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Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee

  1. Marlene Fransen1,*,
  2. Sara McConnell2

Editorial Group: Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group

Published Online: 8 JUL 2009

Assessed as up-to-date: 12 AUG 2008

DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004376.pub2

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Fransen M, McConnell S. Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD004376. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004376.pub2.

Author Information

  1. 1

    University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

  2. 2

    St Joseph's Health Care Centre, Department of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

*Marlene Fransen, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Room 0212, Cumberland Campus C42, Sydney, New South Wales, 1825, Australia. m.fransen@usyd.edu.au.

Publication History

  1. Publication Status: Edited (no change to conclusions)
  2. Published Online: 8 JUL 2009

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References

References to studies included in this review

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to studies awaiting assessment
  4. Additional references
  5. References to other published versions of this review
Baker 2001 {published data only}
  • Baker KR, Nelson ME, Felson DT, Layne JE, Sarno R, Roubenoff R. The efficacy of home based progressive strength training in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Rheumatology 2001;28:1655-65.
Bautch 1997 {published data only}
  • Bautch JC, Malone DG, Vailas AC. Effects of exercise on knee joints with osteoarthritis: a pilot study of biologic markers. Arthritis Care and Research 1997;10:48-55.
    Direct Link:
Bennell 2005 {published data only}
  • Bennell KL, Himan RS, Metcalf BR, Buchbinder R, McConnell J, McColl G, Green S, Crossley KM. Efficacy of physiotherapy management of knee joint osteoarthritis: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2005;64:906-12.
Deyle 2000 {published data only}
  • Deyle GD, Henderson NE, Matekel RL, Ryder MG, Garber MB, Allison SC. Effectiveness of manual physical therapy and exercise in osteoarthritis of the knee. Annals of Internal Medicine 2000;132(3):173-81.
Ettinger 1997a {published data only}
  • Ettinger WH, Burns R, Messier SP, Applegate W, Rejeski WJ, Morgan T, Shumaker S, Berry MJ, O'Toole M, Monu J, Craven T. A randomized trial comparing aerobic exercise and resistance exercise with a health education program in older adults with knee osteoarthritis. The Fitness Arthritis and Seniors Trial (FAST). JAMA 1997;277:25-31.
Etttinger 1997b {published data only}
  • Ettinger WH, Burns R, Messier SP, Applegate W, Rejeski WJ, Morgan T, Shumaker S, Berry MJ, O'Toole M, Monu J, Craven T. A randomized trial comparing aerobic exercise and resistance exercise with a health education program in older adults with knee osteoarthritis. The Fitness Arthritis and Seniors Trial (FAST). JAMA 1997;277:25-31.
Foley 2003 {published data only}
  • Foley A, Halbert J, Hewitt T, Crotty M. Halbert, J. Hewitt, T. Crotty, M. Does hydrotherapy improve strength and physical function in patients with osteoarthritis - a randomised controlled trial comparing a gym based and a hydrotherapy based strengthening program. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2003;62:1162-67.
Fransen 2001 {published data only}
  • Fransen M, Crosbie J, Edmonds J. Physical therapy is effective for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Rheumatology 2001;28:156-64.
Fransen 2007 {published data only}
  • Fransen M, Nairn L, Winstanley J, Lam P, Edmonds J. The Physical Activity for Osteoarthritis Management (PAFORM) study. A randomised controlled clinical trial evaluating hydrotherapy and Tai Chi classes. Arthritis Care and Research 2007;57:407-14.
    Direct Link:
Gur 2002 {published data only}
  • Gur H, Cakin N, Akova B, Okay E, Kucukoglu S. Concentric versus combined concentric-eccentric isokinetic training: effects on functional capacity and symptoms in patients with osteoarthrosis of the knee. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation 2003;83:308-16.
Hay 2006 {published data only}
  • Hay EM, Foster NE, Thomas E, Peat G, Phelan M, Yates HE, Blenkinsopp A, Sim J. Effectiveness of community physiotherapy and enhanced pharmacy review for knee pain in people aged over 55 presenting to primary care: pragmatic randomised trial. BMJ 2006;333:995.
Hopman-Rock 2000 {published data only}
  • Hopman-Rock M, Westhoff M. The effects of a health educational and exercise program for older adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. Journal of Rheumatology 2000;27:1947-54.
Huang 2003 {published data only}
  • Huang M-H, Lin Y-S, Yang R-C, Lee C-L. A comparison of various therapeutic exercises on the functional status of patients with knee osteoarthritis. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 2003;32:398-406.
Huang 2005a {published data only}
  • Huang M-H, Yang R-C, Lee C-L, Chen T-W, Wang M-C. Preliminary results of integrated therapy for patients with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care and Research 2005;53:812-20.
    Direct Link:
Hughes 2004 {published data only}
Keefe 2004 {published data only}
  • Keefe FJ, Blumenthal J, Baucom D, Affleck G, Waugh R, Caldwell DS, Beaupre P, Kashikar-Zuck S, Wright K, Egert J, Lefebvre J. Effects of spouse-assested coping skills training and exercise training in patients with osteoarthritic knee pain: a randomized controlled study. Pain 2004;110:539-49.
Kovar 1992 {published data only}
  • Kovar PA, Allegrante JP, MacKenzie CR, Peterson MGE, Gutin B, Charlson ME. Supervised fitness walking in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Annals of Internal Medicine 1992;116:529-34.
Maurer 1999 {published data only}
  • Maurer BT, Stern AG, Kinossian B, Cook KD, Schumacher HR. Osteoarthritis of the knee: isokinetic quadriceps exercise versus an educational intervention. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1999;80:1293-99.
Messier 2004 {published data only}
  • Messier SP, Loeser RF, Miller GD, Morgan TM, Rejeski WJ, Sevick MA, Ettinger WH, Pahor M, Williamson JD. Exercise and dietary weight loss in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2004;50:1501-10.
    Direct Link:
Mikesky 2006 {published data only}
  • Mikesky AE, Mazzuca SA, Brandt KD, Perkins SM, Damush T, Lane KA. Effects of strength training on the incidence and progression of knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care and Research 2006;55:690-99.
    Direct Link:
Minor 1989 {published data only}
  • Minor MA, Hewett JE, Webel RR, Anderson SK, Kay DR. Efficacy of physical conditioning exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1989;32:1396-1405.
    Direct Link:
O'Reilly 1999 {published data only}
  • O'Reilly SC, Muir KR, Doherty M. Effectiveness of home exercise on pain and disability from osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomised controlled trial. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1999;58:15-19.
Peloquin 1999 {published data only}
  • Peloquin L, Bravo G, Gauthier P, Lacombe G, Billiard J-S. Effects of a cross-training exercise program in persons with osteoarthritis of the knee. A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 1999;5:126-36.
Petrella 2000 {published data only}
  • Petrella RJ, Bartha C. Home based exercise therapy for older patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 2000;27:2215-21.
Quilty 2003 {published data only}
  • Quilty B, Tucker M, Campbell R, Dieppe P. Physiotherapy, including quadriceps exercises and patellar taping, for knee osteoarthritis with predominant patello-femoral joint involvement: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Rheumatology 2003;30:1311-17.
Rogind 1998 {published data only}
  • Rogind H, Bibow-Nielsen B, Jensen B, Moller HC, Frimodt-Moller H, Bliddal H. The effects of a physical training program on patients with osteoarthritis of the knees. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1998;79:1421-27.
Schilke 1996 {published data only}
Song 2003 {published data only}
  • Song R, Lee E-O, Lam P, Bae S-C. Effects of Tai Chi exercise on pain, balance, muscle strength, and perceived difficulties in physical functioning in older women with osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 2003;30:2039-44.
Talbot 2003 {published data only}
  • Talbot LA, Gaines JM, Huynh TN, Metter EJ. A home-based pedometer-driven walking program to increase physical activity in older adults with osteoarthritis of the knee: a preliminary study. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 2003;51:387-92.
    Direct Link:
Thomas 2002 {published data only}
Thorstensson 2005 {published data only}
  • Thorstensson CA, Roos EM, Petersson IF, Ekdahl C. Six-week high-intensity exercise program for middle-aged patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2005;6:27.
Topp 2002 {published data only}
  • Topp R, Woolley S, Horuyak J, Khuder S, Kahaleh B. The effect of dynamic versus isometric resistance training on pain and functioning among adults with osteoarthritis of the knee. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation 2002;83:1187-95.
van Baar 1998 {published data only}
  • van Baar ME, Dekker J, Oostendorp RAB, Bijl D, Voorn TB, Lemmens JAM, Bijlsma JWJ. The effectiveness of exercise therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 1998;25:2432-9.

References to studies excluded from this review

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to studies awaiting assessment
  4. Additional references
  5. References to other published versions of this review
Atamaz 2006 {published data only}
  • Atamaz F, Kirazli Y, Akkoc Y, Atamaz F, Kirazli Y, Akkoc Y. A comparison of two different intra-articular hyaluronan drugs and physical therapy in the management of knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatology International 2006;26:873-8.
Borjesson 1996 {published data only}
  • Borjesson M, Robertson E, Weidenhielm L, Mattsson E, Olsson E. Physiotherapy in knee osteoarthrosis effect on pain and walking. Physiotherapy Research International 1996;1:89-97.
Callaghan 1995 {published data only}
  • Callaghan MJ, Oldham JA, Hunt J. An evaluation of exercise regimes for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 1995;9:213-8.
Chamberlain 1982 {published data only}
  • Chamberlain MA, Care G, Harfield B. Physiotherapy in osteoarthrosis of the knees. A controlled trial of hospital versus home exercises. International Rehabilitation Medicine 1982;4:101-6.
Cheing 2002 {published data only}
  • Cheing GLY, Hui-Chan CWY, Chan KM. Does four weeks of TENS and/or isometric exercise produce cumulative reduction of osteoarthritic knee pain?. Clinical Rehabilitation 2002;16:749-60.
Cheing 2004 {published data only}
  • Cheing GLY, Hui-Chan CWY. Would the addition of TENS to exercise training produce better physical performance outcomes in people with knee osteoarthritis than either intervention alone?. Clinical Rehabilitation 2004;18:487.
Deyle 2005 {published data only}
  • Deyle GD, Allison SC, Matekel RL, Ryder MG, Stang JM, Gohdes DD, et al. Physical therapy treatment effectiveness for osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized comparison of supervised clinical exercise and manual therapy procedures versus a home exercise program. Physical Therapy 2005;12:1301-17.
Dias 2003 {published data only}
  • Dias RC, Ramos LR, Dias JM. Impact of an exercise and walking protocol on the quality of life of the elderly with osteoarthritis of the knee. Physiotherapy Research International 2003;8:121-30.
    Direct Link:
Diracoglu 2005 {published data only}
  • Diracoglu D, Aydin R, Baskent A, Celik A, Diracoglu D, Aydin R, et al. Effects of kinesthesia and balance exercises in knee osteoarthritis. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 2005;11:303-10.
Durmus 2007 {published data only}
  • Durmus D, Alayli G, Canturk F. Effects of quadriceps electrical stimulation program on clinical parameters in the patients with knee osteoarthritis. Clinical Rheumatology 2007;26:674-8.
Eungpinichpong 1997 {published data only}
  • Eungpinichpong W. The efficacy of physical exercise programmes for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee as determined by clinical and gait parameters. New Zealand Journal of Physiotherapy 1998;26:5.
Evcik 2002 {published data only}
Eyigor 2004 {published data only}
Forster 2007 {published data only}
  • Forster NE, Thomas E, Barlas P, Hill JC, Young J, Mason E, Hay EM. Acupuncture as an adjunct to exercise based physiotherapy for osteoarthritis of the knee: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2007;335:436.
Green 1993 {published data only}
Haslam 2001 {published data only}
  • Haslam R. A comparison of acupuncture with advice and exercises on the symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis of the hip - a randomised controlled trial.. Acupuncture Medicine 2001;19:19-26.
Hinman 2007 {published data only}
Hoeksma 2004 {published data only}
  • Hoeksma HL, Dekker J, Ronday HK, Heering A, van der Lubbe N, Vel C, et al. Comparison of manual therapy and exercise therapy in osteoarthritis of the hip: a randomized clinical trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2004;51:722-9.
    Direct Link:
Huang 2005b {published data only}
  • Huang M-H, Lin Y-H, Lee C-L, Yang R-C. Use of ultrasound to increase effectiveness of idokinetic exercise for knee osteoarthritis. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation 2005;86:1545-51.
Hurley 1998 {published data only}
  • Hurley MV, Scott DL. Improvements in quadriceps sensorimotor function and disability of patients with knee osteoarthritis following a clinically practicable exercise regime. British Journal of Rheumatology 1998;37:1181-7.
Jan 1991 {published data only}
  • Jan M-H, Lai J-S. The effects of physiotherapy on osteoarthritic knees of females. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 1991;90:1008-13.
Kreindler 1989 {published data only}
  • Kreindler H, Lewis CB, Rush S, Schaefer K. Effects of three exercise protocols on strength of persons with osteoarthritis of the knee. Topics in Geriatriatric Rehabilitation 1989;4:32-9.
Kuptniratsaikul 2002 {published data only}
  • Kuptniratsaikul V, Orchatara T, Nilganuwong S, Visanu T. The efficacy of a muscle exercise program to improve functional performance of the knee in patients with osteoarthritis. Journal fo the Medical Association of Thailand 2002;85:33-9.
Lankhorst 1982 {published data only}
  • Lankhorst GJ, van de Stadt RJ, van der Korst JK, Hinlopen-Bonrath E, Griffioen FM, de Boer W. Relationship of isometric knee extension torque and functional variables in osteoarthrosis of the knee. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1982;14:7-10.
Lim 2002 {published data only}
  • Lim BW. A comparative study of open and closed kinetic chain exercise regimes in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Physiotherapy Singapore 2002;5:34-40.
Lin 2004 {published data only}
Lin 2007 {published data only}
  • Lin D-H, Lin Y-F, Chai H-M, Han Y-C, Jan M-H. Comparison of proprioceptive functions between computerized proprioception facilitation exercise and closed kinetic chain exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Clinical Rheumatology 2007;26:520-8.
Mangione 1999 {published data only}
  • Mangione KK, McCully K, Gloviak A, Lefebvre I, Hofmann M, Craik R. The effects of high-intensity and low-intensity cycle ergometry in older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Journal of Gerontology 1999;54A:M184-90.
McCarthy 2004 {published data only}
  • McCarthy CJ, Mills PM, Pullen R, Roberts C, Silman A, Oldham JA. Supplementing a home exercise programme with a class-based exercise programme is more effective than home exercise alone in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatology 2004;43:880-6.
Messier 1997 {published data only}
  • Messier SP, Thompson CD, Ettinger WH Jr. Effects of long-term aerobic or weight training regimes on gait in an older, osteoarthritic population. Journal of Applied Biomechanics 1997;13:205-25.
Messier 2000 (1) {published data only}
  • Messier SP, Loeser RF, Mitchell MN, Valle G, Morgan TP, Rejeski WJ, Ettinger WH. Exercise and weight loss in obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis: a preliminary study. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 2000;48:1062-72.
Messier 2000 (2) {published data only}
  • Messier SP, .Royer TD, Craven TE, O'Toole ML, Burns R, Ettinger WH. Long-term exercise and its effect on balance in older, osteoarthritis adults: results from the Fitness, Arthritis and Seniors Trial (FAST). Journal of the American Geriatric Society 2000;48:131-8.
Moss 2007 {published data only}
Nicklas 2004 {published data only}
  • Nicklas BJ, Ambrosius W, Messier SP, Miller GD, Penninx BW, Loeser RF, et al. Diet-induced weight loss, exercise, and chronic inflammation in older, obese adults: a randomized controlled clinical trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004;79:544-51.
Ozdincler 2005 {published data only}
  • Ozdincler AR, Yeldan I, Kinali P. The effects of closed kinetic chain exercise on pain and functional performance of patients with knee osteoarthritis. The Pain Clinic 2005;1:107-15.
Penninx 2001 {published data only}
  • Penninx B, Messier SP, Rejeski WJ, Williamson JD, DiBari M, Cavazzini C, et al. Physical exercise and prevention of disability in activities of daily living in older persons with osteoarthritis. Archives of Internal Medicine 2001;19:2309-16.
Penninx 2002 {published data only}
  • Penninx BW, Rejeski WJ, Pandya J, Miller ME, Di Bari M, Applegate WB, et al. Exercise and depressive symptoms: a comparison of aerobic and resistance exercise effects on emotional and physical function in older persons with high and low depressive symptomatology. Journal of Gerontology. 2002;57B:P127-32.
Peterson 1993 {published data only}
  • Peterson MGE, Kovar-Toledano PA, Otis JC, Allegrante JP, Mackenzie CR, Gutin B, Kross MA. Effect of a walking program on gait characteristics in patients with osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care and Research 1993;6:11-6.
    Direct Link:
Quirk 1985 {published data only}
  • Quirk AS, Newman RJ, Newman KJ. An evaluation of interferential therapy, shortwave diathermy and exercise in the treatment of osteoarthrosis of the knee. Physiotherapy 1985;71:55-7.
Ravaud 2004 {published data only}
  • Ravaud P, Giraudeau B, Logeart I, Larguier JS, Rolland D, et al. Management of osteoarthritis with an unsupervised home based exercise programme and/or patient administered assessment tools. A cluster randomised controlled trial with a 2x2 factorial design. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2004;63:703-8.
Rejeski 1998 {published data only}
  • Rejeski WJ, Ettinger WH, Martin K, Morgan T. Treating disability in knee osteoarthritis with exercise therapy: a central role for self-efficacy and pain. Arthritis Care and Research 1998;11:94-101.
    Direct Link:
Sen 2004 {published data only}
  • Sen A, Gocen Z, Unver B, Karatosun V, Gunal I. The frequency of visits by the physiotherapist of patients receiving home-based exercise therapy for knee ostoearthritis. Knee. 2004;11:151-3.
Stitik 2007 {published data only}
  • Stitik TP, Blacksin MF, Stiskal DM, Kim JH, Foye PM, Schoenheer L, et al. Efficacy and safety of hyaluronan treatment in combination therapy with home exercise for knee osteoarthritis pain. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabiltation 2007;88:135-41.
Sullivan 1998 {published data only}
  • Sullivan T, Allegrante JP, Peterson MG, Kovar PA, MacKenzie CR. One-year followup of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee who participated in a program of supervised fitness walking and supportive patient education. Arthritis Care and Research 1998;11:228-33.
    Direct Link:
Sylvester 1989 {published data only}
  • Sylvester KL. Investigation of the effect of hydrotherapy in the treatment of osteoarthritic hips. Clinical Rehabilitation 1989;4:223-8.
Toda 2001 {published data only}
  • Toda Y. The effect of energy restriction, walking and exercise on lower extremity lean body mass in obese women with osteoarthritis of the knee. Journal of Orthopaedic Science 2001;6:148-54.
Tuzun 2004 {published data only}
  • Tuzun EH, Aytar A, Eker L, Daskapan A. Effectiveness of two different physical therapy programmes in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Pain Clinic 2004;16:379-87.
van Baar 2001 {published data only}
  • van Baar ME, Dekker J, Oostendorp RA, Bijl D, Voorn TB, Bijlsma JW. Effectiveness of exercise in patients with osteoarthritis of hip or knee: nine months' follow up. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2001;60:1123-30.
Van Gool 2005 {published data only}
  • van Gool CH, Penninx BW, Kempen GI, Rejeski WJ, Miller GD, van Eijk JT, et al. Effects of exercise adherence on physical function among overweight older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care and Research 2005;53:24-32.
    Direct Link:
Wang 2006 {published data only}
  • Wang T-J, Belza B, Thompson FE, Whitney JD, Bennett K. Effects of aquatic exercise on flexibility, strength and aerobic fitness in adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2006;57:141-52.
    Direct Link:
Williamson 2007 {published data only}
  • Williamson L, Wyatt MR, Yein K, Melton JT. Severe knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial of acupuncture, physiotherapy (supervised exercise) and standard management for patients awaiting knee replacement. Rheumatology 2007;46:1445-9.
Wyatt 2001 {published data only}
Yip 2007 {published data only}
  • Yip YB, Wit JW, Fung KKY, Wong DYS, Chong SYC, Chung LH, Ng TP. Impact of an arthritis self-management programme with an added exercise component for osteoarthritic knee sufferers on improving pain, functional outcomes, and use of health care services: an experimental study. Patient Education Counseling 2007;65:113-21.

References to studies awaiting assessment

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to studies awaiting assessment
  4. Additional references
  5. References to other published versions of this review
Alayli 2007 {published data only}
  • Alayli G, Kuru O, Bilgici A. The effects of aerobic exercise and home exercise on pain and disability in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Journal of Rheumatology and Medical Rehabilitation 2007;18:46-50.
Brismee 2007 {published data only}
  • Brismee JM, Paige RL, Chyu MC, Boatright JD, Hagar JM, McCaleb JA, et al. Group and home-based tai chi in elderly subjects with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2007;21:99-111.
Rawiworrakul 2007 {published data only}
  • Rawiworrakul T, Sirapo-ngam Y, Davis AHT, Malathum P, Kulthanan T, Vorapongsathorn T. A community-based exercise program promotes self-efficacy for exercise among Thai women with osteoarthritis of the knee. Thai Journal of Nursing Research 2007;11:132-50.
Salli 2006 {published data only}
  • Salli A, Ugurlu H, Emlik D. Comparison of the effectiveness of concentric, combined concentric-eccentric and isometric exercises on symptoms and functional capacity in patients with knee osteoarthritis. [Turkish]. Turkiye Fiziksel Tip ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 2006;52:61-7.

Additional references

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to studies awaiting assessment
  4. Additional references
  5. References to other published versions of this review
Altman 1991
Bellamy 1997
  • Bellamy N, Kirwan J, Boers M, Brooks P, Strand V, Tugwell P, et al. Recommendations for a core set of outcome measures for future phase III clinical trials in knee, hip and hand osteoarthritis. Consensus development at OMERACT III. Journal of Rheumatology 1997;24:799-802.
Buchner 1992
Cohen 1977
  • Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences. New York: Academic, 1977.
Cooper 1995
Davis 1991
  • Davis MA, Ettinger WH, Neuhaus JM, Mallon KP. Knee osteoarthritis and physical functioning: evidence from the NHANES 1 epidemiologic followup study. Journal of Rheumatology 1991;18:591-8.
Felson 1987
  • Felson DT, Naimark A, Anderson J, Kazis L, Castelli W, Meenan RF. The prevalence of knee osteoarthritis in the elderly: the Framingham Osteoarthritis Study. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1987;30:914-8.
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Felson 1995
Fiatarone 1993
Guccione 1994
  • Guccione AA, Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Anthony JM, Zhang Y, Wilson PW, et al. The effects of specific medical conditions on the functional limitations of elders in the Framingham study. American Journal of Public Health 1994;84:351-8.
Jadad 1996
  • Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan DJ, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary?. Controlled Clinical Trials 1996;17:1-12.
Kujala 1995
  • Kujala UM, Kettunen J, Paananen H, Aalto T, Battie MC, Impivaara O, et al. Knee osteoarthritis in former runners, soccer players, weight lifters, and shooters. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1995;38:539-46.
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McAlindon 1999
  • McAlindon TE, Wilson PW, Aliabadi P, Weissman B, Felson DT. Level of physical activity and the risk of radiographic and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in the elderly: The Framingham Study. American Journal of Medicine 1999;106:151-7.
Minor 1988
  • Minor MA, Hewett JE, Webel RR, Dreisinger TE, Kay DR. Exercise tolerance and disease related measures in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Journal of Rheumatology 1988;15:905-11.
Philbin 1995
  • Philbin EF, Groff GD, Ries MD, Miller TE. Cardiovascular fitness and health in patients with end-stage osteoarthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1995;38:799-805.
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Rangger 1995
Roddy 2005
  • Roddy E, Zhang W, Doherty M, Arden NK, Barlow J, Birrell F, Carr A, Chakravarty K, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for the role of exercise in the management of osteoarthritis of the hip or knee - the MOVE consensus. Rheumatology 2005;44:67-73.
Schulz 1995
Scott 1993
  • Scott WW, Lethbridge-Cejku M, Reichle R, Wigley FM, Tobin JD, Hochberg MC. Reliability of grading scales for individual radiographic features of osteoarthritis of the knee. The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging Atlas of Knee Osteoarthritis. Investigative Radiology 1993;28:497-501.
Slemenda 1997
  • Slemenda C, Brandt KD, Heilman DK, Mazzuca S, Braunstein EM, Katz BP, et al. Quadriceps weakness and osteoarthritis of the knee. Annals of Internal Medicine 1997;127:97-104.
Tugwell 2004
  • Tugwell P, Shea B, Boers M (editors). Evidence-based rheuamtology. Evidence-based Rheumatology. London: BMJ Books, 2004.
Woodard 2001
  • Woodard CM, Berry MJ. Enhancing adherence to prescribed exercise: structured behavioral interventions in clinical exercise programs. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 2001;21:201-9.
Zhang 1996
Zhang 2001
  • Zhang Y, Xu L, Nevitt MC, Aliabadi P, Yu W, Qin M, Lui L-Y, Felson DT. Comparison of the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis between the elderly Chinese population in Beijing and whites in the United States. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2001;44:2065-71.
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Zhang 2008
  • Zhang W, Moskositz RW, Nuki G, Abramson S, Altman RD, Arden N, et al. OARSI recommendtions for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis, Part II: OARSI evidence-based, expert consensus guidelines. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2008;16:137-62.

References to other published versions of this review

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to studies awaiting assessment
  4. Additional references
  5. References to other published versions of this review
Fransen 2002
  • Fransen M, et al. Therapeutic exercise for people with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. A systematic review. Journal of Rheumatology 2002;29:1737-45.
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