efficacy, cardiovascular reactivity and quality of life in older adults [thesis]. Boston (MA): Boston University, 1997.
  • Tsutsumi T, Don BM, Zaichkowsky LD, Delizonna LL. Physical fitness and psychological benefits of strength training in community dwelling older adults. Applied Human Science 1997;16(6):257-66.
  • Tsutsumi T, Don BM, Zaichkowsky LD, Takenaka K, Oka K, Ohno T. Comparison of high and moderate intensity of strength training on mood and anxiety in older adults. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1998;87(3 Pt 1):1003-11.
Tyni-Lenne 2001 {published data only}
  • Tyni-Lenne R, Dencker K, Gordon A, Jansson E, Sylven C. Comprehensive local muscle training increases aerobic working capacity and quality of life and decreases neurohormonal activation in patients with chronic heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure 2001;3(1):47-52.
Vincent 2002 {published data only}
  • Vincent KR, Braith BW. Resistance exercise and bone turnover in elderly men and women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2002;34(1):17-23.
Westhoff 2000 {published data only}
  • Westhoff MH, Stemmerik L, Boshuizen HC. Effects of a low-intensity strength-training program on knee-extensor strength and functional ability of frail older people. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 2000;8(4):325-42.
Wood 2001 {published data only}
  • Wood RH, Reyes R, Welsch MA, Favaloro-Sabatier J, Sabatier M, Lee CM, et al. Concurrent cardiovascular and resistance training in healthy older adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2001;33(10):1751-8.

References to studies excluded from this review

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to studies awaiting assessment
  4. Additional references
Adami 1999 {published data only}
  • Adami S, Gattie D, Braga V, Bianchini D, Rossini M. Site-specific effects of strength training on bone structure and geometry of ultradistal radius in postmenopausal women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1999;14(1):120-4.
Adams 2001 {published data only}
  • Adams KJ, Swank AM, Berning JM, Sevene-Adams PG, Barnard KL, Shimp-Bowerman J. Progressive strength training in sedentary older African American women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2001;33(9):1567-76.
Agre 1988 {published data only}
  • Agre JC, Pierce LE, Raab DM, McAdams M, Smith EL. Light resistance and stretching exercise in elderly women: effect upon strength. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1988;69(4):273-6.
  • Raab DM, Agre JC, McAdam M, Smith EL. Light resistance and stretching exercise in elderly women: effect upon flexibility. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1988;69(4):268-72.
Allen 1999 {published data only}
  • Allen A, Simpson J. A primary care based fall prevention programme. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 1999;15:121-33.
Aniansson 1984 {published data only}
  • Aniansson A, Ljungberg P, Rundgren A, Wetterqvist H. Effect of a training programme for pensioners on condition and muscular strength. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics 1984;3(3):229-41.
Aniansson 1980 {published data only}
  • Aniansson A, Grimby G, Rundgren A, Svanborg A, Orlander J. Physical training in old men. Age and Ageing 1980;9(3):186-7.
Aniansson 1981 {published data only}
  • Aniansson A, Gustafsson E. Physical training in elderly men with special reference to quadriceps muscle strength and morphology. Clinical Physiology 1981;1(1):87-98.
Ardman 1998 {published data only}
  • Ardman O. The effects of strength training on strength, mobility and balance in two groups of institutionalised elderly subjects [thesis]. Montreal (Quebec): McGill University, 1998.
Beniamini 1997 {published data only}
  • Beniamini Y, Rubenstein JJ, Zaichkowsky LD, Leonard D, Crim MC. Effects of high-intensity strength training on quality-of-life parameters in cardiac rehabilitation patients. American Journal of Cardiology 1997;80(7):841-6.
Beniamini 1999 {published data only}
  • Beniamini Y, Rubenstein JJ, Faigehbaum AD, Lichenstein AH, Crim MC. High-intensity strength training of patients enrolled in an outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 1999;19(1):8-17.
Berg 1998 {published data only}
  • Berg WP, Lapp BA. The effect of a practicial resistance training intervention on mobility in independent, community-dwelling older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 1998;6(1):18-35.
Bernard 1999 {published data only}
  • Bernard S, Whittom F, Leblanc P, Jobin J, Belleau R, Berube C, et al. Aerobic and strength training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory Care and Critical Care Medicine 1999;159(3):896-901.
Bilodeau 2000 {published data only}
  • Bilodeau M, Keen DA, Sweeney PJ, Shields RW, Enoka RM. Strength training can improve steadiness in persons with essential tremor. Muscle and Nerve 2000;23:771-8.
Brill 1998 {published data only}
  • Brill PA, Matthews M, Mason J, Davis D, Mustafa T, Macera C. Improving functional performance through a group-based free weight strength training program in residents of two assisted living communities. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics 1998;15(3):57-69.
  • Brill PA, Probst JC, Greenhouse DL, Schell B, Macera CA. Clinical feasibility of a free-weight strength-training program for older adults. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice 1998;11(6):445-51.
Brown 1990 {published data only}
  • Brown AB, McCartney N, Sale DG. Positive adaptations to weight-lifting in the elderly. Journal of Applied Physiology 1990;69(5):1725-33.
Brown 1991 {published data only}
  • Brown M, Holloszy JO. Effects of a low intensity exercise program on selected physical performance characteristitics of 60- to 70- year olds. Aging (Milan, Italy) 1991;3(2):129-39.
Brown 2000 {published data only}
  • Brown M, Sinacore DR, Ehsani AA, Binder EF, Holloszy JO, Kohrt WM. Low-intensity exercise as a modifier of physical frailty in older adults. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2000;81(7):960-5.
Bunout 2001 {published data only}
  • Bunout D, Barrera G, de la Maza P, Avendano M, Gattas V, Petermann M, et al. The impact of nutritional supplementation and resistance training on the health and function of free-living Chilean elders: results of 18 months of follow-up. Journal of Nutrition 2001;131(9):2441S-6S.
Campbell 1997 {published data only}
  • Campbell AJ, Robertson MC, Gardner MM, Norton RN, Tilyard MW, Buchner DM. Randomised controlled trial of a general practice programme of home based exercise to prevent falls in elderly women. British Journal of Medicine 1997;315:1065-9.
Chaloupka 2000 {published data only}
  • Chaloupka V, Elbl L, Nehyba S. Strength training in patients after myocardial infarct [Silovy trenink u nemocnych po infarktu myokardu]. Vnitrni Lekarstvi 2000;46(12):829-34.
Chapman 1972 {published data only}
  • Chapman E, DeVries HA, Swezey R. Joint stiffness: effects of exercise on young and old men. Journal of Gerontology 1972;27:218-21.
Connelly 1995 {published data only}
  • Connelly DM, Vandervoort AA. Effects of detraining on knee extensor strength and functional mobility in a group of elderly women. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1997;26(6):340-6.
  • Connelly DM, Vandervoort AA. Improvement in knee extensor strength of institutionalized elderly women after exercise with ankle weights. Physiotherapy Canada 1995;41(1):15-23.
Connelly 2000 {published data only}
  • Connelly DM, Vandervoort AA. Effects of isokinetic strength training on concentric and eccentric torque development in the ankle dorsiflexors of older adults. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2000;55:B465-72.
Cress 1991 {published data only}
  • Cress ME, Thomas DP, Johnson J, Kasch FW, Cassens RG, Smith EL, et al. Effect of training on VO2 max, thigh strength and muscle morphology in septuagenarian women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1991;23:752-8.
Cress 1999 {published data only}
  • Cress ME, Buchner DM, Questad KA, Esselman PC, de Lateur BJ, Schwartz RS. Exercise: effects on physical functional performance in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 1999;54(5):M242-8.
Crilly 1989 {published data only}
  • Crilly RG, Willems DA, Trenholm KJ, Hayes KC, Delaquerriere-Richardson LF. Effect of exercise on postural sway in the elderly. Gerontology 1989;35(2-3):137-43.
De Vito 1999 {published data only}
  • De Vito G, Bernardi M, Forte R, Pulejo C, Figura F. Effects of a low-intensity programme on VO2 max and maximal instantaneous peak power in elderly women. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 1999;80(3):227-32.
Dupler 1993 {published data only}
  • Dupler TL, Cortes C. Effects of a whole-body resistive training regimen in the elderly. Gerontology 1993;39(6):314-9.
Fernandez Ramirez 99 {published data only}
  • Fernandez Ramirez AI, Fernandez Ramirez AS. Effect of an exercise program on physical fitness of institutionalized elderly men. Archivos de Medicina del Deporte 1999;16(72):325-32.
Fiatarone 1990 {published data only}
  • Fiatarone MA, Marks ED, Ryan ND, Meredith CN, Lipsitz LA, Evans WJ. High-intensity strength training in nonagenarians. Effects on skeletal muscle. JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association 1990;263(22):3029-34.
Fisher 1991 {published data only}
  • Fisher NM, Pendergast DR, Calkins E. Muscle rehabilitation in impaired elderly nursing home residents. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1991;72:181-5.
  • Fisher NM, Pendergast DR, Gresham GE, Calkins E. Muscle rehabilitation: its effect on muscular and functional performance of patients with knee osteoarthritis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1991;72(6):367-74.
Fisher 1993 {published data only}
  • Fisher NM, Gresham G, Pendergast DR. Effects of a quantitative progressive rehabilitation program applied unilaterally to the osteoarthritic kne. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1993;74(12):1319-26.
  • Fisher NM, Kame VD, Rouse L, Pendergast DR. Quantitative evaluation of a home exercise program on muscle and functional capacity in patients with osteoarthritis. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1994;73(6):413-20.
Fisher 1993a {published data only}
  • Fisher NM, Gresham GE, Abrams M, Hicks J, Horrigan D, Pendergast DR. Quantitative effects of physical therapy on muscular and functional performance in subjects with osteoarthritis of the knees. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1993;74(8):840-7.
Fisher 1994 {published data only}
  • Fisher NM, Kame VD, Rouse L, Pendergast DR. Quantitative evaluation of a home exercise program on muscle and functional capacity of patients with osteoarthritis. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1994;73(6):413-20.
  • Fisher NM, Pendergast DR. Effects of a muscle exercise program on exercise capacity in subjects with osteoarthritis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1994;75(7):792-7.
Fisher 1997 {published data only}
  • Fisher NM, White SC, Yack HJ, Smolinski RJ, Pendergast DR. Muscle function and gait in patients with knee osteoarthritis before and after muscle rehabilitation. Disability and Rehabilitation 1997;19(2):47-55.
Frontera 1988 {published data only}
  • Frontera WR, Meredith C, O'Reilly KP, Knuttgen HG, Evans W. Strength conditioning in older men: skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improved function. Journal of Applied Physiology 1988;64(3):1038-44.
Frontera 1990 {published data only}
  • Frontera WR, Meredith CN, O'Reilly KP, Evans WJ. Strength training and determinents of VO2 Max in older men. Journal of Applied Physiology 1990;68(1):329-33.
Grimby 1992 {published data only}
  • Grimby G, Aniansson A, Hedberg M, Henning GB, Grangard U, Kvist H. Training can improve muscle strength and endurance in 78- to 84-year-old men. Journal of Applied Physiology 1992;73(6):2517-23.
Hakkinen 1995 {published data only}
  • Hakkinen K, Hakkinen A. Neuromuscular adaptations during intensive strength training in middle-aged and elderly males and females. Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1995;35:137-47.
Hakkinen 1996 {published data only}
  • Hakkinen K, Kallinen M, Linnamo V, Pastinen U-M, Newton R, Kraemer W. Neuromuscular adaptations during bilateral versus unilateral strength training in middle-aged and elderly men and women. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1996;158:77-88.
Hakkinen 1999 {published data only}
  • Hakkinen A, Sokka T, Kotaniemi A, Kautiainen H, Jappinen I, Laitinen L, et al. Dynamic strength training in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis increases muscle strength but not bone mineral density. Journal of Rheumatology 1999;26(6):1257-63.
Hartard 1996 {published data only}
  • Hartard M, Haber P, Ilieva D, Preisinger E, Seidl G, Huber J. Systematic strength training as a model of therapeutic intervention. A controlled trial in postmenopausal women with osteopenia. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1996;75(1):21-8.
Humphries 2000 {published data only}
  • Humphries B, Newton RU, Bronks R, Marshall S, McBride J, Triplett-McBride T, et al. Effect of exercise intensity on bone density, strength, and calcium turnover in older women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2000;32(6):1043-50.
Hunter 1995 {published data only}
  • Hunter GR, Treuth MS, Weinsier RL, Kekes-Szabo T, Kell SH, Roth DL, et al. The effects of strength conditioning on older women's ability to perform daily tasks. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1995;43(7):756-60.
Hurley 1998 {published data only}
  • Hurley M, Scott D. Improvements in quadriceps sensorimotor function and disability in patients with knee osteoarthritis following a clinically practicable exercise regime. British Journal of Rheumatology 1998;37:1181-7.
Ivey 2000 {published data only}
  • Ivey FM, Tracy BL, Lemmer JT, NessAiver M, Metter EJ, Fozard JL, et al. Effects of strength training and detraining on muscle quality: age and gender comparisons. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2000;55(3):B152-7.
Jones 1987 {published data only}
  • Jones D, Rutherford O. Human muscle strength training: The effects of three different regimes and the nature of the resultant changes. Journal of Physiology 1987;391:1-11.
Judge 1993 {published data only}
  • Judge J, Underwood M, Gennosa T. Exercise to improve gait velocity in older persons. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1993;74:400-6.
Judge 1993B {published data only}
  • Judge J, Lindsey C, Underwood M, Winsemius D. Balance improvements in older women: Effects of exercise training. Physical Therapy 1993;73:254-5.
Kauffman 1985 {published data only}
  • Kauffman TL. Strength training effect in young and aged women. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1985;66(4):223-6.
Kauranen 1998 {published data only}
  • Kauranen K, Siira P, Vanharanta H. A 10-week strength training program: effect on the motor performance of an unimpaired upper extremity. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1998;79:925-30.
Kerr 1996 {published data only}
  • Kerr D, Morton A, Dick I, Prince R. Exercise effects on bone mass in postmenopausal women are site-specific and load-dependent. Journal of Bone & Mineral Research 1996;11(2):218-25.
King 1991 {published data only}
  • King A, Haskell W, Taylor B. Group vs home-based exercise training in healthy older men and women: a community-based clinical trial. JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association 1991;266(11):1535-42.
King 2000 {published data only}
  • King AC, Pruitt LA, Phillips W, Oka R, Rodenburg A, Haskell WL. Comparative effects of two physical activity programs on measured and perceived physical functioning and other health-related quality of life outcomes in older adults. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2000;55(2):M74-83.
Komatireddy 1997 {published data only}
  • Komatireddy GR, Leitch RW, Cella K, Browning G, Minor M. Efficacy of low load resistive muscle training in patients with rheumatoid arthritis functional class II and III. Journal of Rheumatology 1997;24(8):1531-9.
Larsson 1982 {published data only}
  • Larsson L. Physical training effects on muscle morphology in sedentary males at different ages. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1982;14(3):203-6.
Lazowski 1999 {published data only}
  • Lazowski DA, Ecclestone NA, Myers AM, Paterson DH, Tudor-Locke C, Fitzgerald C, et al. A randomized outcome evaluation of group exercise programs in long-term care institutions. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 1999;54(12):M621-8.
Lexell 1992 {published data only}
  • Lexell J, Robertsson E, Stenstrom E. Effects of strength training in elderly women [letter]. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1992;40(2):190-1.
Lexell 1995 {published data only}
  • Lexell J, Downham DY, Larsson Y, Bruhn E, Morsing B. Heavy-resistance training in older Scandinavian men and women: short- and long-term effects on arm and leg muscles. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 1995;5(6):329-41.
Lichenstein 1989 {published data only}
  • Lichtenstein MJ, Shields SL, Shiavi RG, Burger MC. Exercise and balance in aged women: a pilot controlled clinical trial. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1989;70(2):138-43.
Liemohn 1975 {published data only}
  • Liemohn WP. Strength and aging: an exploratory study. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 1975;6(4):347-57.
Lohman 1995 {published data only}
  • Lohman T, Going S, Pamenter R, Hall M, Boyden T, Houtkooper L, et al. Effects of resistance training on regional and total bone mineral density in premenopausal women: a randomized prospective study. Journal of Bone & Mineral Research 1995;10(7):1015-24.
Lord 1994 {published data only}
  • Lord S, Castell S. Effect of exercise on balance, strength and reaction time in older people. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 1994;40(2):83-8.
Lord 1995 {published data only}
  • Lord SR, Ward JA, Williams P, Strudwick M. The effect of a 12-month exercise trial on balance, strength and falls in older women: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1995;43(11):1198-206.
Lord 1996 {published data only}
  • Lord SR, Lloyd DG, Niruni M, Raymond J, Williams P, Stewart RA. The effect of exercise on gait patterns in older women: a randomized controlled trial. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 1996;51(2):M64-70.
MacRae 1994 {published data only}
  • MacRae PG, Feltner ME, Reinsch S. A 1-year exercise program for older women: effects on falls, injuries, and physical performance. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 1994;2(2):127-42.
Maddalozzo 2000 {published data only}
  • Maddalozzo GF, Snow CM. High intensity resistance training: effects on bone in older men and women. Calcified Tissue International 2000;66(6):394-404.
Magnusson 1996 {published data only}
  • Magnusson G, Gordon A, Kaijser L, Sylven C, Isberg B, Karpakka J, et al. High intensity knee extensor training in patients with chronic heart failure. European Heart Journal 1996;17(7):1048-55.
Martel 1999 {published data only}
  • Martel GF, Hurlbut DE, Lott ME, Lemmer JT, Ivey FM, Roth SM, et al. Strength training normalizes resting blood pressure in 65- to 73-year-old men and women with high normal blood pressure. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1999;47(10):1215-21.
McAuley 2000 {published data only}
  • McAuley E, Blissmer B, Katula J, Duncan TE, Mihalko SL. Physical activity, self-esteem, and self-efficacy relationships in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2000;22(2):131-9.
McCool 1991 {published data only}
  • McCool J, Schneider J. Home-based leg strengthening for older adults initiated through private practice. Preventative Medicine 1991;28:105-10.
McMurdo 1993 {published data only}
  • McMurdo ME, Rennie L. A controlled trial of exercise by residents of old people's homes. Age & Ageing 1993;22(1):11-15.
McMurdo 1994 {published data only}
  • McMurdo M, Rennie L. Improvements in quadriceps strength with regular seated exercise in the institutionalised elderly. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1994;75:600-3.
Meredith 1992 {published data only}
  • Meredith CN, Frontera WR, O'Reilly KP, Evans WJ. Body composition in elderly men: effect of dietary modification during strength training. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1992;40(2):155-62.
Messier 2000 {published data only}
  • Messier SP, Loeser RF, Mitchell MN, Valle G, Morgan TP, Rejeski W J, et al. Exercise and weight loss in obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis: a preliminary study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2000;48(9):1062-72.
Meuleman 2000 {published data only}
  • Meuleman JR, Brechue WF, Kubilis PS, Lowenthal DT. Exercise training in the debilitated aged: strength and functional outcomes. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2000;81:312-8.
Morey 1989 {published data only}
  • Morey MC, Cowper PA, Feussner JR, DiPasquale RC, Crowley GM, Kitzman DW, et al. Evaluation of a supervised exercise program in a geriatric population. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1989;37:348-54.
Morey 1991 {published data only}
  • Morey MC, Cowper PA, Feussner JR, DiPasquale RC, Crowley GM, Sullivan RJ Jr. Two-year trends in physical performance following supervised exercise among community-dwelling older veterans. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1991;39(6):549-54.
Moritani 1980 {published data only}
  • Moritani T, DeVries HA. Potential for gross muscle hypertrophy in older men. Journals of Gerontology 1980;35(5):672-82.
Morris 1999 {published data only}
  • Morris JN, Fiatarone M, Kiely DK, Belleville-Taylor P, Murphy K, Littlehale S, et al. Nursing rehabilitation and exercise strategies in the nursing home. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 1999;54(10):M494-500.
Mulrow 1994 {published data only}
  • Mulrow CD, Gerety MB, Kanten D, Cornell JE, DeNiro LA, Chiodo L, et al. A randomized trial of physical rehabilitation for very frail nursing home residents. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association 1994;271(7):519-24.
Narici 1989 {published data only}
  • Narici MV, Roi GS, Landoni L, Minetti AE, Cerretelli P. Changes in force, cross-sectional area and neural activation during strength training and detraining of the human quadriceps. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 1989;59(4):310-9.
Nelson 1997 {published data only}
  • Hausdorff JM, Nelson ME, Kaliton D, Layne JE, Bernstein MJ, Nuernberger A, et al. Etiology and modification of gait instability in older adults: A randomized controlled trial of exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 2001;90:2117-29.
  • Nelson ME, Layne JE, Nuernberger A, Allen MJ, Judge J, Kailiton D, et al. Home-based exercise training in the frail elderly: Effects on physical performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1997;29(Suppl 5):S110.
Nowalk 2001 {published data only}
  • Nowalk MP, Prendergast JM, Bayles CM, D'Amico FJ, Colvin GC. A randomized trial of exercise programs among older individuals living in two long-term care facilities: the FallsFREE program. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2001;49(7):859-65.
O'Reilly 1999 {published data only}
  • O'Reilly S, Muir K, Doherty M. Effectiveness of home exercise on pain an disability from osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomised controlled trial. Annals of Rheumatic Diseases 1999;58:15-19.
Oka 2000 {published data only}
  • Oka RK, De Marco T, Haskell WL, Botvinick E, Dae MW, Bolen K, et al. Impact of a home-based walking and resistance training program on quality of life in patients with heart failure. American Journal of Cardiology 2000;85(3):365-9.
Okumiya 1996 {published data only}
  • Okumiya K, Matsubayashi K, Wada T, Kimura S, Doi Y, Ozawa T. Effects of exercise on neurobehavioral function in community-dwelling older people more than 75 years of age. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1996;44(5):569-72.
Oster 1997 {published data only}
  • Oster P, Hauer K, Specht N, Rost B, Baertsch P, Schlierf G. Muscle strength and coordination training for prevention of falls in elderly patients [Kraft- und Koordinationstraining zur Sturzpravention im Alter. Kraft- und Koordinationstraining zur Sturzpravention im Alter]. Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie 1997;30(4):289-92.
Parsons 1992 {published data only}
  • Parsons D, Foster V, Harman F, Dickinson A, Olivia P, Westerlind K. Balance and strength changes in elderly subjects after heavy resistance strength training [abstract]. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1992;24(Suppl 5):S21.
Perhonen 1992 {published data only}
  • Perhonen M, Komi P, Hakkinen K, Von Bonsdorff H, Partio E. Strength training and neuromuscular function in elderly people with total knee endoprosthesis. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 1992;2:234-43.
Perkins 1961 {published data only}
  • Perkins L, Kaiser H. Results of short-term isotonic and isometric exercise programs in persons over sixty. Physical Therapy Review 1961;41:633-5.
Petrella 2000 {published data only}
  • Petrella R, Bartha C. Home based exercise therapy for older patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 2000;27(9):2215-21.
Pyka 1994 {published data only}
  • Pyka G, Lindenberger E, Charette S, Marcux R. Muscle strength and fiber adaptations to a year-long resistance training program. Journal of Gerontology 1994;49(1):M22-7.
Richards 1996 {published data only}
  • Richards D. Efficacy of upper extremity strength training on upper extremity functional performance among elderly long-term care residents [thesis]. Pittsburgh (PA): Univ. of Pittsburgh, 1996.
Rikli 1991 {published data only}
  • Rikli RE, Edwards DJ. Effects of a three-year exercise program on motor function and cognitive processing speed in older women. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 1991;62(1):61-7.
Roman 1993 {published data only}
  • Roman WJ, Fleckenstein J, Stray-Gundersen J, Alway SE, Peshock R, Gonyea WJ. Adaptations in the elbow flexors of elderly males after heavy-resistance training. Journal of Applied Physiology 1993;74(2):750-4.
Rooks 1997 {published data only}
  • Rooks D, Kiel D, Parsons C, Hayes W. Self-paced resistance training and walking exercise in community-dwelling older adults: effects on neuromotor performance. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 1997;52(3):M161-8.
Rubenstein 2000 {published data only}
  • Rubenstein LZ, Josephson KR, Trueblood PR, Loy S, Harker JO, Pietruszka FM, et al. Effects of a group exercise program on strength, mobility and falls among fall-prone elderly men. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2000;55(6):M317-21.
Ryan 1998 {published data only}
  • Ryan AS, Treuth MS, Hunter GR, Elahi D. Resistive training maintains bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Calcified Tissue International 1998;62(4):295-9.
Sagiv 1989 {published data only}
  • Sagiv M, Fisher N, Yaniv A, Rudoy J. Effect of running versus isometric training programs on healthy elderly at rest. Gerontology 1989;35(2-3):72-7.
Sanders 1998 {published data only}
  • Sanders S. The effects of two modes of strength training on elderly men [thesis]. Minneapolis (MN): Walden University, 1998.
Sashika 1996 {published data only}
  • Sashika H, Yoshiko M, Watanabe Y. Home program of physical therapy: effect on disabilities of patients with total hip arthroplasty. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1996;77:273-7.
Sauvage 1992 {published data only}
  • Sauvage LJ, Myklebust B, Crow-Pan J, Novak S, Millington P, Hoffman MD, et al. A clinical trial of strengthening and aerobic exercise to improve gait and balance in elderly male nursing home residents. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1992;71:333-42.
Sforzo 1995 {published data only}
  • Sforzo GA, McManis BG, Black D, Luniewski D, Scriber KC. Resilience to exercise detraining in healthy older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1995;43:209-15.
Sharp 1997 {published data only}
  • Sharp S, Brouwer B. Isokinetic strength training of the hemiparetic knee: effects on function and spasticity. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997;78:1231-6.
Shaw 1998 {published data only}
  • Shaw JM, Snow CM. Weighted vest exercise improves indices of fall risk in older women. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 1998;53(1):M53-8.
Sherrington 1997 {published data only}
  • Sherrington C, Lord SR. Home exercise to improve strength and walking velocity after hip fracture: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997;78:208-12.
Shumway-Cook 1997 {published data only}
  • Shumway-Cook A, Gruber W, Baldwin M, Liao ST. The effect of multidimensional exercises on balance, mobility, and fall risk in community-dwelling older adults. Physical Therapy 1997;77(1):46-57.
Sinaki 1996 {published data only}
  • Sinaki M, Wahner H, Bergstralh E, Hodgson SF, Offord KP, Squires RW, et al. Three-year controlled, randomized trial of the effect of dose-specified loading and strengthening exercises on bone mineral density of spine and femur in nonalthletic, physically active women. Bone 1996;19(3):233-44.
Sipila 1994 {published data only}
  • Sipila S, Suominen H. Knee extension strength and walking speed in relation to quadriceps muscle composition and training in elderly women. Clinical Physiology 1994;14(4):433-42.
Sullivan 2001 {published data only}
  • Sullivan DH, Wall PT, Bariola JR, Bopp MM, Frost YM. Progressive resistance muscle strength training of hospitalized frail elderly. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2001;80:503-9.
Taaffe 1997 {published data only}
  • Taaffe DR, Marcus R. Dynamic muscle strength alterations to detraining and retraining in eldelry men. Clinical Physiology 1997;17(3):311-24.
Thompson 1988 {published data only}
  • Thompson RF, Crist DM, Marsh M, Rosenthal M. Effects of physical exercise for elderly patients with physical impairments. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1988;36(2):130-5.
Tinetti 1994 {published data only}
  • Tinetti M, Baker D, McAvay G, et al. A multifactorial intervention to reduce the risk of falling among elderly people living in the community. The New England Journal of Medicine 1994;331(13):821-7.
Treuth 1994 {published data only}
  • Treuth MS, Ryan AS, Pratley RE, Rubin MA, Miller JP, Nicklas BJ, et al. Effects of strength training on total and regional body composition in older men. Journal of Applied Physiology 1994;77(2):614-20.
Tsuji 2000 {published data only}
  • Tsuji I, Tamagawa A, Nagatomi R, Irie N, Ohkubo T, Saito M, et al. Randomised controlled trial of exercise training for older people: study design and primary outcome. Journal of Epidemiology 2000;10(1):55-64.
van den Ende 2000 {published data only}
  • van den Ende CH, Breedveld FC, le Cessie S, Dijkmans BA, de Mug AW, Hazes JM. Effect of intensive exercise on patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised clinical trial. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2000;59(8):615-21.
Verfaillie 1997 {published data only}
  • Verfaillie D, Nichols J, Turkel E, Hovell M. Effects of resistance, balance and gait training on reduction of risk factors leading to falls in elders. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 1997;5:213-28.
Welsh 1996 {published data only}
  • Welsh L, Rutherford OM. Effects of isometric strength training on quadriceps muscle properties in over 55 year olds. European Journal of Applied Physiology & Occupational Physiology 1996;72(3):219-23.
Williams 1997 {published data only}
  • Williams P, Lord S. Effects if group exercise on cognitive functioning and mood in older women. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 1997;21(1):45-52.

References to studies awaiting assessment

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to studies awaiting assessment
  4. Additional references
Brochu 2002 {published data only}
  • Brochu M, Savage P, Lee M, Dee J, Cress ME, Poehlman ET, et al. Effects of resistance training on physical function in older disabled women with coronary heart disease. Journal of Applied Physiology 2002;92(2):672-8.
Fahlman 2002 {published data only}
  • Fahlman MM, Boardley D, Lambert CP, Flynn MG. Effects of endurance training and resistance training on plasma lipoprotein profiles in elderly women. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2002;57(2):B54-60.
Fielding 2002 {published data only}
  • Fielding RA, LeBrasseur NK, Cuoco A, Bean J, Mizer K, Fiatarone Singh MA. High-velocity resistance training increases skeletal muscle peak power in older women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2002;50(4):655-62.
Vincent 2002a {published data only}
  • Vincent KR, Braith RW, Feldman RA, Magyari PM, Cutler RB, Persin SA, et al. Resistance exercise and physical performance in adults aged 60 to 83. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2002;50(6):1100-7.

Additional references

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to studies awaiting assessment
  4. Additional references
Anonymous 2001
  • Anonymous. Guideline for the prevention of falls in older persons. American Geriatrics Society, British Geriatrics Society, and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on Falls Prevention. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2001;49(5):664-72.
Buchner 1993
  • Buchner DM. Understanding variability in studies of strength training in older adults: a meta-analytic perspective. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation 1993;8(3):1-21.
Buchner 1996
  • Buchner D, Larson E, Wagner E, Koepsell T, De Lateur B. Evidence for a non-linear relationship between leg strength and gait speed. Age and Ageing 1996;25:386-391.
Chandler 1996
  • Chandler JM, Hadley EC. Exercise to improve physiologic and functional performance in old age. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 1996;12(4):761-784.
Clarke 2001
  • Clarke M, Oxman AD. Locating and selecting studies. Cochrane Reviewers Handbook 4.1.5 [updated April 2002]; Section 5. In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2002. Oxford: Update Software. Updated quarterly.
Doherty 1993
  • Doherty TJ, Vandervoort AA, Brown WF. Effects of ageing on the motor unit: A brief review. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 1993;18(4):331-358.
Fiatarone 1993
  • Fiatarone M, Evans W. The etiology and reversibility of muscle dysfunction in the aged. Journals of Gerontology 1993;48(special issue):77-83.
Frontera 1988
  • Frontera W, Meredith CN, O'Reilly K, Knuttgen H, Evans W. Strength conditioning in older men: skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improved function. Journal of Applied Physiology 1988;64(3):1038-1044.
Guralnik 1995
  • Guralnik J, Ferrucci L, Simonsick E, Salive M, Wallace R. Lower-extremity function in persons over the age of 70 years as a predictor of subsequent disability. The New England Journal of Medicine 1995;332:556-561.
Keysor 2001
  • Keysor JJ, Jette AM. Have we oversold the benefit of late-life exercise?. Journals of Gerontolgy: Medical Sciences 2001;56A(7):M412-M423.
King 1998
  • King AC, Rejeski WJ, Buchner DM. Physical activity interventions targetting older adults: a critical review and recommendations. American Journal of Preventative Medicine 1998;15(4):316-333.
King 2001
  • King AC. Interventions to promote physical activity by older adults. Journals of Gerontology. Medical Sciences 2001;56 Spec No 2(2):36-46.
Mazzeo 1998
  • Mazzeo RS, Cavanagh P, Evans WJ, et al. American College of Sports Medicine postion stand: exercise and physical activity for older adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1998;30(6):992-1008.
Nagi 1991
  • Nagi SZ. Disability concepts revisited: Implications for prevention. In: Pope AM, Tarlov AR editor(s). Disability in America: Toward a national agenda for prevention. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1991:309-327.
Province 1995
  • Province MA, Hadley EC, Hornbrook MC, Lipsitz LA, Philip-Miller J, Mulrow CD, et al. The effects of exercise on falls in elderly patients. A preplanned meta-analysis of the FICSIT trials. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1995;273(17):1341-1347.
Singh 2002
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Tinetti 1986
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