Advocacy interventions to reduce or eliminate violence and promote the physical and psychosocial well-being of women who experience intimate partner abuse

Intimate partner abuse

For the purpose of this review, intimate partner abuse (also known as domestic violence) is defined as the abuse of a woman by a male or female partner who currently is, or formerly was, in an intimate relationship with her. Intimate partner abuse perpetrated against male partners or ex-partners also occurs, but it is not included in this review because the outcomes, and possibly the risks for partner violence, are likely to differ by gender. Most abuse with serious health and other consequences is committed by men against their female partners (Henwood 2000; Roe 2010). We also include abuse perpetrated by ex-partners in the review, since a woman is often at greatest risk when she is preparing to leave or has just left her partner (Brownridge 2006). Women who leave violent relationships often continue to be abused, sometimes because the partner pursues them or because they choose to return (Campbell 2003; Campbell 2004; Holt 2013; Mullen 1999; Shalansky 1999). It is estimated that between 65% and 75% of women killed by abusive partners are leaving or have already ended the relationship (Wilson 1993). Intimate partner abuse may take various forms, including physical violence (ranging from slaps, punches, and kicks to choking, armed assault with a weapon, and homicide), sexual violence (such as forced sex or forced participation in sexual acts), emotionally abusive behaviours (such as stalking, surveillance, threats of abuse, threats to remove children from the household, prohibiting a woman from seeing her family and friends, ongoing belittlement or humiliation, and intimidation), economic restrictions (such as preventing a woman from working, confiscating her earnings, restricting access to funds), and other controlling behaviours (Watts 2002). The different forms of abuse often coexist, but they may also occur in isolation (Hegarty 2006).

Partner abuse may also coexist with other forms of violence within families, such as child abuse or elder abuse, but such abuse is not the focus of this review.

Prevalence of intimate partner abuse

The 2010/11 British Crime Survey found that 27% of women in England and Wales had some experience with domestic violence after the age of 16 (Chaplin 2011). Repeat victimisation accounted for three-quarters (73%) of all such incidents. The global figure for prevalence of physical or intimate partner abuse reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) is 30% (WHO 2013a). Data collected in the United States in 2005 and in 2010 indicate that one out of every three to four women experience violence by a current or former partner at some point in their life, with 2 million injuries from intimate partner violence each year and nearly 18 million over their lifetimes (Black 2011; CDC 2008). The prevalence of intimate partner abuse among women seeking healthcare is higher than that of the general population (Feder 2009). In a primary care study, we found a lifetime experience of physical and sexual violence of 41%, with 17% of women experiencing such violence in the past year (Richardson 2002). Abuse of women by their partners is a global phenomenon, although most studies on it have taken place in industrialised countries (Krug 2002; Watts 2002). A WHO study that used standardised population-based household surveys showed a lifetime prevalence of physical or sexual intimate partner abuse of 15% to 71% in 10 low- and middle-income countries (Garcia-Moreno 2006), while more recently, WHO 2013a cites a range of 23% to 37% depending on the region of the world.

The impact of intimate partner abuse on women's health

Intimate partner abuse can have short-term and long-term negative health consequences for survivors even after the abuse has ended (Campbell 2002). World Development Reports and statements from the United Nations emphasise that such violence is a significant cause of death and disability on a global scale (Ingram 2005; World Bank 2006), and the WHO highlights violence against women as a priority health issue (Krug 2002).

On average, two women in England and Wales are killed each week by their current or former partners. In 2008 to 2009, this cause accounted for 53% of all female homicide cases (Smith 2010). In the United States, it is estimated that partner abuse results in approximately 1200 female deaths each year (CDC 2003). Percentages may be even higher in less industrialised countries; internationally, the WHO reports that between 40% and 70% of female murder victims (depending on the country) were killed by a current or former partner (Krug 2002). Across all countries with available data, the WHO reports that partner violence is responsible for an average of 38% of all homicides of women (WHO 2013a).

The impact of intimate partner abuse on health service usage

Women experiencing intimate partner abuse present to health services very frequently and require wide-ranging medical services (Campbell 2002; Davidson 2001; Plichta 2007). They are admitted to hospital more often than non-abused women and are prescribed more medication (Kernic 2000; Wisner 1999), particularly analgesia (Lo Fo Wong 2007). A Canadian study set in a hospital accident and emergency department showed that abused women access medical care three times more often than non-abused women (Ratner 1993). There is also evidence of a positive linear relationship between severity of abuse and the use of healthcare services (Koss 1991).

It is difficult to calculate the economic impact of intimate partner abuse, but the costs are high. The estimated total cost of domestic violence to the UK in monetary terms is GBP 23 billion per annum. This figure includes an estimated cost to the state of GBP 3.1 billion, a cost to employers of GBP 1.3 billion, and human suffering costs of GBP 17 billion (Walby 2004). Likewise, studies looking at healthcare plans in the United States have found average healthcare costs to be significantly higher among abused compared with non-abused women (Bonomi 2009b; Jones 2006). An Australian study estimated that in 2002 to 2003, the costs to the community were on the order of AUD 8.1 billion, with the main contributors being pain, suffering, and premature mortality (Access Economics 2004). In an update to that study, NCRVWC 2009 estimated that abuse of women resulted in a cost to the community of AUD 13.6 billion in 2009 to 2010 — again due mainly to pain, suffering, and premature mortality. Thus, in addition to the very serious individual health consequences associated with abuse, there are also wider economic implications for society.

Interventions to improve the health consequences for women who have experienced intimate partner abuse

Interventions may be primary, secondary, or tertiary. In the context of intimate partner abuse, primary interventions are concerned with preventing the onset of abuse, secondary interventions aim to prevent further abuse, and tertiary interventions deal with the consequences of abuse once it has ceased. This review focuses on secondary and tertiary interventions.

A range of interventions to help abused women have been evaluated. These may be classified as interventions aimed directly at the women (such as the provision of advocacy or therapy) and those aimed at improving the response of the professionals with whom they come into contact (such as the introduction of screening protocols or the provision of education and training on intimate partner abuse). In order to have clear evidence about what professionals can do to safely and effectively decrease the impact of intimate partner abuse on women, all such interventions need to be evaluated. To this end, we are conducting a suite of systematic reviews evaluating the effectiveness of interventions to improve the health outcomes of women who have experienced intimate partner abuse. This review examines the effectiveness of individual advocacy interventions. Our review of programmes to screen women for intimate partner violence has already been published (O'Doherty 2015).

Advocacy

In the context of domestic violence services, advocacy is a term that varies within and between countries, depending on institutional settings and historical developments around the role of advocates (Feder 2006a). Advocates, to whom women are often referred from doctors or other service providers, engage with abused women to empower them and liaise them with community services. In some health settings, they may also have a role in bringing about system change, catalysing increased recognition by clinicians of women experiencing abuse. For the purposes of this review we define the core activities of advocacy as:

• providing legal, housing, and financial advice;

• facilitating access to and use of community resources such as refuges or shelters, emergency housing, and psychological interventions;

• giving safety planning advice; and

• providing ongoing support and informal counselling.

A variety of advocates, including trained lay mentors, community, healthcare, and judicial service employees and volunteers, may deliver advocacy services for different time periods and at different intensities. Crisis or short-term advocacy is of brief duration and involves the advocate working with the abused woman for a limited period of time (although the woman may then be referred on to other more specialised agencies). The duration of such advocacy depends on the needs of the abused woman but generally can range from a single meeting up to about 12 hours (Metters 2009 [pers comm]). More intensive, long-term advocacy may involve weekly sessions for up to 12 months. We will explore the heterogeneous models of advocacy more deeply in the review itself, based on the descriptions of interventions in the primary studies.

Types of studies

Any randomised (i.e. random sequence generation) or quasi-randomised (i.e. alternate allocation, allocation by birth date) controlled trials (RCTs or quasi-RCTs) that allocated participants or clusters of participants to an advocacy intervention compared with no care or usual care.

Types of participants

Women aged 15 years and over who have experienced intimate partner abuse. Eligible studies could recruit women in healthcare settings as well as any other settings (such as criminal justice facilities, refuges/shelters, domestic violence agencies) if these studies reported data on health outcomes and if the findings were potentially transferable (e.g. if referral to an external advocacy agency was a plausible action by a healthcare professional).

Types of interventions

Any brief (less than 12 hours) or intensive (12 or more hours) advocacy intervention compared to no care or usual care.

Advocacy could be delivered either on an individual basis or in a group environment. We included studies if the intervention incorporated safety planning with the woman or facilitated access to and use of community resources, such as refuges or shelters, emergency housing, and psychological care. Provision of these services, either with or without ongoing informal support or counselling for the woman, was permissible. We also included studies where advocacy was evaluated as an adjunct to another intervention, such as the teaching of child management skills. In our earlier review we specified that multi-component intervention studies would only be included where advocacy was the sole difference between the two trial arms (e.g. both arms would receive intervention A, but only one arm would receive the second intervention of advocacy). For the present review, however, we also included trials evaluating multi-component interventions where advocacy plus some other form of intervention was compared with no care or usual care. The review team judged that this change was necessary given the increasing number of trials evaluating advocacy within the context of multi-component interventions.

Similarly, for this updated review we have also incorporated a more rigorous definition of 'usual care'. We have defined this as care typically offered in the study setting, with the condition that such care only includes a minimal element of advocacy (such as the provision of information cards or leaflets listing the addresses and telephone numbers of local support agencies), or, if more substantive advocacy is offered, then less than 20% of women in the control arm received such care. The review team judged that this change was necessary given the increasing use of advocacy as part of usual care.

Types of outcome measures

We used the incidence of physical, sexual, emotional, and overall abuse as primary outcomes in Summary of findings for the main comparison and Summary of findings 2, presenting findings for intensive advocacy interventions and brief advocacy interventions, respectively.

Electronic searches

We searched the following list of electronic databases for this updated review in October 2011. Since then, we have rerun the searches three times, most recently in April 2015 (except where noted). The exact search dates and strategies for each source are reported in Appendix 1. The search strategies for the previous version of the review (up to 2008) are reported in Appendix 2.

1. Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2015, Issue 3; part of The Cochrane Library, and which includes the Specialised Register of the Cochrane Developmental Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group).

2. Ovid MEDLINE (1948 to April Week 1 2015).

3. EMBASE (1980 to 2015 Week 9; Ovid).

4. PsycINFO (1806 to April Week 1 2015; Ovid).

5. CINAHL Plus (1937 to current; EBSCOhost).

6. ASSIA (1987 to current; Cambridge Scientific Abstracts). Last searched in April 2014, after which it was no longer available to us.

7. Social Science Citation Index (SSCI; 1970 to 13 April 2015; Web of Science).

8. International Bibliography of Social Sciences (IBSS; 1951 to current; ProQuest)

9. British Nursing Index (BNI; 1994 to current; Proquest). Last searched April 2014, after which it was no longer available to us.

10. Health Management Information Consortium (HMIC; 1979 to March 2015; Ovid).

11. Maternity and Infant Care (1971 to March 2015; Ovid).

12. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR; 2015, Issue 4; part of The Cochrane Library).

13. Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE; 2015, Issue 1; part of The Cochrane Library).

14. MetaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT; isrctn.com/page/mrct; all available years to March 2014). Not searched in April 2015 as website reported the service was "under review".

15. WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP; all available years; apps.who.int/trialsearch).

16. UK Clinical Research Network Study Portfolio (all available years; public.ukcrn.org.uk/search).

Searching other resources

Selection of studies

We ran the searches twice for the original review (Ramsay 2009); once in 2006 and again in July 2008. We ran the searches four times for this update (September/October 2011, March to August 2013, March to April 2014, and April 2015).

Two review authors (in 2006, JR and either CR or DD; in 2008, JR and GF; in 2013, JR and either LS or CR; in 2014, CR and KH; and in 2015, CR and CB) independently reviewed the abstracts of articles identified by the search. Where possible, review authors resolved disagreements by discussion. When they could not reach a consensus, a third review author (GF in all cases) decided whether the study potentially fulfilled the inclusion criteria. We sought additional information from two study investigators in order to resolve inclusion queries at the abstract stage for the original review (Trifone 1994) and this update (Grip 2011).

Two review authors retrieved the full articles for selected abstracts and independently assessed each of the articles against the inclusion criteria. For the original review, there were no disagreements between the two reviewers about the appropriateness of a study for inclusion in the review. At the update, the wider review team was called on to discuss the potential inclusion of four studies (Bair-Merritt 2010; Jouriles 2001; Jouriles 2009; Kiely 2010).

Data extraction and management

Working in pairs (JR, CR, DD, LS), one review author extracted data from included studies and entered it onto electronic collection forms, requesting any missing information from the first or corresponding authors of papers. We explicitly noted all instances of additional statistical data being provided by the study investigators in the text (see 'Effects of interventions'). A second author independently checked all data extractions. There were no new data extractions in 2015. The two review authors resolved all disagreements by discussion, and there was no need for adjudication by a third author. All relevant extracted data were entered into Review Manager (RevMan 2014).

We recorded the following information in the 'Characteristics of included studies' tables.

1. Methods: randomisation method, intention-to-treat analysis, and power calculation.

2. Participants: setting, country, inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, numbers recruited, numbers dropped out, numbers analysed, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status indicators, and educational background.

3. Interventions: brief descriptions of intervention (including frequency and duration of intervention events) and usual care provided.

4. Outcomes: timing of follow-up events, outcomes assessed, and scales used.

5. Notes: where necessary, further information to aid understanding of the study.

Assessment of risk of bias in included studies

Risk of bias was assessed independently by two review authors (JR and GF for the 2009 review, and JR and either LS or CR for the 2013/14/15 update) in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Higgins 2008a, Higgins 2008b). Review authors independently assessed the extent to which each study attempted to control for six potential types of bias and assigned ratings of 'low risk of bias', 'high risk of bias', or 'unclear risk of bias' accordingly. We assessed studies as being at overall high risk of bias when there were at least three criteria conferring high risk of bias, or when one or two criteria were associated with high risk of bias (red in Figure 1) and the number of criteria with an unclear risk (yellow in Figure 1) exceeded the number of criteria with a low risk (green in Figure 1). We defined low overall risk of bias as occurring when a study had no high risk indicators and a maximum of two criteria conferring uncertain risk. We classified all other studies as having a moderate or intermediate risk of bias.

Measures of treatment effect

Unit of analysis issues

For cluster-randomised controlled trials, where the clustering unit was an organisation (e.g. general practice), we used results directly from publications that accounted for clustering, or we contacted authors to provide results that accounted for clustering. Where clustering was by time period (e.g. weeks), we assumed that the intracluster correlation coefficient (ICC) would be small and did not account for clustering.

Dealing with missing data

Missing data and dropout rates were assessed for each of the included studies. The 'Characteristics of included studies' tables specify the number of participants included in the final analysis as a proportion of all participants in the study. Where available, we provided the reasons given for missing data in the narrative summary. We assessed the extent to which studies conformed to an intention-to-treat analysis. For dichotomous measures, we planned to run best case and worst case scenario analyses to estimate the effects of missing data on the results of all studies that were pooled. This meant that we were able to ascertain if observed effect sizes increased or decreased as a function of the extent of attrition in the two arms (intervention and control) of the trial. We tested four assumptions: that women who dropped out of the intervention would have improved outcomes while women who dropped out of the control arm would not; that women who dropped out from the intervention and control groups would both have improved outcomes; that women who dropped out of the intervention would not have improved outcomes while women who dropped out of the control arm would; and that neither women in the intervention nor in the control groups who dropped out would have improved outcomes.

Assessment of heterogeneity

There was considerable clinical heterogeneity across the studies in relation to differences in the intensity of the advocacy interventions provided, the severity of abuse experienced, the setting where advocacy was provided, the ethnicities (including whether minority or not) of participants, whether or not advocacy was part of a multi-component intervention, and the outcomes measured. There was also considerable methodological heterogeneity with regard to randomisation, control arm design, follow-up timing, and scales for measuring outcomes, which were often not comparable. For example, some studies reported a total score for an outcome, while others reported only the subscale totals of different measures.

For studies included in a meta-analysis, we assessed the consistency of results visually and by examining the I² statistic, which estimates the proportion of variation in point measures due to heterogeneity rather than sampling error (Higgins 2002).

Assessment of reporting biases

The small absolute number of studies that could be pooled in this review precluded the use of funnel plots. Please see Table 1 for methods archived for future updates of this review.

Data synthesis

Where comparable data were available, we planned to perform meta-analyses. The decision whether to pool data in this way was determined by the comparability of populations and interventions (clinical heterogeneity); the duration of follow-up (methodological heterogeneity); and the outcomes being used in the primary studies (see 'Assessment of heterogeneity'). Where it was inappropriate to combine the data in a meta-analysis, we have presented the effect sizes and 95% CIs for individual outcomes in individual studies. Fixed-effect models were used in all analyses given that all meta-analyses were based on subsets of studies that were deemed clinically heterogeneous.

Subgroup analysis and investigation of heterogeneity

We did not identify enough studies meeting our criteria to perform subgroup analyses as planned in the protocol for this review. Methods archived for future updates appear in Table 1.

Sensitivity analysis

We did not identify enough studies meeting our criteria to perform sensitivity analyses as planned in the protocol for this review. Methods archived for future updates appear in Table 1.

Results of the search

See Figure 2 for the flow diagram.

We ran initial searches in 2006 for a much wider 'scoping' review of the intervention literature around intimate partner abuse. For this broad search, we found approximately 17,700 records. One of the questions we addressed in the scoping review was whether women-centred interventions (advocacy, support groups, and psychological approaches) were effective in helping to improve the health and well-being of abused women and their children; we assessed 228 full papers in order to address this question. Of these, 10 RCTs (2 of which were quasi-RCTs; McFarlane 2000; McFarlane 2006), reported in 18 articles, met inclusion criteria for this review.

We re-ran our searches in a more focused manner in July 2008, identifying a total of 1021 records. As a result of this search, we assessed the full text of two additional papers (both of which were subsequently excluded, one because it had no intervention and one because it considered HIV/STDs, with no separate data for abused women).

For the present update, we initially re-ran the searches in September 2011 and then again in March 2013 (with two databases being searched in June and August 2013), March 2014 (with two databases searched in April 2014), and April 2015. We found a total of 11,112 records. Sixty-two full-text articles were identified for further review, and of these, we selected five new RCTs for inclusion in the review. We also found three additional studies, but these are not included in this update because of unavailable subgroup data for Bair-Merritt 2010, and unavailable data for Niolon 2009 and Prosman 2014. All three studies are currently awaiting assessment (Studies awaiting classification).

Four potentially relevant but still ongoing studies have been identified since the original review (Lako 2013; NCT01207258; NCT01661504; NCT00465556), but data are not yet available for these. We aim to include these in the next update if relevant.

Included studies

Thirteen studies, reported in 21 papers, met the criteria for inclusion in this review (Constantino 2005; Cripe 2010; Gillum 2009; Hyman 2001; Kiely 2010; McFarlane 2000; McFarlane 2006; Sullivan 1991; Sullivan 1992; Sullivan 2002; Taft 2011; Tiwari 2005; Tiwari 2010). Where studies report data in more than one paper, we only use the primary reference (or the paper deemed most relevant if published within the same year).

All but two included studies were RCTs; the quasi-RCTs were McFarlane 2000 and McFarlane 2006. In 10 studies, the women were the unit of randomisation (Constantino 2005; Cripe 2010; Gillum 2009; Hyman 2001; Kiely 2010; Sullivan 1991; Sullivan 1992, Sullivan 2002; Tiwari 2005; Tiwari 2010). Three studies were cluster-randomised (McFarlane 2000; McFarlane 2006; Taft 2011). McFarlane and colleagues used a method whereby the weeks or months were randomly allocated to intervention and control, and then the women were allocated according to the month (McFarlane 2000) or week (McFarlane 2006) they presented to a healthcare facility, while Taft 2011 used the site as the unit of randomisation. Four trials were pilot studies (Constantino 2005; Cripe 2010; Gillum 2009; Sullivan 1991). Nine of the studies were conducted in the USA (Constantino 2005; Gillum 2009; Hyman 2001; Kiely 2010; McFarlane 2000; McFarlane 2006; Sullivan 1991; Sullivan 1992; Sullivan 2002), two in Hong Kong (Tiwari 2005; Tiwari 2010), one in Australia (Taft 2011), and one in Peru (Cripe 2010). All trials took place in urban areas.

With the exception of one trial, published as a PhD dissertation (Hyman 2001), all remaining studies were published in peer-reviewed journals.

Excluded studies

For this update we excluded 48 reports (43 studies) after examining the full text. We excluded 16 on grounds of design (i.e. they were not RCTs or quasi-RCTs) (Anderson 2012; Andrews 2011; Coker 2012; Davidson 2012; Dichter 2012; Ford-Gilboe 2011; Grip 2011; Jack 2012; Kendall 2009; Kramer 2012; Krishnan 2012; Orchowski 2012; Peled 2010; Simmons 2011; Song 2010; Stover 2010); 18 because the interventions did not meet our criteria for being advocacy-based (Bloom 2014; Carlson 2012; Eden 2015; Graham-Bermann 2013; Hirani 2010; Houry 2011; Humphreys 2011; James 2014; Johnson 2011; Koziol-McLain 2015; Kyegombe 2014; Lindsay 2013; Miller 2011; Miller 2014; Saftlas 2014; Valpied 2014; Wagman 2015; Zlotnick 2011); two because the control groups also received advocacy (Jouriles 2009; Tiwari 2010); one because it did not test advocacy (Feder 2011); and one because the control group did not receive usual care (DePrince 2012). We also excluded one potentially relevant study because the women were not abused (Cupples 2011), and four studies for lack of available data on the subset of women who had experienced abuse (Andersson 2013; El-Mohandes 2011; Robinson-Whelen 2014; Saggurti 2014).

In addition, we excluded two studies that had featured in the original review following a change in our definition of 'usual care' (i.e. studies where usual care included more substantial elements of advocacy); we excluded McFarlane 2002 on the basis of information provided in the published paper, and Jouriles 2001 after communication with one of the authors about the content of the care offered to participants in the control arm of the trial. Furthermore, we list some studies published in 2007 to 2008 as excluded in this version of the review but not in the previous version, despite having been picked up with the previous search (Bacchus 2007; Becker 2008; El-Mohandes 2008; McLelland 2008). This is because we wanted to make the reasons for their exclusion explicit, taking into consideration recent discussions around definitions of advocacy.

It should be noted that although we excluded El-Mohandes 2008 and El-Mohandes 2011 from this review, the relevant data were published in a subsequent paper that is included in the review (Kiely 2010); see 'Characteristics of included studies' for further details.

For more information, please see 'Characteristics of excluded studies' tables.

Allocation

Blinding

Blinding participants or those delivering advocacy interventions is not feasible.

Five of the trials provided details of the measures taken to ensure blinded assessment of the primary outcomes. Four of these studies provided explicit details on blinding: Hyman 2001 and Kiely 2010 each stated that the researchers did not have any information about randomisation status, while Tiwari 2005 and Tiwari 2010 stated that the researchers did not become aware of the women's randomisation status until after collecting all follow-up data, when the women started answering questions about their satisfaction with the care. The fifth trial did not explicitly assert the extent of blinded assessment, but we thought it was satisfactory on the basis of statements in the paper, which remarked that the postintervention interviewers were different to the interviewers who collected baseline data and provided the intervention (Cripe 2010).

There was no blinded assessment in four of the trials. Sullivan 1991 stated that the follow-up interviews with women who received advocacy were longer and included questions about the programme, thus the researchers must have been aware of the women's randomisation status. McFarlane 2006 stated that budget limitations precluded the use of blinding, and Taft 2011 stated that the outcome assessors were not blinded, as they had also negotiated informed consent and fully briefed participants about the mentoring programme. Similarly, in Gillum 2009, the outcome assessors could not have been blinded as they also collected baseline data and provided an initial face-to-face counselling session for women in the intervention group. The other four studies did not provide sufficient explicit information to enable a judgement on the blinding of assessors, so we judged them to be at unclear risk of detection bias.

Incomplete outcome data

One study was successful in retaining all of the women they recruited (Tiwari 2010). All other studies reported losses over time. In 11 of the remaining 12 trials, losses to follow-up ranged from 2.5% in Sullivan 2002 to 27% in Taft 2011. One trial reported a higher loss of 48% of its recruited sample, so these results need to be interpreted with caution (Hyman 2001). We judged six of the trials to have a low risk of attrition bias (Cripe 2010; Gillum 2009; McFarlane 2006; Sullivan 2002; Tiwari 2005; Tiwari 2010). However, five studies carried a high risk of bias (Constantino 2005; Hyman 2001; Sullivan 1991; Sullivan 1992, Taft 2011). In two cases, and although investigators provided reasons for attrition, group allocation might have had an effect on dropout (Constantino 2005; Hyman 2001). We had difficulty in assessing the significance of attrition in Sullivan 1991 and Sullivan 1992. In the former, there was a large difference in attrition between groups. This was accounted for by participants becoming 'ineligible', as they had to receive at least three weeks of services and had dropped out (three because they had returned to their abusers). This may have influenced the effect sizes of outcomes. However, we note that the poor attrition is a function of the study design, where women had to attend at least three advocacy sessions to be eligible, a condition which could not apply to women allocated to the control group. Similar arguments also apply to Sullivan 1992. Finally, two trials reported testing to see whether attrition had a potential effect on results (Kiely 2010; McFarlane 2000). Neither study reported any significant differences, but they did not report sufficient details about the reasons for attrition or if its relation to group allocation, so we judged the risk of attrition bias to be unclear.

Selective reporting

In the review authors' judgement, there was no indication of selective outcome reporting by study investigators. All primary outcome measures described in the methods were also reported in the 'Results' sections of papers. On occasion, we required the data in a different format to that provided in the paper and, where possible, the investigators made such data readily available.

Other potential sources of bias

Primary outcomes

Secondary outcomes

Cochrane Central Database of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, part of The Cochrane Library)

2011, Issue 3; searched 4 October 2011. Limited by publication year [45 records]
2013, Issue 2; searched 7 March 2013. Limited by publication year [17 records]
2014, Issue 1; searched 27 March 2014. Limited by publication year [6 records]
2015, Issue 4; searched 23 April 2015. Limited by publication year [6 records]

#1(battered wom*n)
#2MeSH descriptor: [Battered Women] explode all trees
#3MeSH descriptor: [Domestic Violence] this term only
#4MeSH descriptor: [Spouse Abuse] this term only
#5abuse near/3 (woman or women)
#6abuse* near/3 partner*
#7abuse* near/3 spouse*
#8wife near/3 batter* or wives near/3 batter*
#9wife* near/3 abuse* or wives near/3 abuse*
#10violen* near/3 partner* or violen* near/3 spous*
#11violen* near/3 date or violen* near/3 dating
#12#1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11
#13child abuse
#14MeSH descriptor: [Child Abuse] this term only
#15MeSH descriptor: [Child Abuse, Sexual] this term only
#16#13 or #14 or #15
#17#12 not #16
#18wom*n or female*
#19MeSH descriptor: [Women] this term only
#20adolescen* or teen*
#21MeSH descriptor: [Adolescent] this term only
#22#18 or #19 or #20 or #21
#23advocacy
#24MeSH descriptor: [Patient Advocacy] this term only
#25MeSH descriptor: [Consumer Advocacy] explode all trees
#26counsel*
#27MeSH descriptor: [Counseling] explode all trees
#28social work
#29MeSH descriptor: [Social Work] explode all trees
#30mentor*
#31MeSH descriptor: [Mentors] this term only
#32crisis intervention
#33MeSH descriptor: [Crisis Intervention] this term only
#34risk assessment
#35MeSH descriptor: [Risk Assessment] this term only
#36MeSH descriptor: [Social Welfare] explode all trees
#37social welfare
#38social support
#39MeSH descriptor: [Social Support] this term only
#40help seeking
#41information giving
#42give near/3 information
#43advice giving
#44give near/3 advice or giving near/3 advice
#45patient education
#46MeSH descriptor: [Patient Education as Topic] this term only
#47MeSH descriptor: [Health Education] explode all trees
#48safety
#49MeSH descriptor: [Safety] explode all trees
#50women's health
#51MeSH descriptor: [Women's Health] explode all trees
#52#23 or #24 or #25 or #26 or #27 or #28 or #29 or #30 or #31 or #32 or #33 or #34 or #35 or #36 or #37 or #38 or #39 or #40 or #41 or #42 or #43 or #44 or #45 or #46 or #47 or #48 or #49 or #50 or #51
#53#17 and #22 and #52
#54#53 from 2008 to 2011 (Limits applied October 2011)
#55#53 from 2011 to 2013 (Limits applied March 2013)
#56#53 from 2013 to 2014 (Limits applied March 2014)
#57#53 from 2014 to 2015 (Limits applied April 2015)

Ovid MEDLINE

1948 to September Week 3 searched 4 October 2011. Limited by date added [838 records]
1946 to February Week 4 2013 searched 7 March 2013. Limited by date added [354 records]
1946 to March Week 3 2014 searched 27 March 2014. Limited by date added [241 records]
1946 to April Week 3 2015 searched 23 April 2015. Limited by date added [74 records]

1 Battered Women/
2 Domestic Violence/
3 Spouse abuse/
4 battered women.tw.
5 (abus$ adj3 partner$).tw.
6 (abus$ adj3 wom#n$).tw.
7 (abus$ adj3 spous$).tw.
8 ((wife or wives) adj3 batter$).tw.
9 ((wife or wives) adj3 abuse$).tw.
10 (violen$ adj3 partner$).tw.
11 (violen$ adj3 spous$).tw.
12 (violen$ adj3 (date or dating)).tw.
13 or/1-12
14 exp child abuse/
15 child$ abus$.tw.
16 (child adj3 abus$ adj3 sex$).tw.
17 or/14-16
18 13 not 17
19 Women/
20 Females/
21 (woman or women or female$).tw.
22 (adolescen$ or teen$).tw.
23 Adolescent/
24 or/19-23
25 Advocacy.tw.
26 exp Patient Advocacy/
27 exp Consumer Advocacy/
28 mentor$.tw.
29 exp Mentors/
30 exp Crisis Intervention/
31 Crisis Intervention.tw.
32 exp Patient Advocacy/
33 exp Consumer Advocacy/
34 exp Counseling/
35 counsel$.tw.
36 Social Work/
37 social work$.tw.
38 exp Risk Assessment/
39 risk assessment.tw.
40 exp Social Welfare/
41 social welfare.tw.
42 Social Support/
43 social support.tw.
44 help seeking.tw.
45 information giving.tw.
46 giving information.tw.
47 (giv$ adj3 information).tw.
48 advice giving.tw.
49 ((give or giving) adj3 advice).tw.
50 Patient Education as Topic/
51 exp Health Education/
52 patient educat$.tw.
53 health educat$.tw.
54 exp Safety/
55 safety.tw.
56 womens health.tw.
57 Women's Health/
58 or/25-57
59 18 and 24 and 58
60 limit 59 to ed=20080801-20111003 (Limits applied October 2011)
61 limit 59 to ed=20111001-20130307 (Limits applied March 2013)
62 limit 59 to ed=20130301-20140327 (Limits applied March 2014)
63 limit 59 to ed=20140301-20150423 (Limits applied April 2015)

EMBASE (Ovid)

1980 to 2011 Week 39 searched 3 October 2011. Limited by publication year [777 records]
1980 to 2013 Week 09 searched 7 March 2013. Limited by publication year [485 records]
1980 to 2014 Week 12 searched 27 March 2014. Limited by date added [431 records]
1980 to 2015 Week 17 searched 23 April 2015. Limited by date added [309 records]

1 battered women.tw.
2 Battered Women/
3 domestic violence/ or partner violence/ or family violence/ or battering/
4 (abuse adj3 (woman or women)).tw.
5 (abuse$ adj3 partner$).tw.
6 (abuse$ adj3 spouse$).tw.
7 ((wife or wives) adj3 batter$).tw.
8 ((wife or wives) adj3 abuse$).tw.
9 (violen$ adj3 partner$).tw.
10 (violen$ adj3 spous$).tw.
11 (violen$ adj3 (date or dating)).tw.
12 or/1-11
13 child abuse.tw.
14 child abuse/ or child abuse, sexual/
15 12 not (13 or 14)
16 (woman or women or female$).tw.
17 Women/
18 Female/
19 (adolescen$ or teen$).tw.
20 Adolescent/
21 or/16-20
22 advocacy.tw.
23 exp Patient Advocacy/
24 exp Consumer Advocacy/
25 counsel$.tw.
26 exp Patient Counseling/
27 social work.tw.
28 exp Social Work/
29 mentor$.tw.
31 crisis intervention.tw.
32 exp Crisis Intervention/
33 risk assessment.tw.
34 exp Risk Assessment/
35 exp Social Welfare/
36 social welfare.tw.
37 social support.tw.
38 exp social support/
39 help seeking.tw.
40 information giving.tw.
41 (give adj3 information).tw.
42 advice giving.tw. (127)
43 ((give or giving) adj3 advice).tw.
44 patient education.tw.
45 exp Patient Education/
46 exp Health Education/
47 safety.tw.
48 exp Safety/
49 patient safety/
50 Womens health.tw.
51 or/22-50
52 15 and 21 and 51
53 limit 52 to yr="2008 -Current" (Limits applied October 2011)
54 limit 52 to yr="2011 - Current" (Limits applied March 2013)
55 limit 52 to em=201309-2014 (Limits applied March 2014)
56 limit 52 to em=201403-2015 (Limits applied April 2015)

PsycINFO (Ovid)

1806 to September Week 04 2011 searched 4 October 2011. Limited by publication year 2008 to current [512 records]
1806 to March Week 1 2013 searched 8 March 2013. Limited by date added 20111005 to 2013308 [213 records]
1806 to March Week 04 2014 searched 27 March 2014. Limited by date added 20130301 to 20140327 [157 records]
1806 to April Week 03 2015 searched 23 April 2015. Limited by date added 20140301 to 20150423 [201 records]

1 Battered Females/
2 Domestic Violence/
3 Partner Abuse/
4 Intimate Partner Violence/
5 battered women*.tw.
6 (abus$ adj5 partner$).tw.
7 (abus$ adj5 wom#n$).tw.
8 (abus$ adj5 spous$).tw.
9 ((wife or wives) adj5 batter$).tw.
10 ((wife or wives) adj5 abus$).tw.
11 (violen$ adj5 partner$).tw.
12 (violen$ adj5 spous$).tw.
13 (violen$ adj5 (date or dating)).tw.
14 or/1-13
15 exp child abuse/
16 child$ abus$.tw.
17 (child adj3 abus$ adj3 sex$).tw.
18 or/15-17
19 14 not 18
20 exp Human Females/
21 human females/ or mothers/ or wives/
22 (WOM#N or GIRL$ or FEMALE$).tw.
23 (adolescen$ or teen$).tw.
24 adolescence 13 17 yrs.ag.
25 21 or 22 or 23 or 24
26 Advocacy/
27 Advocacy.tw.
28 mentor/
29 mentor$.tw.
30 exp Crisis Intervention/
31 Crisis Intervention.tw.
32 exp Risk Assessment/
33 risk assessment.tw.
34 social casework/
35 social welfare$.tw.
36 social support/
37 social support.tw.
38 help seeking behavior/
39 help seeking.tw.
40 (giv$ adj3 (advice$ or information$)).tw.
41 patient education.tw.
42 client education/
43 health education/
44 exp safety/
45 safety$.tw.
46 womens health.tw.
47 or/26-46
48 19 and 25 and 47

CINAHL PLus (EBSCOhost)

1937 to current searched 3 October 2011. Limited by date added [975 records]
1937 to current searched 7 March 2013. Limited by date added [437 records]
1937 to current searched 28 March 2014. Limited by date added [367 records]
1937 to current searched 23 April 2015. Limited by date added [235 records]

S55 S49 and S54 (Limits applied March 2014)
S54 EM >=20130301
S53 S49 and S52 (Limits applied March 2013)
S52 EM >=20111005
S51 S49 and S50 (Limits applied October 2011)
S50 EM >=20080730
S49 S8 and S18 and S48
S48 S19 or S20 or S21 or S22 or S23 or S24 or S25 or S26 or S27 or S28 or
S29 or S30 or S31 or S32 or S33 or S34 or S35 or S36 or S37 or S38 or S39
or S40 or S41 or S42 or S43 or S44 or S45 or S46 or S47
S47 women* health service*
S46 (MH "Women's Health Services")
S45 (MH "Women's Health")
S44 social work*
S43 (MH "Social Work+")
S42 (MH "Patient Safety+") OR (MH "Safety+")
S41 safety
S40 patient* education
S39 health education
S38 (MH "Health Education+")
S37 (MH "Patient Education+")
S36 (giv* information* ) or (give* advice*)
S35 help seek* or help seek*
S34 (MH "Help Seeking Behavior")
S33 (MH "Social Networks")
S32 (MH "Support, Psychosocial") OR (MH "Social Capital")
S31 social welfare*
S30 (MH "Social Welfare")
S29 risk assessment*
S28 crisis intervention*
S27 (MH "Risk Assessment")
S26 (MH "Crisis Intervention+")
S25 mentor*
S24 (MH "Mentorship")
S23 S21 or S22
S22 counsel*
S21 (MH "Counseling")
S20 advocacy
S19 (MH "Consumer Advocacy") OR (MH "Patient Advocacy")
S18 S13 or S14 or S15 or S16 or S17
S17 teen* or adolescen*
S16 AG adolescent
S15 (MH "Mothers")
S14 (MH "Women")
S13 woman* or women* or female*
S12 S8 NOT S11
S11 S9 or S10
S9 (MH "Child Abuse") OR (MH "Child Abuse, Sexual")
S8 S1 or S2 or S3 or S4 or S5 or S6 or S7
S7 (violen* N5 partner*) or (violen* N5 spous*) or (violen* N5 date)
S6 (wife* N5 batter*) or (wife* N5 abus*) or (wives* N5 batter*)
S5 (ABUS* N5 WOMEN*) or (ABUS* N5 woman*) OR (Abus* N5 PARTNER*) OR (ABUS*
N5 SPOUS*)
S4 battered women*
S3 (MH "Domestic Violence")
S2 (MH "Intimate Partner Violence")
S1 (MH "Battered Women")

ASSIA (Cambridge Scientific Abstracts)

1987 to current. Searched 1 August 2013 and 14 April 2014. Not available in April 2015

((((KW=((abuse* within 3 (wom?n or partner* or spous* or wife or wives)) or (batter* within 3 (wom?n or partner* or spous* or wife or wives)) or (violen* within 3 (wom?n or partner* or spous* or wife or wives))) orKW=((family violence) or (domestic violence) or (dat* violence))) and not (KW=((child* within 3 abuse) or (child* within 3 sex* within 3 abuse) or (child* within 3 maltreatment))))) and ((KW=((wom?n or female* or mother*) or (adolescen* or teen*)))) and ((KW=((advocacy or counsel* or mentor*) or (crisis within 3 (intervention or management)) or (risk within 3 assessment)) or KW=((social within 3 (support or welfare)) or (help within 3 seek*) or(giv* within 3 (information or advice))) orKW=((safety) or (education within 3 (patient or health)))))

Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI; Web of Science)

1970 to current searched 4 October 2011. Limited by publication year. 2008 to 2011 [924 records]
1970 to 6 March 2013 searched 8 March 2013. Limited by date. 5 October 2011 to 8 March 2013 [554 records]
1970 to 26 March 2014 searched 27 March 2014. Limited by publication year. 2013 to 2014 [253 records]
1970 to 23 April 2015 searched 23 April 2015. Limited by publication year. 2014 to 2015 [202 records]

# 6 #5 AND #4 AND #3
Databases=SSCI
Lemmatization=Off

# 5 TS=(advoca*) or TS=(counsel*) or TS=(mentor*) or TS=(Risk SAME Assessment) or TS=(social welfare) or TS==(Social SAMESupport) or TS=(help* SAME seek*) or TS=(giv* SAME advice) or TS=(Patient SAME Education) or TS=(safety)
Databases=SSCI
Lemmatization=Off

# 4 TS=(adolescen* or teen*) or TS=(mother*) or TS=(female*) or TS=(wom*n )
Databases=SSCI
Lemmatization=Off

# 3 #1 not #2
Databases=SSCI
Lemmatization=Off

# 2 TS=(child SAME abuse) or TS=(child* SAME abuse* SAME sexual*)
Databases=SSCI
Lemmatization=Off

# 1 TS=(batter* SAME wom*n) or TS=(batter* SAME spous*) or TS=(batter* SAME partner*) or TS=(batter* SAME wife) or TS=(batter* wives) or TS=(abuse* SAME wom*n) or TS=(abuse* SAME spous*) or TS=(abuse* SAME partner*) or TS=(abuse* SAME wife) or TS=(abuse* wives) or TS=(violen* SAME wom*n) or TS=(violen* SAME spous*) or TS=(violen* SAME partner*) or TS=(violen* SAME wife) or TS=(violen* wives) or TS=(domestic violence) or TS=(dat* SAME violen*)
Databases=SSCI
Lemmatization=Off

International Bibliography of Social Sciences (IBSS; ProQuest)

1951 to current searched 4 October 2011. Limited by publication year 2008 to 2011 [26 records]*
1951 to current searched 7 March 2013. Limited by publication year 2008 to 2013 [259 records]*
1951 to current searched 28 March 2014. LImited by publication year 2013 to 2014 [35 records]
1951 to current searched 23 April 2015. LImited by publication year 2014 to 2015 [5 records]

((TI(crisis near/3 (intervention or management)) or TI(risk near/3 assessment) or TI(social near/3 (support or welfare)) or TI(help near/3 seek*) or TI(giv* near/3 (information or advice))) OR (AB(crisis near/3 (intervention or management)) or AB (risk near/3 assessment) or AB(social near/3 (support or welfare)) or AB (help near/3 seek*) or AB (giv* near/3 (information or advice)))) AND (((TI((wom*n or female* or mother*) or (adolescen* or teen*))) OR (AB((wom*n or female* or mother*) or (adolescen* or teen*)))) AND ((TI((family violence) or (domestic violence) or (dat* violence))) OR (AB((family violence) or (domestic violence) or (dat* violence))) OR ((TI((violen* near/3 (wom*n or partner* or spous* or wife or wives)))) OR (AB((violen* near/3 (wom*n or partner* or spous* or wife or wives)))) OR (AB((batter* near/3 (wom*n or partner* or spous* or wife or wives)))) OR (TI((batter* near/3 (wom*n or partner* or spous* or wife or wives)))) OR ((TI((abuse* near/3 (wom*n or partner* or spous* or wife or wives)))) OR (AB((abuse* near/3 (wom*n or partner* or spous* or wife or wives))))) OR (TI((abuse* near/3 (wom*n or partner* or spous* or wife or wives)))) OR (AB((abuse* near/3 (wom*n or partner* or spous* or wife or wives)))))) AND (TI((wom*n or female* or mother*) or (adolescen* or teen*))) AND (AB((wom*n or female* or mother*) or (adolescen* or teen*))))

* The number of records found by the 2011 search seemed very small, so the search was repeated for years 2008 onwards in 2013.

British Nursing Index (BNI; ProQuest)

Searched 1 August 2013 (2008 to 1 August 2013) [244 records]

1.(BATTERED ADJ WOMEN).TI,AB.
2.DOMESTIC-VIOLENCE.DE.
3.(ABUS$ NEAR (WOM$ OR SPOUS$)).TI,AB.
4.(ABUS$ NEAR (PARTNER$ OR WIFE OR WIVES)).TI,AB.
5.(BATTER$ NEAR (PARTNER$ OR WIFE OR WIVES)).TI,AB.
6.(BATTER$ NEAR (WOM$ OR SPOUS$)).TI,AB.
7.(VIOLEN$ NEAR (PARTNER$ OR WIFE OR WIVES)).TI,AB.
8.(VIOLEN$ NEAR (WOM$ OR SPOUS$)).TI,AB.
9.(VIOLEN$3 NEAR DAT$3).TI,AB.
10.1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7 OR 8 OR 9
11.(CHILD ADJ ABUSE).TI,AB.
12.CHILD-ABUSE-AND-NEGLECT.DE. OR CHILD-ABUSE-SEXUAL.DE.
13.10 NOT (11 OR 12)

Searched 14 April 2014. Limited by publication date: 1 August 2013 to 14 April 2014 [52 records]

((TI,AB("battered women") OR SU.EXACT("Domestic Violence") OR TI,AB((abus*) NEAR (wom* or spous*)) OR TI,AB((abus*) NEAR (partner* OR wife OR wives)) OR TI,AB((batter*) NEAR (partner* OR wife or wives)) OR TI,AB((batter*) NEAR (wom* OR spous*)) OR TI,AB((violen*) NEAR (partner* OR wife OR wives)) OR TI,AB((violen*) NEAR (wom* OR spous*)) OR TI,AB((violen*) NEAR (dat*3)) OR TI,AB((batter*) NEAR (wom*))) NOT (TI,AB((child*) near (abus*)) OR SU.EXACT("Child Abuse ") OR SU.EXACT("Child Abuse and Neglect"))) AND pd(20130801-20140414)

Health Management Information Consortium (HMIC; Ovid)

1979 to July 2011 searched October 2011. Limited by publication year 2008 to 2011 [41 records]
1979 to January 2013 searched 7 March 2013. Limited by publication year 2011 to 2013 [23 records]
1979 to January 2014 searched 27 March 2014. Limited by publication year 2013 to 2014 [9 records]
1979 to January 2015 searched 23 April 2015. Limited by publication year 2014 to 2015 [1 record]

1 domestic violence/ or partner abuse/
2 ((violen$ adj3 dat$) or (violen$ adj3 domestic) or (violen$ adj3 family) or ((violen$ adj3 spous$) or (violen$ adj3 partner$) or (violen$ adj3 wi$)) or ((abuse$ adj3 partner$) or (abuse$ adj3 wi$) or (violen$ adj3 wom$n)) or ((batter$ adj3 wi$) or (abuse$ adj3 wom$n) or (abuse$ adj3 spous$)) or ((batter$ adj3 wom#n) or (batter$ adj3 spous$) or (batter$ adj3 partner$))).mp. [mp=title, other title, abstract, heading words]
3 1 or 2
4 Crisis intervention/
5 exp risk assessment/
6 counselling/
7 social welfare/
8 Social work/
9 Patient education/
10 Health education/
11 Mentoring/
12 Social support/
13 Safety/
14 exp Womens health/
15 advocacy/ or patient advocacy/
16 Advocacy.tw.
17 mentor$.tw.
18 Crisis Intervention.tw.
19 counsel$.tw.
20 social work$.tw.
21 risk assessment.tw.
22 social welfare.tw.
23 social support.tw.
24 help seeking.tw.
25 information giving.tw.
26 giv$ information.tw.
27 advice giving.tw.
28 giv$ advice.tw.
29 patient educat$.tw.
30 health educat$.tw.
31 safety.tw.
32 womens health.tw.
33 or/4-32
34 3 and 33

Maternity and Infant Care* (Ovid)

1971 to September 2011. Searched 3 October 2011. Limited by publication year [458 records]
1971 to February 2013. Searched 7 March 2013. Limited by date added [178 records]
1971 to January 2014. Searched 7 March 2014. Limited by date added [70 records]
1971 to January 2015. Searched 23 April 2015. Limited by date added [0 records]

1 battered women.tw.
2 Domestic violence.de.
3 (abus$ adj3 (women or woman or spous$)).tw.
4 (ABUS$ adj3 (PARTNER$ or WIFE or WIVES)).tw.
5 (BATTER$ adj3 (PARTNER$ or WIFE or WIVES)).tw.
6 (batter$ adj3 (women or woman or spous$)).tw.
7 (VIOLEN$ adj3 (PARTNER$ or WIFE or WIVES)).tw.
8 (violen$ adj3 (woman or women or spous$)).tw.
9 (violen$ adj3 dat$).tw.
10 or/1-9
11 Child abuse.de.
12 (child adj3 abus$).tw.
13 11 or 12
14 10 not 13
15 limit 14 to yr="2007 - Current" (Limits applied October 2011)
16 limit 14 to up=20111005-20130307 (Limits applied March 2013)
17 limit 14 to up=20130301-20140327 (Limits applied March 2014)
18 limit 14 to up=20140301-20150423 (Limits applied April 2015)

*Maternity and Infant Care (MIC) replaces MIDIRS, which was last searched for this review in December 2006. MIDIRS is incorporated into MIC.

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR, part of The Cochrane Library)

2014, Issue 4; searched 27 March 2014. All available years were searched [4 records]
2015, Issue 4; searched 23 April 2015. Limited by publication year [4 records]

#1(battered wom*n):ti,ab
#2MeSH descriptor: [Battered Women] explode all trees
#3MeSH descriptor: [Domestic Violence] this term only
#4MeSH descriptor: [Spouse Abuse] this term only
#5(abuse near/3 (woman or women)):ti,ab
#6(abuse* near/3 partner*):ti,ab
#7(abuse* near/3 spouse*):ti,ab
#8(wife near/3 batter* or wives near/3 batter*):ti,ab
#9(wife* near/3 abuse* or wives near/3 abuse*):ti,ab
#10(violen* near/3 partner* or violen* near/3 spous*):ti,ab
#11(violen* near/3 date or violen* near/3 dating):ti,ab
#12#1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11
#13(child next abuse):ti,ab
#14MeSH descriptor: [Child Abuse] this term only
#15MeSH descriptor: [Child Abuse, Sexual] this term only
#16#13 or #14 or #15
#17#12 not #16
#18(wom*n or female*):ti,ab
#19MeSH descriptor: [Women] this term only
#20(adolescen* or teen*):ti,ab
#21MeSH descriptor: [Adolescent] this term only
#22#18 or #19 or #20 or #21
#23advocacy:ti,ab
#24MeSH descriptor: [Patient Advocacy] this term only
#25MeSH descriptor: [Consumer Advocacy] explode all trees
#26counsel*:ti,ab
#27MeSH descriptor: [Counseling] explode all trees
#28social work:ti,ab
#29MeSH descriptor: [Social Work] explode all trees
#30mentor*:ti,ab
#31MeSH descriptor: [Mentors] this term only
#32crisis intervention:ti,ab
#33MeSH descriptor: [Crisis Intervention] this term only
#34risk assessment:ti,ab
#35MeSH descriptor: [Risk Assessment] this term only
#36MeSH descriptor: [Social Welfare] explode all trees
#37social welfare:ti,ab
#38social support:ti,ab
#39MeSH descriptor: [Social Support] this term only
#40help seeking:ti,ab
#41information giving:ti,ab
#42give near/3 information:ti,ab
#43advice giving:ti,ab
#44(give near/3 advice or giving near/3 advice):ti,ab
#45(patient education):ti,ab
#46MeSH descriptor: [Patient Education as Topic] this term only
#47MeSH descriptor: [Health Education] explode all trees
#48safety:ti,ab 55764
#49MeSH descriptor: [Safety] explode all trees
#50women's health:ti,ab
#51MeSH descriptor: [Women's Health] explode all trees
#52#23 or #24 or #25 or #26 or #27 or #28 or #29 or #30 or #31 or #32 or #33 or #34 or #35 or #36 or #37 or #38 or #39 or #40 or #41 or #42 or #43 or #44 or #45 or #46 or #47 or #48 or #49 or #50 or #51
#53#17 and #22 and #52
#54#53

Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE, part of The Cochrane Library)

2011, Issue 3, searched 4 October 2011. Limited by publication year 2008 to 2011 [2 records]
2013, Issue 1, searched 7 March 2013. Limited by publication year 2011 to 2013 [1 record]
2014, Issue 1, searched 27 March 2014. Limited by publication year 2013 to 2014 [0 records]
2015, Issue 1, searched 23 April 2015. Limited by publication year 2014 to 2015 [0 records]

#1(battered wom*n):ti,ab
#2MeSH descriptor: [Battered Women] explode all trees
#3MeSH descriptor: [Domestic Violence] this term only
#4MeSH descriptor: [Spouse Abuse] this term only
#5(abuse near/3 (woman or women)):ti,ab
#6(abuse* near/3 partner*):ti,ab
#7(abuse* near/3 spouse*):ti,ab
#8(wife near/3 batter* or wives near/3 batter*):ti,ab
#9(wife* near/3 abuse* or wives near/3 abuse*):ti,ab
#10(violen* near/3 partner* or violen* near/3 spous*):ti,ab
#11(violen* near/3 date or violen* near/3 dating):ti,ab
#12#1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11
#13(child next abuse):ti,ab
#14MeSH descriptor: [Child Abuse] this term only
#15MeSH descriptor: [Child Abuse, Sexual] this term only
#16#13 or #14 or #15
#17#12 not #16
#18(wom*n or female*):ti,ab
#19MeSH descriptor: [Women] this term only
#20(adolescen* or teen*):ti,ab
#21MeSH descriptor: [Adolescent] this term only
#22#18 or #19 or #20 or #21
#23advocacy:ti,ab
#24MeSH descriptor: [Patient Advocacy] this term only
#25MeSH descriptor: [Consumer Advocacy] explode all trees
#26counsel*:ti,ab 6321
#27MeSH descriptor: [Counseling] explode all trees
#28social work:ti,ab
#29MeSH descriptor: [Social Work] explode all trees
#30mentor*:ti,ab
#31MeSH descriptor: [Mentors] this term only
#32crisis intervention:ti,ab
#33MeSH descriptor: [Crisis Intervention] this term only
#34risk assessment:ti,ab
#35MeSH descriptor: [Risk Assessment] this term only
#36MeSH descriptor: [Social Welfare] explode all trees
#37social welfare:ti,ab
#38social support:ti,ab
#39MeSH descriptor: [Social Support] this term only
#40help seeking:ti,ab
#41information giving:ti,ab
#42give near/3 information:ti,ab
#43advice giving:ti,ab
#44(give near/3 advice or giving near/3 advice):ti,ab
#45(patient education):ti,ab
#46MeSH descriptor: [Patient Education as Topic] this term only
#47MeSH descriptor: [Health Education] explode all trees
#48safety:ti,ab 55764
#49MeSH descriptor: [Safety] explode all trees
#50women's health:ti,ab
#51MeSH descriptor: [Women's Health] explode all trees
#52#23 or #24 or #25 or #26 or #27 or #28 or #29 or #30 or #31 or #32 or #33 or #34 or #35 or #36 or #37 or #38 or #39 or #40 or #41 or #42 or #43 or #44 or #45 or #46 or #47 or #48 or #49 or #50 or #51
#53#17 and #22 and #52
#54#53

metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT)

(isrctn.com/page/mrct)

Searched 5 October 2011. No date limits [72 records]
Searched 8 March 2013. No date limits [90 records]
Searched 28 March 2014. No date limits [0 new records]
Searched 23 April 2015. No date limits [55 records]

"intimate partner violence" OR "domestic violence"

WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP)

apps.who.int/trialsearch)

Searched 15 April 2015 [55 records]

Condition: domestic violen* OR domestic abus* OR partner violen* OR partner abus* OR spouse violen* or spouse abus* OR battered women

UK Clinical Research Network Study Portfolio* (UKCRN)

(public.ukcrn.org.uk/search)

Searched 29 September 2011. No date limits [7 records]
Searched 8 March 2013. No date limits [10 records]
Searched 28 March 2014. No date limits [2 new records]
Searched 23 April 2015. No date limits [3 new records]

Domestic violence ( Title)
IPV ( Title)
Domestic violence (Research summary)
IPV (Research summary)

* UKCRN replaced the National Research Register (NRR). The NRR was last searched for this review in December 2006.

CENTRAL AND DARE (part of The Cochrane Library)

2008, Issue 3

1.Battered Women in Title, Abstract or Keywords
2.Spouse Abuse in Title, Abstract or Keywords
3.Domestic Violence in Title, Abstract or Keywords
4.abuse* near/3 wom*n in Title, Abstract or Keywords
5.abuse* near/3 partner* in Title, Abstract or Keywords
6.abuse* near/3 spous* in Title, Abstract or Keywords
7.(wife or wives) near/3 batter* in Title, Abstract or Keywords
8.(wife or wives) near/3 abuse* in Title, Abstract or Keywords
9.partner* near/3 violen* in Title, Abstract or Keywords
10.spous* near/3 violen* in Title, Abstract or Keywords
11.dat* near/3 violen* in Title, Abstract or Keywords
12.(#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11)
13.Child Abuse in Title, Abstract or Keywords
14.Child Abuse, Sexual in Title, Abstract or Keywords
15.(#13 OR #14)
16.(#12 AND NOT #15)

Ovid MEDLINE

1966 to 31 July 2008

1.(BATTERED ADJ WOMEN).TI,AB.
2.BATTERED-WOMEN.MJ. OR SPOUSE-ABUSE.MJ. OR DOMESTIC-VIOLENCE.MJ.
3.(ABUSE$3 NEAR WOM$3).TI,AB.
4.(ABUSE$ NEAR PARTNER$).TI,AB.
5.(ABUSE$ NEAR SPOUS$).TI,AB.
6.((WIFE OR WIVES) NEAR BATTER$).TI,AB.
7.((WIFE OR WIVES) NEAR ABUSE$).TI,AB.
8.(VIOLEN$ NEAR PARTNER$).TI,AB.
9.(VIOLEN$ NEAR SPOUS$).TI,AB.
10.(VIOLEN$ NEAR (DATE OR DATING)).TI,AB.
11.1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7 OR 8 OR 9 OR 10
12.(CHILD ADJ ABUSE).TI,AB.
13.CHILD-ABUSE.MJ. OR CHILD-ABUSE-SEXUAL.MJ.
14.11 NOT (12 OR 13)15.(WOM$3 OR FEMALE$3).TI,AB.
16.WOMEN.MJ. OR FEMALE.MJ.
17.(ADOLESCEN$ OR TEEN$).TI,AB.
18.ADOLESCENT.MJ.19.15 OR 16 OR 17 OR 18
20.ADVOCACY.TI,AB.
21.PATIENT-ADVOCACY#.DE. OR CONSUMER-ADVOCACY#.DE.
22.COUNSEL$.TI,AB.
23.COUNSELING#.W..DE.
24.(SOCIAL ADJ WORK).TI,AB.
25.SOCIAL-WORK#.DE.
26.MENTOR$.TI,AB.
27.MENTORS#.W..DE.
28.(CRISIS ADJ INTERVENTION).TI,AB.
29.CRISIS-INTERVENTION#.DE.30.(RISK ADJ ASSESSMENT).TI,AB.
31.RISK-ASSESSMENT#.DE.
32.(SOCIAL ADJ WELFARE).TI,AB.
33.SOCIAL-WELFARE#.DE.
34.(SOCIAL ADJ SUPPORT).TI,AB.
35.SOCIAL-SUPPORT#.DE.
36.(HELP ADJ SEEKING).TI,AB.
37.(INFORMATION ADJ GIVING).TI,AB.
38.(GIV$3 ADJ INFORMATION).TI,AB.
39.(ADVICE ADJ GIVING).TI,AB.
40.(GIV$3 ADJ ADVICE).TI,AB.
41.(PATIENT ADJ EDUCATION).TI,AB.
42.PATIENT-EDUCATION#.DE.
43.HEALTH-EDUCATION#.DE.
44.SAFETY.TI,AB.
45.SAFETY#.DE.
46.(WOMENS ADJ HEALTH).TI,AB.
47.WOMENS-HEALTH#.DE.
48.20 OR 21 OR 22 OR 23 OR 24 OR 25 OR 26 OR 27 OR 28 OR 29 OR 30 OR 31 OR 32 OR 33 OR 34 OR 35 OR 36 OR 37 OR 38 OR 39 OR 40 OR 41 OR 42 OR 43 OR 44 OR 45 OR 46 OR 47
49.14 AND 19 AND 48

EMBASE (Ovid)

1980 to week 30 2008

1. (BATTERED ADJ WOMEN).TI,AB.
2.BATTERED-WOMAN.MJ. OR PARTNER-VIOLENCE.MJ. OR DOMESTIC-VIOLENCE.MJ. OR FAMILY-VIOLENCE.MJ. OR BATTERING.W..MJ.
3.(ABUSE$ NEAR WOM$).TI,AB.
4.(ABUSE$ NEAR PARTNER$).TI,AB.
5.(ABUSE$ NEAR SPOUS$).TI,AB.
6.((WIFE OR WIVES) NEAR BATTER$).TI,AB.
7.((WIFE OR WIVES) NEAR ABUSE$).TI,AB.
8.(VIOLEN$ NEAR PARTNER$).TI,AB.
9.(VIOLEN$ NEAR SPOUS$).TI,AB.
10.(VIOLEN$ NEAR (DATE OR DATING)).TI,AB.
11.1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7 OR 8 OR 9 OR 10
12.(CHILD ADJ ABUSE).TI,AB.
13.CHILD-ABUSE.MJ.
14.CHILD-SEXUAL-ABUSE.MJ.
15.11 NOT (12 OR 13 OR 14)
16.(WOM$3 OR FEMALE$3).TI,AB.
17.WOMEN.MJ.
18.FEMALE.MJ.
19.(ADOLESCEN$ OR TEEN$).TI,AB.
20.16 OR 17 OR 18 OR 19
21.ADVOCACY.TI,AB.
22.PATIENT-ADVOCACY#.W..DE.
23.CONSUMER-ADVOCACY#.W..DE.
24.COUNSEL$.TI,AB.
25.PATIENT-COUNSELING#.W..DE.
26.(SOCIAL ADJ WORK).TI,AB.
27.SOCIAL-WORK#.DE.
28.MENTOR$.TI,AB.
29.(CRISIS ADJ INTERVENTION).TI,AB.
30.CRISIS-INTERVENTION#.DE.
31.(RISK ADJ ASSESSMENT).TI,AB.
32.RISK-ASSESSMENT#.DE.
33.(SOCIAL ADJ WELFARE).TI,AB.
34.SOCIAL-WELFARE#.DE.
35.(SOCIAL ADJ SUPPORT).TI,AB.
36.SOCIAL-SUPPORT#.DE.
37.(HELP ADJ SEEKING).TI,AB.
38.HELP-SEEKING-BEHAVIOR#.DE.
39.(INFORMATION ADJ GIVING).TI,AB.
40.MEDICAL-INFORMATION#.DE.
41.(GIV$3 ADJ INFORMATION).TI,AB.
42.(ADVICE ADJ GIVING).TI,AB.
43.(GIV$3 ADJ ADVICE).TI,AB.
44.(PATIENT ADJ EDUCATION).TI,AB.
45.PATIENT-EDUCATION#.DE. OR HEALTH-EDUCATION#.DE.
46.SAFETY.TI,AB.47.SAFETY#.DE.
48.PATIENT-SAFETY#.DE.
49.(WOMENS ADJ HEALTH).TI,AB.
50.21 OR 22 OR 23 OR 24 OR 25 OR 26 OR 27 OR 28 OR 29 OR 30 OR 31 OR 32 OR 33 OR 34 OR 35 OR 36 OR 37 OR 38 OR 39 OR 40 OR 41 OR 42 OR 43 OR 44 OR 45 OR 46 OR 47 OR 48 OR 49
51.15 AND 20 AND 50

PsycINFO (Ovid)

1806 to week 4 2008

1.(BATTERED ADJ WOMEN).TI,AB.
2.BATTERED-FEMALES.MJ. OR DOMESTIC-VIOLENCE.MJ. OR PARTNER-ABUSE.MJ.
3.(ABUSE$3 NEAR WOM$3).TI,AB.
4.(ABUSE$3 NEAR PARTNER$3).TI,AB.
5.(ABUSE$3 NEAR SPOUS$3).TI,AB.
6.(WIFE OR WIVES) NEAR BATTER$3.TI,AB.
7.(WIFE OR WIVES) NEAR ABUSE$3.TI,AB.
8.(VIOLEN$3 NEAR PARTNER$3).TI,AB.
9.(VIOLEN$3 NEAR SPOUS$3).TI,AB.
10.(VIOLEN$3 NEAR (DATE OR DATING)).TI,AB.
11.1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7 OR 8 OR 9 OR 10
12.(CHILD ADJ ABUSE).TI,AB.
13.CHILD-ABUSE.MJ.
14.(CHILD$ NEAR ABUSE NEAR SEXUAL).TI,AB.
15.11 NOT (12 OR 13 OR 14)
16.(WOM$3 OR FEMALE$3).TI,AB.
17.(HUMAN-FEMALES OR MOTHERS).MJ.
18.(ADOLESCEN$3 OR TEEN$3).TI,AB.
19.16 OR 17 OR 18
20.ADVOCACY.TI,AB.
21.ADVOCACY#.W..DE.
22.COUNSEL$4.TI,AB.
23.COUNSELING#.W..DE.
24.(SOCIAL ADJ WORK).TI,AB.
25.MENTOR$3.TI,AB.
26.MENTOR#.W..DE.
27.(CRISIS ADJ INTERVENTION).TI,AB.
28.CRISIS-INTERVENTION#.DE. OR CRISIS-INTERVENTION-SERVICES#.DE.
29.(RISK ADJ ASSESSMENT).TI,AB.
30.RISK-ASSESSMENT#.DE.
31.(SOCIAL ADJ WELFARE).TI,AB.
32.SOCIAL-CASEWORK#.DE.
33.(SOCIAL ADJ SUPPORT).TI,AB.
34.SOCIAL-SUPPORT#.DE.
5.(HELP ADJ SEEKING).TI,AB.
36.HELP-SEEKING-BEHAVIOR#.DE.
37.(GIV$3 NEAR INFORMATION).TI,AB.
38.(GIV$3 NEAR ADVICE).TI,AB.
39.(PATIENT ADJ EDUCATION).TI,AB.
40.CLIENT-EDUCATION#.DE. OR HEALTH-EDUCATION#.DE.
41.SAFETY.TI,AB.
42.SAFETY#.W..DE.
43.(WOMENS ADJ HEALTH).TI,AB.
44.20 OR 21 OR 22 OR 23 OR 24 OR 25 OR 26 OR 27 OR 28 OR 29 OR 30 OR 31 OR 32 OR 33 OR 34 OR 35 OR 36 OR 37 OR 38 OR 39 OR 40 OR 41 OR 42 OR 43
45.15 AND 19 AND 44

CINAHL (Ovid)

1982 to 31 July 2008

1.(BATTERED ADJ WOMEN).TI,AB.
2.BATTERED-WOMEN.MJ. OR PARTNER-ABUSE.MJ. OR DOMESTIC-VIOLENCE.MJ. OR SPOUSE-ABUSE.MJ.
3.(ABUSE$ NEAR (WOM$ OR PARTNER$ OR SPOUS$)).TI,AB.
4.((WIFE OR WIVES) NEAR (BATTER$ OR ABUSE$)).TI,AB.
5.(VIOLEN$ NEAR (PARTNER$ OR SPOUS$ OR DATE OR DATING)).TI,AB.
6.1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5
7.(CHILD ADJ ABUSE).TI,AB.
8.CHILD-ABUSE.MJ. OR CHILD-ABUSE-SEXUAL.MJ.
9.6 NOT (7 OR 8)
10.(WOM$ OR FEMALE$).TI,AB.
11.WOMEN.W..MJ.
12.MOTHER$.TI,AB.
13.MOTHERS.W..MJ.
14.(ADOLESCEN$ OR TEEN$).TI,AB.
15.10 OR 11 OR 12 OR 13 OR 14
16.ADVOCACY.TI,AB.
17.PATIENT-ADVOCACY#.DE. OR CONSUMER-ADVOCACY#.DE.
18.COUNSEL$.TI,AB.
19.COUNSELING#.W..DE.
20.MENTOR$.TI,AB.
21.MENTORSHIP#.W..DE.
22.(CRISIS ADJ INTERVENTION).TI,AB.
23.CRISIS-INTERVENTION#.DE.
24.(RISK ADJ ASSESSMENT).TI,AB.
25.RISK-ASSESSMENT#.DE.
26.(SOCIAL ADJ WELFARE).TI,AB.
27.SOCIAL-WELFARE#.DE.
28.(SOCIAL ADJ SUPPORT).TI,AB.
29.SUPPORT-PSYCHOSOCIAL#.DE. OR SOCIAL-NETWORKS#.DE.
30.(HELP ADJ SEEKING).TI,AB.
31.HELP-SEEKING-BEHAVIOR#.DE.
32.(GIV$ ADJ (INFORMATION OR ADVICE)).TI,AB.
33.PATIENT-EDUCATION#.DE.
34.(HEALTH ADJ EDUCATION).TI,AB.
35.HEALTH-EDUCATION#.DE.
36.SAFETY.TI,AB.
37.SAFETY#.W..DE. OR PATIENT-SAFETY#.DE.
38.(SOCIAL ADJ WORK).TI,AB.
39.SOCIAL-WORK#.DE.(WOMENS ADJ HEALTH).TI,AB.
40.WOMENS-HEALTH#.DE.
41.(WOMENS ADJ HEALTH ADJ SERVICES).TI,AB.
42.WOMENS-HEALTH-SERVICES#.DE.
43.16 OR 17 OR 18 OR 19 OR 20 OR 21 OR 22 OR 23 OR 24 OR 25 OR 26 OR 27 OR 28 OR 29 OR 30 OR 31 OR 32 OR 33 OR 34 OR 35 OR 36 OR 37 OR 38 OR 39 OR 40 OR 41 OR 42
44.9 AND 15 AND 43

ASSIA (Cambridge Scientific Abstracts)

1987 to 31 July 2008

((KW=((abuse* within 3 (wom?n or partner* or spous* or wife or wives)) or (batter* within 3 (wom?n or partner* or spous* or wife or wives)) or (violen* within 3 (wom?n or partner* or spous* or wife or wives))) or KW=((family violence) or (domestic violence) or (dat* violence)) and not KW=((child* within 3 abuse) or (child* within 3 sex* within 3 abuse) or (child* within 3 maltreatment))) and (KW=((wom?n or female* or mother*) or (adolescen* or teen*))) and (KW=((advocacy or counsel* or mentor*) or (crisis within 3 (intervention or management)) or (risk within 3 assessment)) or KW=((social within 3 (support or welfare)) or (help within 3 seek*) or (giv* within 3 (information or advice))) or KW=((safety) or (education within 3 (patient or health))))

Social Science Citation Index (SSCI; Web of Science)

1987 to 31 July 2008

#40 # 39 AND #27 AND #22
#39 #38 OR #37 OR #36 OR #35 OR #34 OR #33 OR #32 OR #31 OR #30 OR #29 OR #28
#38 TS=(safety)
#37 TS=(Patient same Education)
#36 TS=(giv* same advice)
#35 TS=(giv* same information)
#34 TS=(help* same seek*)
#33 TS==(Social same Support)
#32 TS=(social welfare)
#31 TS=(Risk same Assessment)
#30 TS=(mentor*)
#29 TS=(counsel*)
#28 TS=advoca*
#27 #26 OR #25 OR #24 OR #23
#26 TS=wom*n
#25 TS=female*
#24 TS=(mother*)
#23 TS=(adolescen* or teen*)
#22 #20 NOT #21
#21 #19 OR #18
#20 #17 OR #16 OR #15 OR #14 OR #13 OR #12 OR #11 OR #10 OR #9 OR #8 OR #7 OR #6 OR #5 OR #4 OR #3 OR #2 OR #1
#19 TS=(child* SAME abuse* SAME sexual*)
#18 TS==(child same abuse)
#17 TS=(dat* SAME violen*)
#16 TS=(domestic violence)
#15 TS=(violen* wives)
#14 TS=(violen* SAME wife)
#13 TS=(violen* SAME partner*)
#12 TS=(violen* SAME spous*)
#11 TS=(violen* SAME wom*n)
#10 TS=(abuse* wives)
#9 TS=(abuse* SAME wife)
#8 TS=(abuse* SAME partner*)
#7 TS=(abuse* SAME spous*)
#6 TS=(abuse* SAME wom*n)
5 TS=(batter* wives)
#4 TS=(batter* SAME wife)
#3 TS=(batter* SAME partner*)
#2 TS=(batter* SAME spous*)
#1 TS=(batter* SAME wom*n)

International Bibliography of Social Sciences (IBSS; Ovid)

1951 to July week 4 2008

1.(batter$ adj3 wom#n).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
2.(batter$ adj3 spous$).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
3.(batter$ adj3 partner$).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
4.(batter$ adj3 wife).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
5.(batter$ adj3 wives).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
6.(abuse$ adj3 wom#n).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
7.(abuse$ adj3 spous$).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
8.(abuse$ adj3 partner$).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
9.(abuse$ adj3 wife).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
10.(abuse$ adj3 wives).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
11.(violen$ adj3 wom#n).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
12.(violen$ adj3 spous$).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
13.(violen$ adj3 partner$).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
14.(violen$ adj3 wife).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
15.(violen$ adj3 wives).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
16.domestic violence.mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
17.(dat$ adj3 violen$).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
18.(child adj3 abuse).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
19.(Child$ adj3 abuse adj3 sexual$).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
20.1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17
21.20 not (18 or 19)
22.(wom#n or female$).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
23.(adolescen$ or teen$).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
24.22 or 23
25.advoca$.mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
26.counsel$.mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
27.mentor$.mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
28.(Crisis adj3 Intervention).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
29.(Risk adj3 Assessment).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
30.Social Welfare.mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
31.(Social adj3 Support).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
32.(help$ adj3 seek$).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
33.(giv$ adj3 information).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
34.(giv$ adj3 advice).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
35.(information giving or (giv$ adj3 information)).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
36.(advice giving or (giv$ adj3 advice)).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
37.(Patient adj3 Education).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
38.(safety or safety behav$).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
39.(Health adj3 Education).mp. [mp=abstract, title, subject heading, geographic heading]
40.25 or 26 or 27 or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31 or 32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36 or 37 or 38 or 39
41.21 and 24 and 40

British Nursing Index (BNI)

1994 to 18 August 2008

1.(BATTERED ADJ WOMEN).TI,AB.
2.DOMESTIC-VIOLENCE.DE.
3.(ABUS$ NEAR (WOM$ OR SPOUS$)).TI,AB.
4.(ABUS$ NEAR (PARTNER$ OR WIFE OR WIVES)).TI,AB.
5.(BATTER$ NEAR (PARTNER$ OR WIFE OR WIVES)).TI,AB.
6.(BATTER$ NEAR (WOM$ OR SPOUS$)).TI,AB.
7.(VIOLEN$ NEAR (PARTNER$ OR WIFE OR WIVES)).TI,AB.
8.(VIOLEN$ NEAR (WOM$ OR SPOUS$)).TI,AB.
9.(VIOLEN$3 NEAR DAT$3).TI,AB.
10.1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7 OR 8 OR 9
11.(CHILD ADJ ABUSE).TI,AB.
12.CHILD-ABUSE-AND-NEGLECT.DE. OR CHILD-ABUSE-SEXUAL.DE.
13.10 NOT (11 OR 12)

Midwives Information and Resource Index (MIDIRS)

1986 to December 2006

(batter* or abuse* or violen*) and (wom* or spous* or partner* or wife or wives or domestic or dating) and not (child* abuse or child* sexual abuse)

National Research Register (NRR)

December 2006 (Issue 4). The NRR ceased to be updated after December 2007 and is no longer available. It was replaced by the UK Clinical Research Network Study Portfolio* (UKCRN) (public.ukcrn.org.uk/search)

1.((batter* near woman) or (batter* near women) or (batter* near spouse) or (batter* near wife) or (batter* near wives) or (batter* near partner))
2.((abuse* near woman) or (abuse* near women) or (abuse* near spouse) or (abuse* near wife) or (abuse* near wives) or (abuse* near partner))
3.((violen* near woman) or (violen* near women) or (violen* near spouse) or (violen* near wife) or (violen* near wives) or (violen* near partner))
4.((violen* near dat*) or (domestic near violence) or (family near violence))
5.((child* near abuse*) or (child* near sex* near abuse*))
6.(#1 or #2 or #3 or #4)
7.(#6 and (not #5))