| Study | Group | Aerobic | Strength | Flexibility | Other |
|
| Altan 2004 (Information supplemented by author) | Length: 12 weeks POOL BASED EXERCISE GROUP Supervised group of mixed exercise | Pool exercise for 35 min / day, 3 days / wk Warm-up: walking - 5 min; Activity: jumping, rhythmic ROM for upper and lower extremities, rhythmic swimming - 20 min; Cool down: stretching and relaxing - 5 min; out of pool exercise (stretching and bending) - 5 min. Target intensity was 60 to 75% age-adjust HR max progressing to 70 to 75% HRmax. Pool was heated to 37°C. No home program. | Squatting - repetitions not specified. | Active ROM, neck and extremity stretches in the pool, bending on land. Position of maximum muscle length was held for 5 seconds. Duration of stretching was 5 minutes without interruption. Repetitions not specified. | none |
|
| Buckelew 1998 | 1. Active Phase = 6 weeks
a) EXERCISE GROUP: 1.5 hour exercise session 1/week + Home Program 2/week (unspecified duration)
b) EXERCISE & BIOFEEDBACK GROUP: Exercise component identical to Exercise group
2. Maintenance Phase = 2 years
a) EXERCISE GROUP: 1 hour exercise session 1/month + Home Program of unspecified duration and frequency
b) EXERCISE & BIOFEEDBACK GROUP: Unknown | 1a. Walking @ 60-70% HRmax. Home Program @ unspecified intensity and duration
1b. Walking @ 60-70% HRmax. Home Program @ unspecified intensity and duration
2a. unspecified
2b. unspecified
1b. unspecified
2a. unspecified
2b. unspecified | 1a. unspecified
1b. unspecified
2a. unspecified
2b. unspecified | 1a. Active Range of Motion - details unspecified
1b.Active Range of Motion -details unspecified
2a. unspecified
2b. unspecified | 1a. Posture + body mechanics instruction
1b. Posture + body mechanics instruction
2a. none
2b. none |
|
| Burckhardt 1994 | Length: 12 weeks EXERCISE & EDUCATION 1 hr, 1/wk exercise x 6 weeks followed by Home Program x 6 weeks | Walking, swimming or cycling. Details unspecified. Home Program unspecified | none | Range of Motion, stretching | Counselling on Home Program of aerobic exercise, 2 pool sessions over 6 weeks |
|
| Cedraschi 2004 | Length: 6 weeks MULTIDISCIPLINARY PROGRAM 10 sessions of 45 min. duration | Supervised group exercise aimed at breaking inactivity patterns and learning to apply relaxation techniques
- 8 x 45 min pool sessions (34 degrees C pool)
- 2 x 45 min low impact land based sessions
Aerobic exercise information not given - participants were instructed to find their own pace. | Strengthening exercise information not specified | Flexibility exercise information not specified | none |
|
| DaCosta 2005 | Length: 12 weeks HOME-BASED AEROBIC TRAINING | Individually prescribed mode, intensity, duration, and frequency using ACSM 1998 recommendations based on baseline cardio-respiratory fitness, severity of FMS, access to equipment, time constraints and activity preferences/enjoyment. Duration was 60 to 120 min/wk. Frequency not specified. Intensity began at 60 - 70% HRmax progressing to 75 - 85% HRmax aided by use of heart rate monitor and exercise logs which were collected weekly. Participant initiation and guidance was provided by an exercise physiologist via 4 visits (at 0,1,3,9 wk). | Strengthening confined to warm-up/cool down individualized to participant needs. | Stretching confined to warm-up/cool down individualized to participant needs. | none |
|
| Genc 2002 | Length: 3weeks
1. STRETCHING & STRENGTHENING
2. REMEDIAL EXERCISE | 1. none
2. unknown | 1. Strengthening for the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine, 3x / wk. for 3 weeks. The structure, supervision, or details of the program (methods, equipment, reps, sets, and progression) are unknown.
2. Unknown - the term "remedial exercise" implies that an individual program was generated for each participant. Some individuals may have been prescribed strengthening exercise. | 1. Stretching exercise for the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine, 3x /wk. Reps, sets, holds, and progression are unknown.
2. Post-isometric relaxation for upper trapezius, supraspinatus, and levator scapulii. It is assumed that this was administered by a physical therapist. Frequency - 3x / wk. for 3 weeks. Reps, sets, holds, and progression are unknown
Mobilization - active/self mobilization for cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions. The structure, supervision, or details of this part of the program are unknown. | 1. none
2. none |
|
| Gowans 1999 | Length: 6 weeks EXERCISE & EDUCATION 30 min. exercise, 2x / week | Warm-up: 10 min. Pool exercise: 20 min. walk/jog/side step/arm exercise @ 60-75% HRmax. Cool-down: 10 min. | none | Warm-up, Cool-down only | none |
|
| Gowans 2001 | Length: 23 weeks EXERCISE GROUP 30 min. 3/wk. | Supervised group pool and land exercise (Warm-up: 5 min., Aerobic exercise: 20 min., Cool-down: 5 min.) @ 60 - 75% HRmax. Progression: Wk 1: gentle arm and leg exercise in the pool, Wk 6: running in pool, Wk 7: slow continuous walking on land with arm mvt. 2x/wk + pool 1x/wk, Wk 23: intermittent jogging in gym 2x/wk + pool 1x/wk). | none | none | none |
|
| Hakkinen 2001 and 2002 | Length: 21 weeks EXERCISE GROUP 2 / wk | Warm-up, cool down | Muscle Groups: Hip extensors, abductors, and adductors; Knee extensors and flexors; Trunk and upper extremity flexors and extensors. Training program: moderate to heavy progressive resistance using David 200 dynamometer (Wk 1-3: 15-20 reps @ 40-60% x1RM, Wk 4-7:10-12 reps @ 60-70% 1RM, Wk 8-14: 8-12 reps @ 60-80%1RM, Wk 13-20: 5-10 reps @70-80% 1RM). Emphasis of hip and knee extensors plus a selection of four or five of eight additional exercises during each session. 20% of total leg exercises were performed according to the principle of explosive strength training (low resistance, high repetitions with emphasis on speed). | Warm-up, cool down | none |
|
| Isomeri, 1993 | Length: 15 weeks 1. STRETCHING + MEDICATION 3 weeks in hospital, 12 weeks Home Program 2. EXERCISE GROUP same 3. EXERCISE & MEDICATION same | 1. none
2. progressive physical fitness training, unspecified
3. progressive physical fitness training, unspecified | 1. none
2. progressive physical fitness training, unspecified
3. progressive physical fitness training, unspecified | 1. light muscle stretching, unspecified
2. unknown
3. unknown | 1. none 2. none 3. none |
|
| Jentoft 2001 | Length: 20 weeks Both pool-based (PE) and land-based (LE) exercise groups were given a 'standardized' exercise program based on the Norwegian Fitness Model (reference in Norwegian language given) with aim to improve CV capacity with minimal risk of injury. This program was used in its original form for the LE group and was modified for the PE group due to restrictions imposed by the water. Pool temp was 34 degrees C. LE group was in gym with wooden floor. 60 min sessions, 2x /wk for both LE and PE groups. | For both groups, in at least 40-50% of the 60-minute session, the training intensity was kept within 60-80% HRmax. for the age of each patient. HR was monitored at least twice per session.
The 1 hour session consisted of body awareness training, ergonomics, and warm-up (9 min), aerobic dance (22 min), cool down, stretching (9 min), strength training (15 min), and relaxation (5 min). | Dynamic muscle work for 15 min. included in each session - specifics not given in the article. Modeled on the Norwegian Aerobic Fitness Model which includes: strength training for thigh, back, abdominals including the deep muscle stabilizers 3-4 sets of 8-12 reps - no external loading, intensity adjusted by lever arm of the extremities (Intensity sufficient to increase strength and induce hypertrophy). | Specifics not given in the article. | none |
|
| Jones 2002 | Length: 12 weeks
1. STRENGTH SUPERVISED GROUP
2. FLEXIBILITY SUPERVISED GROUP
1 hour, 2 / week | 1 and 2: Warm Up | Muscle Groups: gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteus, abdominals, erector spinae, pectorals, latissimus dorsi and rhomboids, deltoids, biceps, triceps Equipment: 1 to 3 lb weights &/or surgical tubing Concentric/eccentric contractions with minimized work during eccentric phase Intensity and progression directed by participant. Single set throughout, Repetitions progressed from 4-5 to 12. Participants encouraged to decrease activity during FMS flares. 1 hour program including 5 min. warm-up, 45 min. strengthening, 10 min. cool down. | 1. Warm up and Cool down.
2. Muscle Groups: gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteus, abdominals, erector spinae, pectorals, latissimus dorsi, rhomboids, deltoids, biceps, triceps
Static stretch, participant controlled intensity of stretches
10 min WU, 40 min stretching, 10 min CD of guided imagery and relaxation | 1. none
2. none |
|
| Keel 1998 | Length: 15 weeks EXERCISE: 20-30 min. 1/week + Home Program | Intensity, duration, mode unspecified | none | unspecified | none |
|
| King 2002 | Length: 12 weeks
1. EXERCISE ONLY GROUP
2. EXERCISE AND EDUCATION GROUP
Progressed from 10-40 min. over program
3 / wk | Supervised group walking, aquacize, or low impact aerobics @ 60 - 75% HRmax monitored using Polar Accurex HRM. Progression: duration began with 10 - 15 min progressed to an average of 20 to 40 minutes. | 1. none
2. none | Warm-up, cool down | 1. none
2. none |
|
| Mannerkorpi 2000 | Length: 6 months EXERCISE & EDUCATION 1x / week | see "Other" column | see "Other" column | see "Other" column | 35 min. pool exercise for endurance, flexibility, coordination, relaxation. Not intended as training. Intensity and reps self selected, below pain and fatigue threshold. |
|
| Martin 1996 | Length: 6 weeks EXERCISE GROUP 3 / week | 20 min. walking at 60-80% HRmax | 20 min. strengthening for UE, LE, trunk (reps sets, progression unspecified) | 20 min. flexibility unspecified | none |
|
| McCain 1988 | Length: 20 weeks
1. AEROBIC: 3 / week
2. FLEXIBILITY: 3 / week | 1. 50 min. 3/wk cycle ergometry at HR >150 bpm for increasing lengths of time, 10 min. Warm-up
2. none | 1. none
2. none | 1. none
2. 60 min., 3/wk, "flexibility maneuvers" (unspecified) @ HR<115 bpm | 1. none
2. none |
|
| Mengshoel 1992 | Length: 20 weeks EXERCISE GROUP 2 / week | 60 min. aerobic dance for LE with UE exercise performed "at intervals between periods of rest", HR 120-150 bpm | none | none | none |
|
| Meyer 2000 | Length: 24 weeks
1. LOW INTENSITY WALKING 3 /week
2. HIGH INTENSITY WALKING 3 /week | 1. Week 1=25% HRR; Week 2-6 increased by 5% /wk; Week 7-9= 50% HRR; Week 10-24 = 60% HRR
Duration: progress from 12 to 30 min by week 20.
2. Week 1=40% HRR; Week 2-4 increased by 10%/wk; Week 5= 75% HRR; Week 6-9 =80% HRR; Week 10-24= 85% HRR.
Duration: progress from 12 to 30 min by week 20. | none | none | none |
|
| Nichols & Glenn 1994 | Length: 8 weeks EXERCISE GROUP 3 / week | 20 min. walking at 60-70% HRmax + Warm-up and Cool-down | none | none | none |
|
| Norregaard 1997 | Length: 12 weeks
1. AEROBIC GROUP
3 / week
2. EXERCISE GROUP
2 / week | 1. 40 min. aerobic dance target 40-50% VO2max
2. none | 1. none
2. none | 1. none
2. stretching included in the 40 min. program, details unspecified | 1. none
2. 40 min. body awareness, balance, motor control, stretching,
unspecified, 10 min. Warm-up |
|
| Ramsay 2000 | Length: 12 weeks
1. SINGLE SUPERVISED EXERCISE SESSION
1 session plus home program of unknown frequency
2. MULTIPLE SUPERVISED EXERCISE SESSION
1/ week plus Home Program of unknown frequency. | 1. One-1 hr individual session with PT for demonstration of aerobic program + written instructions on how to progress the program. Home Program. Activity unspecified.
2. 1 hr graded circuit aerobic exercise (step-ups, sit to stand, skipping, jogging on the spot, alternate side bends, circling arms with increasing weights) plus warm-up. Program individualized for each subject by a PT. Intensity not specified.
Progression unspecified. | 1. none
2. none | 1. unspecified
2. unspecified | 1. none
2. none |
|
| Redondo 2004 (Information supplemented by author) | Length: 8 weeks EXERCISE GROUP 45 min., 5 /week as follows: Cardiovascular fitness - 2/wk Exercises in warm water pool - 1/wk Flexibility & Endurance exercises - 2/wk | Included warm-up
Cycle ergometer. Progression: Steeply increasing difficulty of exercise. Target intensity: HRmax 50 to 80%. | Included warm up. Dynamic concentric and eccentric exercises with free weights for all major groups of the upper limbs. Specific exercise for abdominal and paraspinal muscles. Progression: graded and individualized for all subjects, beginning with 30 minutes and progressing to 45 minutes. Reps and intensity were individualized and took into account perceived fatigue and a target intensity between HRmax of 50 to 80%. | Specific static exercise for upper and lower extremities and all 3 segments of the vertebral column. Duration of holds not specified. | none |
|
| Richards 2002 | Phase 1: Active Treatment
Length: 12 weeks
a) AEROBIC EXERCISE
1 hour, 2 /wk
b) RELAXATION/FLEXIBILITY
1 hour, 2 /wk
Phase 2: Follow up
Length: 40 weeks
a) AEROBIC EXERCISE
b) RELAXATION/FLEXIBILITY | 1.a) Individualized group, graded aerobic exercise, mostly treadmill walking or cycle ergometry. Usually started with two bouts of 6 min/class, progressed to two bouts of 25 min by 12 weeks at an intensity that made them perspire slightly while still being able to talk in complete sentences.
1.b) none
2. No organized exercise program of any type for either group. | 1. none
2. none | 1.a) none
1.b) Upper and lower limb stretches, and relaxation based on regimen of Ost.
2. none | none |
|
| Schachter 2003 | Length: 16 weeks
1. SHORT BOUT EXERCISE GROUP
2. LONG BOUT EXERCISE GROUP
Both groups did an unsupervised home-based program with exercise (to music), instruction video and booklet
Exercise mode was "low-impact aerobics" for lower extremities.
Intensity was modulated through changes in music tempo, participant adjustment of vigour, self-monitored target heart rate and rating of perceived exertion. | 1. 2 bouts of exercise per day, progressing duration from 5 min to 15 min; frequency from 3 to 3-5 d/wk; intensity progressing from 40-50% to 65-75% HRR, all by week 9 of 16 wk program
2. One bout of exercise per day, progressing duration from 10 min to 30 min; frequency from 3 to 3-5 d/wk; intensity from 40-50% to 65-75% HRR, all by week 9 of 16 week program | none | Stretching exercises as part of 5 min warm-up and cool down. | none |
|
| Sencan 2004 | Phase 1: Active Treatment
Length: 6 weeks
EXERCISE GROUP
40 min., 3 /wk
Phase 2: Follow-up
Length: 6 months
EXERCISE GROUP
3 / wk | 1. Cycle ergometry 30 min @ unspecified intensity + 5 min WU, 5 min CD
2. Unsupervised Home Program (cycle ergometry 30 min @ unspecified intensity + 5 min WU, 5 min CD) | 1. none
2. none | 1. none
2. none | 1. none
2. none |
|
| Valim 2003 | Length: 20 weeks
1. AEROBIC EXERCISE GROUP
2. STRETCHING EXERCISE GROUP | 1. 3x /week supervised group sessions of 45 min duration.
Walking speed was determined as the speed eliciting the HR at the anaerobic threshold detected during a maximal treadmill test.
2. none | 1. none
2. none | 1. none
2. 3x /week supervised group sessions of 45 min duration. 2 sets of 17 static stretches for cervical and thoracic spine, upper and lower extremities with holds of no more than 30s.
Exercises chosen to provide flexibility without increasing HR. | 1. none
2. none |
|
| Valkeinin 2004 | Length: 21 weeks
1. FMS STRENGTH GROUP
2 /week individual supervised training sessions
2. HEALTHY STRENGTH CONTROL GROUP
2 /week individual supervised training sessions identical to above. | 1. none
2. none | Muscle groups/exercises: leg extensors (2 exercises), other main muscle groups of the body (5-6 exercises). Program: Weeks 1-4: 3 sets of 15-20 reps at 40-60% of 1RM; Weeks 5-11: 4 sets of 8-12 reps at 60-70% of 1RM; Weeks 12-21: 3 to 5 sets of 5-10 reps with 70-80% of 1 RM. 20% of leg extensor training was performed as explosive strength training. 2 sets of 8-12 reps at 40-50% 1RM performed as fast as possible. | 1. none
2. none | 1. none
2. none |
|
| vanSanten 2002a | Length: 20 weeks
1. LOW INTENSITY TRAINING GROUP
2. HIGH INTENSITY TRAINING GROUP | 1. 2x/wk
60 min/session
(encouraged to do a 3rd unsupervised 60 min session and to use sauna and/or swimming pool after all sessions).
"Intensive aerobic exercises" alternated with general flexibility and balance exercises for 30 min in each session, intensity left up to each subject
2. 3x/wk
60 min/session
45 min of cycle ergometer exercise to reach and maintain 70% of max HR reached on baseline GXT. | Isometric muscle strengthening (10 min) after aerobic work, before cool down | 1. Stretching exercises as part of warm-up and cool down, general stretches alternated with intensive aerobic exercise in main part of program
2. Lower extremity stretching as part of warm-up (total warm-up time 10-15 min) | 1. none
2. none |
|
| vanSanten 2002b | Length: 24 weeks
FITNESS SUPERVISED GROUP EXERCISE
60 min, 2 /wk, led by a professional fitness instructor.
Swimming/sauna encouraged after each session but not tracked.
1 independent session/wk encouraged but not performed. | 60 min. class including 30 min. aerobics alternated with 5 min of general flexibility and balance, 10 min isometric exercise, WU (10 min) and CD (10 min). Intensity participant selected; (no more than moderate intensity performed) No progression achieved. WU = postural stretching CD=stretching, aerobic and relaxation exercise. | 10 min isometric exercise after aerobics for biceps, abdominals, hamstrings, hip abductors, adductors, quads | WU of postural stretching, General flexibility included in aerobic program. CD included stretching. | none |
|
| Verstappen 1997 | Length: 6 months AEROBIC GROUP 2 /wk + Home Program 1-2 /wk 10 min Warm-up, 30 min exercise, 10 min Cool-down | Treadmill or cycle ergometry, duration unspecified, intensity subject controlled Home Program unspecified | Strengthening (UE, LE, abdomen) unspecified Home Program unspecified | Flexibility unspecified
Home Program unspecified | Coordination unspecified Home Program unspecified |
|
| Wigers 1996 | Length: 14 weeks EXERCISE GROUP 3 /wk | 45 min. "whole body aerobic exercise" including 18-20 min. @ 60-70% HRmax | none | none | none |
|
| Zijlstra 2005 | Phase 1: Active Treatment
Length: 2.5 weeks
a) SPA GROUP
7 group supervised group exercise sessions over 15 days
b) HOME (non organized, individual) home program
Phase 2: Follow-up
1 year from baseline | 1. 60 min sessions of warm-up, light stretching and low-impact aerobic activities (treadmill walking, swimming, cycling) in which subjects were encouraged to reach 70% of their predicted maximal HR.
Subjects were encouraged to do a 20-30 min swim each morning, and to do light walking or recreational swimming on mornings or afternoons with no formally scheduled treatment.
2. No organized exercise program of any type for either group. | 1. none
2. none | 1. Light stretching as part of the seven 1-hour exercise sessions over 15 days
2. none | 1. none
2. none |
