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Pre-emptive treatment for cytomegalovirus viraemia to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients

  1. Giovanni FM Strippoli1,*,
  2. Elisabeth M Hodson2,
  3. Cheryl A Jones3,
  4. Jonathan C Craig4

Editorial Group: Cochrane Renal Group

Published Online: 17 FEB 2010

Assessed as up-to-date: 9 NOV 2005

DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005133.pub2

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How to Cite

Strippoli GFM, Hodson EM, Jones CA, Craig JC. Pre-emptive treatment for cytomegalovirus viraemia to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD005133. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005133.pub2.

Author Information

  1. 1

    c) Diaverum Medical Scientific office, d) Mario Negri Sud Consortium, Italy, a) School of Public Health, University of Sydney, b) Cochrane Renal Group, Westmead, NSW, Australia

  2. 2

    School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia

  3. 3

    The University of Sydney, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia

  4. 4

    (b) School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, (a) Cochrane Renal Group, Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia

*Giovanni FM Strippoli, a) School of Public Health, University of Sydney, b) Cochrane Renal Group, c) Diaverum Medical Scientific office, d) Mario Negri Sud Consortium, Italy, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia. Giovanni.Strippoli@diaverum.com. strippoli@negrisud.it.

Publication History

  1. Publication Status: Edited (no change to conclusions)
  2. Published Online: 17 FEB 2010

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References

References to studies included in this review

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. Additional references
  4. References to other published versions of this review
Brennan 97-Kidney {published data only}
  • Brennan DC, Garlock KA, Lippmann BA, Buller RS, Gaudreault-Keener M, Lowell JA, et al. Control of cytomegalovirus-associated morbidity in renal transplant patients using intensive monitoring and either preemptive or deferred therapy. Journal of the Amercian Society of Nephrology 1997;8(1):118-25. [MEDLINE: 9013456]
  • Brennan DC, Garlock KA, Lippmann BJ, Buller RS, Gaudreault-Keener M, Lowell JA, et al. Polymerase chain reaction-triggered preemptive or deferred therapy to control cytomegalovirus-associated morbidity and costs in renal transplant patients. Transplantation Proceedings 1997;29(1-2):809-11. [MEDLINE: 9123536]
Jung 01-Kidney {published data only}
  • Jung C, Engelmann E, Borner K, Offermann G. Preemptive oral ganciclovir therapy versus prophylaxis to prevent symptomatic cytomegalovirus infection after kidney transplantation. Transplantation Proceedings 2001;33(7-8):3621-3. [MEDLINE: 11750538]
Koetz 01-Kidney {published data only}
  • Koetz AC, Delbruch R, Furtwangler A, Hufert FT, Neumann-Haefelin D, Kirste G, et al. Cytomegalovirus pp65 antigen-guided preemptive therapy with ganciclovir in solid organ transplant recipients: a prospective double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Transplantation 2001;72(7):1325-7. [MEDLINE: 11602864]
Paya 02-Liver {published data only}
  • Paya CV, Wilson JA, Espy MJ, Sia IG, DeBernardi MJ, Smith TF, et al. Preemptive use of oral ganciclovir to prevent cytomegalovirus infection in liver transplant patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2002;185(7):854-60. [MEDLINE: 11920308]
Queiroga 03-Kidney {published data only}
  • Queiroga M, Castro MC, Araujo LM, Alves CF, Kakehashi E, Panutti C, et al. A prospective, randomized controlled trial comparing oral ganciclovir with weekly-monitored CMV-antigenemia in renal transplant patients with a high-risk for CMV infection [abstract]. American Journal of Transplantation 2003;3(Suppl 5):511. [CENTRAL: CN-00447308]
Rayes 01-Liver {published data only}
  • Rayes N, Seehofer D, Schmidt CA, Oettle H, Muller AR, Steinmuller T, et al. Prospective randomized trial to assess the value of preemptive oral therapy for CMV infection following liver transplantation. Transplantation 2001;72(5):881-5. [MEDLINE: 11571454]
Sagedal 03-kidney {published data only}
  • Sagedal S, Nordal KP, Hartmann A, Midvedt K, Foss A, Asberg A, et al. Pre-emptive therapy of CMVpp65 antigen positive renal transplant recipients with oral ganciclovir: a randomized, comparative study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2003;18(9):1899-908. [MEDLINE: 12937241]
Singh 00-Liver {published data only}
  • Sing N, Paterson DL, Gayowsky T, Wagener MM, Marino IR. Cytomegalovirus antigenemia directed pre-emptive prophylaxis with oral versus I.V. ganciclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 2000;70(5):717-22. [MEDLINE: 11003347]
Singh 94-Liver {published data only}
  • Sing N, Yu VL, Mieles L, Wagener MM, Miner RC, Gayowsky T. High-dose acyclovir compared with short-course preemptive ganciclovir therapy to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in liver transplant recipients. Annals of Internal Medicine 1994;120(5):375-81. [MEDLINE: 8304654]
Yang 98-Kidney {published data only}
  • Yang CW, Kim YO, Kin YS, Kin SY, Moon IS, Ahn HJ, et al. Clinical course of cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia with and without ganciclovir treatment in CMV-seropositive kidney transplant recipients. American Journal of Nephrology 1998;18(5):373-8. [MEDLINE: 9730559]

References to studies excluded from this review

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. Additional references
  4. References to other published versions of this review
Ahsan 1997 {published data only}
  • Ahsan N, Holman MJ, Yang HC. Efficacy of oral ganciclovir in prevention of cytomegalovirus infection in post-kidney transplant patients. Clinical Transplantation 1997;11(6):633-9. [MEDLINE: 9408699]
Ahsan 1998 {published data only}
  • Ahsan N, Holman MJ, Sonderbye L, Langhoff E, Yang HC. Oral ganciclovir in the prevention of cytomegalovirus infection in post kidney transplant "CMV at risk" recipients: a controlled, comparative study of two regimens (750 mg Bid and 500 mg Bid). Transplantation Proceedings 1998;30(4):1383-5. [MEDLINE: 9636560]
Arbo 2000 {published data only}
  • Arbo MD, Snydman DR, Wong JB, Goldberg HS, Schmid CH, Pauker SG. Cytomegalovirus immune globulin after liver transplantation: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Clinical Transplantation 2000;14(1):19-27. [MEDLINE: 10693631]
    Direct Link:
Badley 1997 {published data only}
  • Badley AD, Seaberg EC, Porayko MK, Wiesner RH, Keating MR, Wilhelm MP, et al. Prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus infection in liver transplantation: A randomized trial comparing a combination of ganciclovir and acyclovir to acyclovir. Transplantation 1997;64(1):66-73. [MEDLINE: 9233703]
Balfour 1989 {published data only}
  • Balfour HH, Jr, Chace BA, Stapleton JT, Simmons RL, Fryd DS. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of oral acyclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in recipients of renal allografts. New England Journal of Medicine 1989;320(21):1381-7. [MEDLINE: 2541335]
  • Balfour Jr HH, Bean B, Mitchell CD. Acyclovir in immunocompromised patients with cytomegalovirus disease. A controlled trial at one institution. American Journal of Medicine 1982;73(1A):241-8. [MEDLINE: 6285715]
Barkholt 1999 {published data only}
  • Barkholt L, Lewensohn-Fuchs I, Ericzon BG, Tyden G, Andersson J. High-dose acyclovir prophylaxis reduces cytomegalovirus disease in liver transplant patients. Transplant Infectious Disease 1999;1(2):89-97. [MEDLINE: 11428976]
    Direct Link:
Cohen 1993 {published data only}
  • Cohen AT, O'Grady JG, Sutherland S, Sallie R, Tan K-C, Williams R. Controlled trial of prophylactic versus therapeutic use of ganciclovir after liver transplantation in adults. Journal of Medical Virology 1993;40(1):5-9. [MEDLINE: 8390559]
    Direct Link:
Conti 1995 {published data only}
Dickinson 1996 {published data only}
  • Dickinson BI, Gora-Harper ML, McCraney SA, Gosland M. Studies evaluating high-dose acyclovir, intravenous immune globulin, and cytomegalovirus hyperimmunoglobulin for prophylaxis against cytomegalovirus in kidney transplant recipients. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 1996;30(12):1452-64. [MEDLINE: 8968459]
Duncan 1994 {published data only}
  • Duncan SR, Grgurich WF, Iacono AT, Burckart GJ, Yousem SA, Paradis IL, et al. A comparison of ganciclovir and acyclovir to prevent cytomegalovirus after lung transplantation. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 1994;150(1):146-52. [MEDLINE: 8025741]
Egan 2002 {published data only}
  • Egan JJ, Carroll KB, Yonan N, Woodcock A, Crisp A. Valacyclovir prevention of cytomegalovirus reactivation after heart transplantation: a randomized trial. Journal of Heart & Lung Transplantation 2002;21(4):460-6. [MEDLINE: 11927223]
Falagas 1997 {published data only}
  • Falagas ME, Snydman DR, Ruthazer R, Griffith J, Werner BG, Freeman R, et al. Cytomegalovirus immune globulin (CMVIG) prophylaxis is associated with increased survival after orthotopic liver transplantation. The Boston Center for Liver Transplantation CMVIG Study Group. Clinical Transplantation 1997;11(5 Pt 1):432-7. [MEDLINE: 9361936]
Fehir 1989 {published data only}
  • Fehir KM, Decker WA, Samo T, Young JB, Lederer E, Lawrence EC. Immune globulin (GAMMAGARD) prophylaxis of CMV infections in patients undergoing organ transplantation and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation Proceedings 1989;21(1 Pt 3):3107-9. [MEDLINE: 2539691]
Fishman 2000 {published data only}
  • Fishman JA, Doran MT, Volpicelli SA, Cosimi AB, Flood JG, Rubin RH. Dosing of intravenous ganciclovir for the prophylaxis and treatment of cytomegalovirus infection in solid organ transplant recipients. Transplantation 2000;69(3):389-94. [MEDLINE: 10706048]
Flechner 1998 {published data only}
  • Flechner SM, Avery RK, Fisher R, Mastroianni BA, Papajcik DA, O'Malley KJ, et al. A randomized prospective controlled trial of oral acyclovir versus oral, ganciclovir for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in high-risk kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 1998;66(12):1682-8. [MEDLINE: 9884259]
Gane 1997 {published data only}
  • Gane E, Saliba F, Valdecasas GJ, O'Grady J, Pescovitz MD, Lyman S, et al. Randomised trial of efficacy and safety of oral ganciclovir in the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in liver-transplant recipients. The Oral Ganciclovir International Transplantation Study Group. Lancet 1997;350(9093):1729-33. [MEDLINE: 9413463]
Gavalda 1997 {published data only}
  • Gavalda J, De Otero J, Murio E, Vargas V, Rossello J, Calico I, et al. Two grams daily of oral acyclovir reduces the incidence of cytomegalovirus disease in CMV-seropositive liver transplant recipients. Transplant International 1997;10(6):462-5. [MEDLINE: 9428121]
    Direct Link:
Gerna 2003 {published data only}
  • Gerna G, Baldanti F, Lilleri D, Parea M, Torsellini M, Castiglioni B, et al. Human cytomegalovirus pp67 mRNAemia versus pp65 antigenemia for guiding preemptive therapy in heart and lung transplant recipients: a prospective, randomized, controlled, open-label trial. Transplantation 2003;75(7):1012-9. [MEDLINE: 12698090]
Green 1997 {published data only}
  • Green M, Kaufmann M, Wilson J, Reyes J. Comparison of intravenous ganciclovir followed by oral acyclovir with intravenous ganciclovir alone for prevention of cytomegalovirus and Epstein- Barr virus disease after liver transplantation in children. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1997;25(6):1344-9. [MEDLINE: 9431375]
Hertz 1988 {published data only}
  • Hertz MI, Jordan C, Savik SK, Fox JMK, Park S, Bolman II RM, et al. Randomized trial of daily versus three-times-weekly prophylactic ganciclovir after lung and heart-lung transplantation. Journal of Heart & Lung Transplantation 1988;17(9):913-20. [MEDLINE: 9773865]
Hibberd 1995 {published data only}
  • Hibberd PL, Tolkoff-Rubin NE, Conti D, Stuart F, Thistlethwaite JR, Neylan JF, et al. Preemptive ganciclovir therapy to prevent cytomegalovirus disease, in cytomegalovirus antibody-positive renal transplant recipients. A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 1995;123(1):18-26. [MEDLINE: 7762909]
Jurim 1996 {published data only}
  • Jurim O, Martin P, Winston DJ, Shackleton C, Holt C, Feller J, et al. Failure of ganciclovir prophylaxis to prevent allograft reinfection following orthotopic liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B infection. Liver Transplantation & Surgery 1996;2(5):370-4. [MEDLINE: 9346678]
    Direct Link:
Kim 2000 {published data only}
King 1999 {published data only}
Kletzmayr 1996 {published data only}
  • Kletzmayr J, Kotzmann H, Popow-Kraupp T, Kovarik J, Klauser R. Impact of high-dose oral acyclovir prophylaxis on cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease in CMV high-risk renal transplant recipients. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1996;7(2):325-30. [MEDLINE: 8785404]
Kletzmayr 2000 {published data only}
  • Kletzmayr J, Kreuzwieser E, Watkins-Riedel T, Berlakovich G, Kovarik J, Klauser R. Long-term oral ganciclovir prophylaxis for prevention of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in cytomegalovirus high-risk renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 2000;70(8):1174-80. [MEDLINE: 11063336]
Leray 1995 {published data only}
  • Leray H, Mourad G, Chong G, Segondy M, Mion C. Prophylactic treatment of cytomegalovirus primary infection with ganciclovir in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation Proceedings 1995;27(4):2448. [MEDLINE: 7652875]
Lowance 1998 {published data only}
  • Lowance D, Neumayer HH, Legendre CM, Squifflet JP, Kovarik J, Brennan PJ, et al. Valacyclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplantation. International Valacyclovir Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis Transplantation Study Group. New England Journal of Medicine 1998;340(19):1462-70. [MEDLINE: 10320384]
Lumbreras 1993 {published data only}
  • Lumbreras C, Otero JR, Herrero JA, Gomez R, Lizasoain M, Aguado JM, et al. Ganciclovir prophylaxis decreases frequency and severity of cytomegalovirus disease in seropositive liver transplant recipients treated with OKT3 monoclonal antibodies. Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy 1993;37(11):2490-2. [MEDLINE: 8285641]
Macdonald 1995 {published data only}
  • Macdonald PS, Keogh AM, Marshman D, Richens D, Harvison A, Kaan AM, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of low-dose ganciclovir to prevent cytomegalovirus disease after heart transplantation. Journal of Heart & Lung Transplantation 1995;14(1):32-8. [MEDLINE: 7727473]
Marker 1980 {published data only}
Merigan 1992 {published data only}
  • Merigan TC, Renlund DG, Keay S, Bristow MR, Starnes V, O'Connell JB, et al. A controlled trial of ganciclovir to prevent cytomegalovirus disease after heart transplantation. New England Journal of Medicine 1992;326(18):1182-6. [MEDLINE: 1313549]
Moreno 1999 {published data only}
  • Moreno J, Montero JL, Gavilan F, Costan G, Herrero C, Cardenas M, et al. Open clinical trial with oral acyclovir for the prophylaxis of disease by Cytomegalovirus in low risk liver transplant recipients. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clinica 1999;17(8):382-5. [MEDLINE: 10563084]
Mullen 1998 {published data only}
  • Mullen GM, Silver MA, Malinowska K, Lawless CE, Lichtenberg RC, Barath PC, et al. Effective oral ganciclovir prophylaxis against cytomegalovirus disease in heart transplant recipients. Transplantation Proceedings 1998;30(8):4110-2. [MEDLINE: 9865316]
Nakazato 1993 {published data only}
  • Nakazato PZ, Burns W, Moore P, Garcia-Kennedy R, Cox K, Esquivel C. Viral prophylaxis in hepatic transplantation: Preliminary report of a randomized trial of acyclovir and gancyclovir. Transplantation Proceedings 1993;25(2):1935-7. [MEDLINE: 7682357]
Paya 2004 {published data only}
  • Paya C, Humar A, Dominguez E, Washburn K, Blumberg E, Alexander B, et al. Efficacy and safety of valganciclovir vs. oral ganciclovir for prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. American Journal of Transplantation 2004;4(4):611-20. [MEDLINE: 15023154]
    Direct Link:
Pouteil-Noble 1996 {published data only}
  • Pouteil-Noble C, Megas F, Chapuis F, Bosshard S, Colin C, Hadj-Aissa A, et al. Cytomegalovirus prophylaxis by ganciclovir followed by high-dose acyclovir in renal transplantation: A randomized, controlled trial. Transplantation Proceedings 1996;28(5):2811. [MEDLINE: 8908072]
Reischig 2002 {published data only}
  • Reischig T, Jindra P, Mares J, Opatrny K, Jr, Treska V, Cechura M, et al. Valacyclovir for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis reduces the risk of acute renal allograft rejection: a randomized comparison of oral ganciclovir and valacyclovir [abstract]. American Journal of Transplantation 2004;4(Suppl 8):493.
  • Reischig T, Opatrny K, Jr, Bouda M, Treska V, Jindra P, Svecova MT, et al. A randomized prospective controlled trial of oral ganciclovir versus oral valacyclovir for prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplantation. Transplant International 2002;15(12):615-22. [MEDLINE: 12478408]
    Direct Link:
Rondeau 1993 {published data only}
  • Rondeau E, Bourgeon B, Peraldi MN, Lang P, Buisson C, Schulte KM, et al. Effect of prophylactic ganciclovir on cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplant recipients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1993;8(9):858-62. [MEDLINE: 8255520]
Rostaing 1994 {published data only}
  • Rostaing L, Crespin A, Icart J, Lloveras JJ, Durand D, Martinet O, et al. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis by acyclovir in pre-transplant CMV-positive renal transplant recipients. Transplant International 1994;7 Suppl 1:331-5. [MEDLINE: 11271244]
    Direct Link:
Rubin 2000 {published data only}
  • Rubin RH, Kemmerly SA, Conti D, Doran M, Murray BM, Neylan JF, et al. Prevention of primary cytomegalovirus disease in organ transplant recipients with oral ganciclovir or oral acyclovir prophylaxis. Transplant Infectious Disease 2000;2(3):112-7. [MEDLINE: 11429021]
    Direct Link:
Saliba 1993 {published data only}
  • Saliba F, Eyraud D, Samuel D, David MF, Arulnaden JL, Dussaix E, et al. Randomized controlled trial of acyclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation Proceedings 1993;25(1 Pt 2):1444-5. [MEDLINE: 8382876]
Schnitzler 2000 {published data only}
  • Schnitzler MA, Metheney TG, Rueda JF, Woodward RS, Lowell JA, Singer GG, et al. A 3-year follow-up of pre-emptive vs deferred treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in renal transplantation. Clinical Drug Investigation 2000;19(5):367-74. [EMBASE: 2000190076]
Singh 1995 {published data only}
Singh 2002a {published data only}
  • Singh N. Delayed occurrence of cytomegalovirus disease in organ transplant recipients receiving antiviral prophylaxis: are we winning the battle only to lose the war?[erratum appears in Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002 Dec;21(12):902.]. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 2002;21(9):643-6. [MEDLINE: 12373496]
Speich 1999 {published data only}
  • Speich R, Thurnheer R, Gaspert A, Weder W, Boehler A. Efficacy and cost effectiveness of oral ganciclovir in the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease after lung transplantation. Transplantation 1999;67(2):315-20. [MEDLINE: 10075601]
Turgeon 1998 {published data only}
  • Turgeon N, Fishman JA, Basgoz N, Tolkoff-Rubin NE, Doran M, Cosimi AB, et al. Effect of oral acyclovir or ganciclovir therapy after preemptive intravenous ganciclovir therapy to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in cytomegalovirus seropositive renal and liver transplant recipients receiving antilymphocyte antibody therapy. Transplantation 1998;66(12):1780-6. [MEDLINE: 9884276]
Valantine 1999 {published data only}
  • Valantine HA, Gao S-Z, Menon SG, Renlund DG, Hunt SA, Oyer P, et al. Impact of prophylactic immediate posttransplant ganciclovir on development of transplant atherosclerosis: A post hoc analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Circulation 1999;100(1):61-6. [MEDLINE: 10393682]
Winston 1995 {published data only}
Winston 2003 {published data only}
  • Winston DJ, Busuttil RW. Randomized controlled trial of oral ganciclovir versus oral acyclovir after induction with intravenous ganciclovir for long-term prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus disease in cytomegalovirus-seropositive liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 2003;75(2):229-33. [MEDLINE: 12548129]
Winston 2004 {published data only}
  • Winston DJ, Busuttil RW. Randomized controlled trial of sequential intravenous and oral ganciclovir versus prolonged intravenous ganciclovir for long-term prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus disease in high-risk cytomegalovirus-seronegative liver transplant recipients with cytomegalovirus-seropositive donors. Transplantation 2004;77(2):305-8. [MEDLINE: 14742998]
Yang 1999 {published data only}
  • Yang HC, Holman MJ, Langhoff E, Dellock CA, Gupta M, Ulsh PJ, et al. A comparative study of 500 mg BID and 250 mg BID of prophylactic oral ganciclovir in post-kidney transplant 'CMV at risk' recipients. Transplantation Proceedings 1999;31(1-2):1125-6. [MEDLINE: 10083502]

Additional references

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. Additional references
  4. References to other published versions of this review
BTC 2004
  • British Transplantation Society. Guidelines for the prevention and management of cytomegalovirus disease after solid organ transplantation. 2nd Edition. London: British Transplantation Society, 2004.
CARI 2004
  • Pre-emptive treatment of cytomegalovirus. http://www.cari.org.au/Part_4_3_Pre_emptive_treatment_of_CMV_updated_070904.pdf (accessed June 2005).
Dickersin 1994
EBPG 2000
  • EBPG Expert Group on Renal Transplantation. The transplant recipient from initial transplant hospitalization to 1 year post transplant. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2000;15(Suppl 7):52-85.
Emery 2001
  • Emery VC. Prophylaxis for CMV should not now replace pre-emptive therapy in solid organ transplantation. Reviews in Medical Virology 2001;11(2):83-6. [MEDLINE: 11262527]
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Hart 2001
  • Hart GD, Paya CV. Prophylaxis for CMV should now replace pre-emptive therapy in solid organ transplantation. Reviews in Medical Virology 2001;11(2):73-81. [MEDLINE: 11262526]
    Direct Link:
Hibberd 1992
  • Hibberd PL, Tolkoff-Rubin NE, Cosimi AB, Schooley RT, Isaacson D, Doran M, et al. Symptomatic cytomegalovirus disease in cytomegalovirus antibody seropositive renal transplant recipient treated with OKT3. Transplantation 1992;53(1):68-72. [MEDLINE: 1310173]
Higgin 2003
Hodson 2005a
  • Hodson EM, Jones CA, Webster AC, Strippoli GF, Barclay BG, Kable K, et al. Antiviral medications to prevent cytomegalovirus disease and early death in recipients of solid-organ transplants: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2005;365(9477):2105-15. [MEDLINE: 15964447]
Hodson 2005b
  • Hodson EM, Barclay PG, Craig JC, Jones C, Kable K, Strippoli GFM, et al. Antiviral medications for preventing cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. [DOI: ]
Humar 1999
  • Humar A, Gregson D, Caliendo AM, McGeer A, Malkan G, Krajden M, et al. Clinical utility of quantitative cytomegalovirus viral load determination for predicting cytomegalovirus disease in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 1999;68(9):1305-11. [MEDLINE: 10573068]
IDSA 2005
  • Infectious Diseases Society of America. http://www.idsociety.org (accessed June 2005).
Lefebvre 1996
  • Lefebvre C, McDonald S. Development of a sensitive search strategy for reports of randomized controlled trials in EMBASE. Fourth International Cochrane Colloquium; 1996 Oct 20-24; Adelaide (Australia). 1996.
Limaye 2000
Schulz 1995
Waiser 1998
  • Waiser J, Budde K, Schreiber M, Korn K, Stenglein S, Drenckhahn JT, et al. Effectiveness of deferred therapy with ganciclovir in renal allograft recipients with cytomegalovirus disease. Transplantation Proceedings 1998;30(5):2083-5. [MEDLINE: 9723399]

References to other published versions of this review

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. Additional references
  4. References to other published versions of this review
Strippoli 2005
  • Strippoli GFM, Craig JC, Hodson EM, Jones C. Pre-emptive treatment for cytomegalovirus viraemia to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 1. [DOI: ]
Strippoli 2006
  • Strippoli GF, Hodson EM, Jones C, Craig JC. Preemptive treatment for cytomegalovirus viremia to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Transplantation 2006;81(2):139-45. [MEDLINE: 16436954]
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