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Interventions for American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

  1. Urbà González 1,*,
  2. Mariona Pinart1,
  3. Mónica Rengifo-Pardo2,
  4. Antonio Macaya3,
  5. Jorge Alvar4,
  6. John A Tweed2

Editorial Group: Cochrane Skin Group

Published Online: 15 APR 2009

Assessed as up-to-date: 25 JAN 2009

DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004834.pub2

Database Title

Additional Information

How to Cite

González U, Pinart M, Rengifo-Pardo M, Macaya A, Alvar J, Tweed JA. Interventions for American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD004834. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004834.pub2.

Author Information

  1. 1

    Hospital Plató, Department of Dermatology, Research Unit for Evidence-based Dermatology, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain

  2. 2

    University of Nottingham, c/o Cochrane Skin Group, Nottingham, UK

  3. 3

    Bellvitge Hospital, Barcelona, Fleixa Llarga s/n l'hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain

  4. 4

    World Health Organization, Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (WHO/CDS/NTD/IDM), Geneva 27, Switzerland

*Urbà González , Department of Dermatology, Research Unit for Evidence-based Dermatology, Hospital Plató, c/ Plato 21, Barcelona, Catalunya, 08006, Spain. urba.gonzalez@hospitalplato.com .

Publication History

  1. Publication Status: New
  2. Published Online: 15 APR 2009

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References

References to studies included in this review

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to studies awaiting assessment
  4. References to ongoing studies
  5. Additional references
Almeida 1999 {published data only}
  • Almeida R, D'Oliveira A Jr, Machado P, Bacellar O, Ko AI, de Jesus AR, et al. Randomized, double-blind study of stibogluconate plus human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor versus stibogluconate alone in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1999;180:1735-1737.
Andersen 2005 {published data only}
  • Andersen EM, Cruz-Saldarriaga M, LLanos-Cuentas A, Luz-Cjuno M, Echevarria J, Miranda-Verasategui C, et al. Comparison of meglumine and pentamidine for peruvian cutaneous leishmaniasis. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2005;72(2):133-137.
Arana 1994 {published data only}
  • Arana BA, Navin TR, Arana FE, Berman JD, Rosenkaimer F. Efficacy of a short course (10 days) of high-dose meglumine antimoniate with or without Interferon-gamma in treating cutaneous leishmaniasis in Guatemala. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1994;18:381-384.
Arana 2001 {published data only}
  • Arana BA, Mendoza CE, Rizzo NR, Kroeger A. Randomized, controlled, double-blind trial of topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with the paromomycin plus methylbenzethonium chloride ointment in Guatemala. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2001;65(5):466-470.
Armijos 2004 {published data only}
  • Armijos RX, Weigel MM, Calvopiña M, Mancheno M, Rodriguez R. Comparison of the effectiveness of two topical paromomycin treatments versus meglumine antimoniate for New World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Tropica 2004;91:153-160.
Arévalo 2007 {published data only}
  • Arevalo I, Tulliano G, Quispe A, Spaeth G, Mathlashewski, LLanos-cuantas A, et al. Role of imiquimod and parenteral meglumine antimoniate in the intitial treatment of cutaneous lesihmaniasis. CID 2007;44:1549-1554.
Balou 1987 {published data only}
  • Ballou WR, McClain JB, Gordon DM, Dhanks GD, Adujar J, Berman JD, et al. Safety and efficacy of high-dose sodium stibogluconate therapy of american cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lancet 1987;4(8549):13-16.
Convit 1987 {published data only}
  • Convit J, Castellanos PL, Rondon A, Pinardi ME, Ulrich M, Castes M, et al. Immunotherapy versus chemotherapy in localised cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lancet 1987;21:401-404.
Convit 1989 {published data only}
  • Convit J, Castellanos PL, Ulrich M, Castés M, Rondón A, Pinardi ME, et al. Immunotherapy of localized, intermediate, and diffuse forms of american cutaneous leishmaniasis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1989;160:104-114.
Correia 1996 {published data only}
  • Correia D, Macêdo VO, Carvalho EM, Barral A, Magalhâes AV, de Abreu MVA, et al. Comparative study of meglumine antimoniate, pentamidine isothionate and aminosidine sulphate in the treatment of primary skin lesions caused by Leishmania (viannia) braziliensis. Revista da Sociedade Brasilera de Medicina Tropical 1996;29(5):447-453.
D'Oliveira 1997 {published data only}
  • D'Oliveira A Jr, Machado PR, Carvalho EM. Evaluating the efficacy of allopurinol for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. International Journal of Dermatology 1997;36(12):938-940.
    Direct Link:
Figueiredo 1999 {published data only}
  • Figueiredo Kopke LF, Siviero do Vale EC, Grossi Araujo M, Araújo Magalhâes P, Furtado T. Treatment of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis with N-methyl-glucamine: double-blind study with doses of 14 mg/kg/day and 28 mg/kg/day of antimoniate [Tratamento da leishmaniose tegumentar americana pelo antimoniato de N-metil-glucamina: Estudo duplo-cego com doses de 14 mg/kg/dia e 28 mg/kg/dia de antimônio]. Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 1991;66(2):87-94.
Franke 1994 {published data only}
  • Franke ED, LLanos-Cuentas A, Echevarria J, Cruz ME, Campos P, Tovar AA, et al. Efficacy of 28-day and 40-day regimens of sodium stibogluconate (pentostam) in the treatment of mucosal leishmaniasis. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1994;51(1):77-82.
Guderian 1991 {published data only}
  • Guderian RH, Chico ME, Rogers MD, Pattishall KM, Grogl M, Berman JD. Placebo controlled treatment of ecuadorian cutaneous leishmaniasis. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1991;45(1):92-97.
Hepburn 1994 {published data only}
  • Hepburn NC, Tidman MJ, Hunter JAA. Aminosidine (paromomycin) versus sodium stibogluconate for the treatment of american cutaneous leishmaniasis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1994;88:700-703.
LLanos-Cuentas 1997 {published data only}
  • Llanos-Cuentas A, Echevarria J, Cruz M, La Rosa A, Campos P, Campos M, et al. Efficacy of sodium stibogluconate alone and in combination with allopurinol for treatment of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1997;25:677-684.
Llanos-Cuentas 2007 {published data only}
  • Llanos-Cuentas A, Echevarria J, Seas C, Chang E, Cruz M, Alvarez E, et al. Parenteral aminosidine is not effective for peruvian mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2007;76(6):1128-1131.
Lobo 2006 {published data only}
  • Lobo IMF, Soares MBP, Correia TM, de Freitas LAR, Oliveira MI, Nakatani M, et al. Heat therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis elicits a systemic cytokine response similar to that of antimonial (Glucantime) therapy. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2006;100:642-649.
M-Verástegui 2005 {published data only}
  • Miranda-Verástegui C, LLanos-Cuentas A, Arévalo I, Ward BJ, Matlashewski G. Randomized, double-blind clinical trial of topical imiquimod 5% with parenteral meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Peru. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2005;40:1395-1403.
Machado 2007 {published data only}
  • Machado PR, Lessa H, Lessa M, Guimaraes LH, Bang H, Ho JL, et al. Oral pentoxifylline combined with pentavalent antimony: a randomized trial for mucosal leishmaniasis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007;44:788-793.
Machado-Pinto 2002 {published data only}
  • Machado-Pinto J, Pinto J, da Costa CA, Genaro O, Marques MJ, Modabber F, et al. Immunochemotherapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis: a controlled trial using killed Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis vaccine plus antimonial. International Journal of Dermatology 2002;41(2):73-78.
    Direct Link:
Martínez 1992 {published data only}
Martínez 1997 {published data only}
Navin 1990 {published data only}
  • Navin TR, Arana BA, Arana FE, de Mérida AM, Castillo AL, Pozuelos JL. Placebo-controlled clinical trial of meglumine antimoniate (glucantime) versus localized controlled heat in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Guatemala. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1990;42(1):43-50 (89-153).
Navin 1992 {published data only}
  • Navin TR, Aran BA, Arana FE, Berman JD, Chajón JF. Placebo-controlled clinical trial of sodium stibogluconate (pentostam) versus ketoconazole for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis in Guatemala. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1992;165:528-534.
Neva 1997 {published data only}
  • Neva FA, Ponce C, Ponce E, Kreutzer R, Modabber F, Olliaro P. Non-ulcerative cutaneous leishmaniasis in Honduras fails to respond to topical paromomycin. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1997;91:473-475.
Oliveira-Neto 1997 {published data only}
  • Oliveira-Neto MP, Schubach A, Mattos M, Gonçalves-Costa SC, Pirmez C. Treatment of american cutaneous leishmaniasis: a comparison between low dosage (5mg/kg/day) and high dosage (20 mg/kg/day) antimony regimens. Pathologie et Biologie 1997;45(6):496-499.
Oster 1985 {published data only}
  • Oster CN, Chulay JD, Hendricks LD, Pamplin III CL, Ballou WR, Berman JD, et al. American cutaneous leishmaniasis: a comparison of three sodium stibogluconate treatment schedules. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1985;34(5):856-860.
Palacios 2001 {published data only}
  • Palacios R, Osorio LE, Grajales LF, Ochoa MT. Treatment failure in children in a randomized clinical trial with 10 and 20 days of meglumine antimoniate for cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania viannia species. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2001;64(3, 4):187-193.
Saenz 1987 {published data only}
  • Saenz RE, Paz HM, Johnson CM, Narvaez E, de Vasquez AM. Evaluation of the effectiveness and toxicity of pentostam and glucantime in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis [Evaluación de la effectividad y toxicidad del pentostam y del glucantime en el tratamiento de la leishmaniasis cutanea]. Revista Médica de Panamá 1987;12:148-157.
Saenz 1990 {published data only}
Santos 2004 {published data only}
  • Santos JB, de Jesus AR, Machado PR, Magalhâes A, Salgado K, Carvalho EM, et al. Antimony plus recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor applied topically in low doses enhances healing of cutaneous leishmaniasis ulcers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2004;190:1793-1796.
Soto 1994 {published data only}
  • Soto J, Grogl M, Berman J, Olliaro P. Limited efficacy of injectable aminosidine as single-agent therapy for colombian cutaneous leishmaniasis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1994;88:695-698.
Soto 1998 {published data only}
  • Soto J, Fuya P, Herrera R, Berman J. Topical paromomycin/methylbenzethonium chloride plus parenteral meglumine antimoniate as treatment for american cutaneous leishmaniasis: controlled study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1998;26:56-58.
Soto 2002 {published data only}
  • Soto JM, Toledo JT, Gutierrez P, Arboleda M, Nicholls RS, Padilla JR, et al. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with a topical antileishmanial drug (WR279396): phase 2 pilot study. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2002;66(2):147-151.
Soto 2004A {published data only}
  • Soto J, Valda-Rodriguez L, Toledo J, Vera-Navarro L, Luz M, Monasterios-Torrico H, et al. Comparison of generic to branded pentavalent antimony for treatment of new world cutaneous leishmaniasis. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2004;71(5):577-581.
Soto 2004B {published data only}
Vélez 1997 {published data only}
  • Velez I, Agudelo S, Hendrickx E, Puerta J, Grogl M, Modabber F, et al. Inefficacy of allopurinol as monotherapy for colombian cutaneous leishmaniasis: a randomized, controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 1997;126(3):232-236.

References to studies excluded from this review

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to studies awaiting assessment
  4. References to ongoing studies
  5. Additional references
Armijos 2004B {published data only}
  • Armijos RX, Weigel MM, Calvopina M, Hidalgo A, Cevallos W, Correa J. Safety, immunogeneicity, and efficacy of an autoclaved leishmania amazonensis vaccine plus BCG adjuvant against New World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Vaccine 2004;22:1320-1326.
De Luca 1999 {published data only}
  • De Luca PM, Mayrink W, Alves CR, Coutinho SG, Oliveira MP, Bertho AL, et al. Evaluation of the stability and immunogenicity of autoclaved and nonautoclaved preparations of a vaccine against American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Vaccine 1999;17:1179-1185.
De Luca 2001 {published data only}
  • De Luca PM, Mayrink W, Pinto JA, Coutinho SG, Santiago MA, Toledo VP, et al. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the immunogenicity of a candidate vaccine against American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Acta Tropica 2001;80(3):251-260.
De Luca 2003 {published data only}
  • De Luca PM, Mayrink W, Santiago MA, Nogueira R, Conceição-Silva F, Mélo G, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the immunogenicity of the leishmanin skin test. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2003;97(6):709-712.
Deps 2000 {published data only}
  • Deps PD, Viana MC, Falqueto A, Dietze R. Evaluation of the efficacy and toxicity of N-methyl-glucantime vs BP88 Sodium Stibogluconate in the treatment of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 2000;33(6):535-543.
Fagundes 2007 {published data only}
Hepburn 1994B {published data only}
  • Hepburn NC, Siddique I, Howie AF, Beckett GJ, Hayes PC. Hepatotoxicity of sodium stibogluconate therapy for American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1994;88:453-455.
Laguna-Torres 1999 {published data only}
  • Laguna-Torres VA, Silva CAC, Correia D, Carvalho EM, Magalhâes AV, de Oliveira Macêdo V. Efficacy of mefloquine in the treatment of skin leishmaniasis in an endemic area of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 1999;32(5):529-532.
Llanos 1991 {published data only}
Monjour 1994 {published data only}
  • Monjour L, Neogy AB, Vouldoukis I, Silva OA, Boisnic S, Brito ME, et al. Exploitation of parasite derived antigen in therapeutic success of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 1994;89(3):479-483.
Nascimento 1990 {published data only}
  • Nascimento E, Mayrink W, da Costa CA, Michalick MSM, Melo MN, Barros GC, et al. Vaccination of humans against cutaneous leishmaniasis: cellular and humoral inmune responses. Infection and Immunity 1990;58(7):2198-2203.
Oliveira-Neto 2000 {published data only}
  • Oliveira-Neto MP, Mattos M, Primez C, Fernandes O, Gonçalves-Costa SC, Souza CF, et al. Mucosal leishmaniasis ("espundia") responsive to low dose of N-methyl glucantime in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 2000;42(6):321-325.
Rodriguez 1995 {published data only}
  • Rodriguez LV, Dedet JP, Paredes V, Mendoza C, Cardenas F. A randomized trial of amphotericin B alone or in combination with itraconazole in the treatment of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 1995;90(4):525-528.
Saldanha 2000 {published data only}
  • Saldanha AC, Romero GA, Guerra C, Merchan-Hamann E, Macedo Vde O. Comparative study between sodium stibogluconate BP 88 and meglumine antimoniate in cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment. II. Biochemical and cardiac toxicity. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 2000;33(4):383-388.
Soto 1993 {published data only}
Soto 1994 A {published data only}
  • Soto J, Buffet P, Grogl M, Berman J. Successful treatment of colombian cutaneous leishmaniasis with four injections of pentamidine. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1994;50(1):107-111.
Velez 2005 {published data only}
  • Velez ID, Gilchrist K, Arbelaez MP, Rojas CA, Puerta JA, Antunes CMF, et al. Failure of a killed Leishmania amazonensis vaccine against American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2005;99:593-598.
Wortmann 2002 {published data only}
  • Wortmann G, Scoot Miller R, Oster C, Jackson J, Aronson N. A randomized, double-blind study of the efficacy of a 10- or 20-day course of sodium stibogluconate for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in United States military personnel. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2002;35:261-267.

References to studies awaiting assessment

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to studies awaiting assessment
  4. References to ongoing studies
  5. Additional references
Krolewiecki 2007 {published data only}
  • Krolewiecki AJ, Romero HD, Cajal SP, Abraham D, Mimori T, Matsumoto T, et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing oral azithromycin and meglumine antimoniate for the treatment of American cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2007;77(4):640-646.
Soto 2008 {published data only}
  • Soto J, Rea J, Balderrama M, Toledo J, Soto P, Valda L, et al. Efficacy of miltefosine for Bolivian cutaneous leishmaniasis. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2008;78(2):210-211.

References to ongoing studies

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to studies awaiting assessment
  4. References to ongoing studies
  5. Additional references
NCT00004755 {published data only}
  • Maguire JH. Phase II Randomized Study of Allopurinol Versus Glucantime Versus Allopurinol/Glucantime for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Brazil. ClinicalTrials.gov 1995.
NCT00111514 {published data only}
  • Llanos Cuentas A. A Phase 1, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Escalating Study to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of Leish-111f + MPL-SE Vaccine in Combination With Pentavalent Antimony in Treatment of Mucosal Leishmaniasis. ClinicalTrials.gov 2004.
NCT00111553 {published data only}
  • Nascimento E, Piazza FM. Randomized, Double-Blind, Adjuvant- and Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Escalating Study to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of Leish-111f + MPL-SE Vaccine With Meglumine Antimoniate (Glucantime) in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. ClinicalTrials.gov 2004.
NCT00121862 {published data only}
  • Piazza FM. A Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of the Leish-111f + MPL-SE Vaccine Compared to the Leish-111f Protein Alone in Montenegro Skin Test-Negative Healthy Adults. ClinicalTrials.gov 2005.
NCT00233545 {published data only}
  • Soto J. Miltefosine to Treat Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Bolivia. ClinicalTrials.gov 2005.
NCT00257530 {published data only}
  • Llanos-Cuentas A. Randomized Double Blind Clinical Trial of Imiquimod (Aldara) Versus Placebo Used in Combination With Pentavalent Antimony (Glucantime) in Peruvian Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients. ClinicalTrials.gov 2005.
NCT00317629 {published data only}
  • Silva SY, Rueda LC, Lopez M, Velez ID, Rueda-Clausen CF, Smith DJ, et al. Double blind, randomized controlled trial, to evaluate the effectiveness of a controlled nitric oxide releasing patch versus meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis [NCT00317629]. Trials 2006;15(7):14.
NCT00317980 {published data only}
  • Romero GS. Phase IV Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Low-Dose Pentavalent Antimony Compared to the Standard Dose in Patients With Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania (Viannia)Braziliensis. ClinicalTrials.gov 2006.
NCT00469495 {published data only}
  • Carvalho EM, Marshall JG. Empiric Antihelminthic Therapy Combined With Antimony in the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Subjects Co-Infected With Helminths and Leishmania Brasiliensis. ClinicalTrials.gov 2007.
NCT00471705 {published data only}
  • Lopez L. Phase 3 Open-Label Study of Efficacy and Safety of Miltefosine vs Glucantime for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Colombia.. ClinicalTrials.gov 2006.
NCT00487253 {published data only}
  • Miranda MC, Rodriguez I. Randomized Clinical Trial of the Efficacy and Tolerability of Oral Miltefosine Versus Parenteral Antimony for the Treatment of Pediatric Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Colombia. ClinicalTrials.gov 2007.
NCT00537953 {published data only}
  • Soto J, Toledo J. Efficacy and safety of a short course of the combination of miltefosine and antimony to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in Bolivia. ClinicalTrials.gov 2007.
NCT00600548 {published data only}
  • Machado PRL. Clinical Trial to Assess Efficacy and Safety of Orally Administered Miltefosine in Brazilian Patients With Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Compared to the Standard Care as Active Control. ClinicalTrials.gov 2008.
NCT00682656 {published data only}
  • Rabello A, Pedras M. Open Label Randomized Study to Assess Safety and Efficacy of Azithromycin Versus Meglumine Antimoniate to Treat Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. ClinicalTrials.gov 2008.

Additional references

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to studies awaiting assessment
  4. References to ongoing studies
  5. Additional references
Al-Zamel 1996
  • Al-Zamel F, Al-Shammary FJ, El-Shewemi S, Soliman R. Enhancement of leishmanicidal activity of human macrophages against Leishmania major and Leishmania donovani infection using recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie : international journal of medical microbiology 1996;285(1):92-105.
Alvar 2006
Alvar 2008
  • Alvar J, Aparicio P, Aseffa A, den Boer M, Cañavate C, Dedet JP, et al. The Relationship between Leishmaniasis and AIDS: The Second 10 Years.. Clinical Microbiology Review 2008;2:334-359.
Amato 2007
  • Amato VS, Tuon FF, Siqueira AM, Nicodemo AC, Neto VA. Treatment of mucosal leishmaniasis in Latin America: systematic review. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2007;77(2):266-274.
Arevalo 2001
  • Arevalo I, Ward B, Miller R, Meng TC, Najar E, Alvarez E, et al. Successful treatment of drug-resistant cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans by use of imiquimod, an immunomodulator. Clinical Infectious Diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2001;33(11):1847-1851.
Asilian 2004
  • Asilian A, Sharif A, Faghihi G, Enshaeieh Sh, Shariati F, Siadat AH. Evaluation of CO2 laser efficacy in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. International Journal of Dermatology 2004;43:736-738.
    Direct Link:
Aviles 1999
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Babajev 1991
  • Babajev KB, Babajev OG, Korepanov VI. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis using a carbon dioxide laser. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1991;69:103-106.
Badaro 2006
Baryza 1995
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Berman 1981
  • Berman JD, Neva FA. Effect of temperature on multiplication of Leishmania amastigotes within monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1981;30:318-321.
Berman 1996
Berman 2005
Bern 2006
  • Bern C, Adler-Moore J, Berenguer J, Boelaert M, den Boer M, Davidson RN, et al. Liposomal amphotericin B for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2006;43(7):917-924.
Brandao 1999
  • Brandao-Filho SP, Campbell-Lendrum D, Brito M, Shaw J, Davies C. Epidemiological surveys confirm an increasing burden of cutaneous leishmaniasis in north-east Brazil. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1999;93:488-494.
Bygby 2003
Chappuis 2007
  • Chappuis F, Sundar S, Hailu A, Ghalib H, Rijal S, Peeling RW, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis: what are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control?. Nature reviews. Microbiology 2007;5(11):873-882.
Croft 2003
Croft 2006
Davies 2000
  • Davies CR, Reithinger R, Campbell-Lendrum D, Feliciangeli D, Borges R, Rodriguez N. The epidemiology and control of leishmaniasis in Andean countries.. Cadernos de saúde pública / Ministério da Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública 2000;16(4):925-950.
Desjeux 1996
Dimier-David 1991
  • Dimier-David L, David C, Ravisse P, Bustillos R, Revollo S, Lyevre P, et al. Parasitological diagnosis of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania braziliensis in Bolivia. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 1991;24:231-234.
Escobar 1992
  • Escobar MA, Smith DS, Palma GI. American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (tegumentary): A diagnostic challenge. Tropical Doctor 1992;22 Suppl 1:69-78.
Falcoff 1994
  • Falcoff E, Taranto NJ, Remondegui CE, Dedet JP, Canini LM, Ripoll CM, et al. Clinical healing of antimony-resistant cutaneous or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis following the combined administration of interferon-gamma and pentavalent antimonial compounds. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1994;88(1):95-97.
Flynn 2005
  • Flynn B, Wang V, Sacks DL, Seder RA, Verthelyi D. Prevention and treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in primates by using synthetic type D/A oligodeoxynucleotides expressing CpG motifs. Infection and Immunity 2005;73(8):4948-4954.
Ghanem 1996
  • Ghanem BM, el-Shazly AM, Fawzy M, Arafa MA, Morsy TA. Allopurinol in the treatment of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 1996;26(3):619-628.
Glasziou 2007
González 2008
  • González U, Pinart M, Reveiz L, Alvar J. Interventions for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. [DOI: ]
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