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Selenium for preventing cancer

  1. Gabriele Dennert1,*,
  2. Marcel Zwahlen2,
  3. Maree Brinkman3,
  4. Marco Vinceti4,
  5. Maurice P A Zeegers5,
  6. Markus Horneber6

Editorial Group: Cochrane Gynaecological Cancer Group

Published Online: 11 MAY 2011

Assessed as up-to-date: 6 APR 2011

DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005195.pub2

Database Title

Additional Information

How to Cite

Dennert G, Zwahlen M, Brinkman M, Vinceti M, Zeegers MPA, Horneber M. Selenium for preventing cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 5. Art. No.: CD005195. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005195.pub2.

Author Information

  1. 1

    Institut für Transdisziplinäre Gesundheitsforschung, Berlin, Germany

  2. 2

    University of Bern, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Bern, Switzerland

  3. 3

    Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of General Practice, Leuven, Belgium

  4. 4

    University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Public Health Sciences, Modena, Italy

  5. 5

    Department of Public Health & Epidemiology, Unit of Genetic Epidemiology, Birmingham, UK

  6. 6

    Klinikum Nord, Medizinische Klinik 5-Schwerpunkt Onkologie/Haematologie, Nuernberg, Germany

*Gabriele Dennert, Institut für Transdisziplinäre Gesundheitsforschung, Graefestrasse 16, Berlin, D-10967, Germany. dennert@diverse-health.de.

Publication History

  1. Publication Status: Edited (no change to conclusions), comment added to review
  2. Published Online: 11 MAY 2011

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References

References to studies included in this review

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to ongoing studies
  4. Additional references
Akbaraly 2005 {published data only}
Allen 2008 {published data only}
Bleys 2008 {published data only}
Brooks 2001 {published data only}
  • Brooks JD, Metter EJ, Chan DW, Sokoll LJ, Landis P, Nelson WG, et al. Plasma selenium level before diagnosis and the risk of prostate cancer development. The Journal of Urology 2001;166(6):2034-8.
Clark 1985 {published data only}
  • Clark L, Graham G, Bray J. Nonmelanoma skin cancer and plasma selenium: a prospective cohort study. American Journal of Epidemiology [Abstracts of papers presented at the eighteenth annual meeting of the Society For Epidemiologic Research Chapel Hill, North Carolina June 19-21, 1985]. 1985; Vol. 122, issue 3:528.
Coates 1988 {published data only}
  • Coates RJ. Cancer risk in relation to serum levels of selenium, retinol, and copper. Dissertation Abstract International (Sci) 1987; Vol. 47, issue 12:4836.
  • Coates RJ, Weiss NS, Daling JR, Morris JS, Labbe RF. Serum levels of selenium and retinol and the subsequent risk of cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology 1988;128(3):515-23.
Combs 1993 {published data only}
  • Combs Jr. GF, Clark LC, Turnbull BW, Graham GF, Smith CL, Sanders Jr. B, et al. Low plasma selenium (Se) predicts the 24 month incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in a cancer prevention trial. FASEB J 1993; Vol. 7, issue 3:A 278.
Comstock 1997 {published data only}
  • Comstock GW, Alberg AJ, Huang HY, Wu K, Burke AE, Hoffman SC, et al. The risk of developing lung cancer associated with antioxidants in the blood: ascorbic acid, carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol, selenium, and total peroxyl radical absorbing capacity. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 1997;6(11):907-16.
Dong 2008 {published data only}
  • Dong LM, Kristal AR, Peters U, Schenk JM, Sanchez CA, Rabinovitch PS, et al. Dietary supplement use and risk of neoplastic progression in esophageal adenocarcinoma: a prospective study. Nutrition and Cancer 2008;60(1):39-48.
Dorgan 1998 {published data only}
  • Dorgan JF, Sowell A, Swanson CA, Potischman N, Miller R, Schussler N, et al. Relationships of serum carotenoids, retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and selenium with breast cancer risk: results from a prospective study in Columbia, Missouri (United States). Cancer Causes and Control 1998;9(1):89-97.
Epplein 2009 {published data only}
  • Epplein M, Franke AA, Cooney RV, Morris JS, Wilkens LR, Goodman MT, et al. Association of plasma micronutrient levels and urinary isoprostane with risk of lung cancer: the multiethnic cohort study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2009;18(7):1962-70.
  • Gill JK, Franke AA, Steven MJ, Cooney RV, Wilkens LR, Le ML, et al. Association of selenium, tocopherols, carotenoids, retinol, and 15-isoprostane F(2t) in serum or urine with prostate cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2009;20(7):1161-71.
  • Kolonel LN, 5P01CA033619-20. Epidemiologic studies of diet and cancer in Hawaii. http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/grants/abstract.asp?ApplID=6805844 (accessed 6 April 2011).
Fex 1987 {published data only}
  • Fex G, Pettersson B, Akesson B. Low plasma selenium as a risk factor for cancer death in middle-aged men. Nutrition and Cancer 1987;10(4):221-9.
Garland 1995 {published data only}
Glattre 1989 {published data only}
  • Glattre E, Thomassen Y, Thoresen SO, Haldorsen T, Lund-Larsen PG, Theodorsen L, et al. Prediagnostic serum selenium in a case-control study of thyroid cancer. International Journal of Epidemiology 1989;18(1):45-9.
Goodman 2001 {published data only}
  • Goodman GE, Schaffer S, Bankson DD, Hughes MP, Omenn GS, The Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) Co-Investigators. Predictors of serum selenium in cigarette smokers and the lack of association with lung and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2001;10(10):1069-76.
Hartman 1998 {published data only}
  • Hartman TJ, Albanes D, Pietinen P, Hartman AM, Rautalahti M, Tangrea JA, et al. The association between baseline vitamin E, selenium, and prostate cancer in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 1998;7(4):335-40.
Helzlsouer 2000 {published data only}
  • Helzlsouer KJ, Huang HY, Alberg AJ, Hoffman S, Burke A, Norkus EP, et al. Association between alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, selenium, and subsequent prostate cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2000;92(24):2018-23.
Kabuto 1994 {published data only}
  • Kabuto M, Imai H, Yonezawa C, Neriishi K, Akiba S, Kato H, et al. Prediagnostic serum selenium and zinc levels and subsequent risk of lung and stomach cancer in Japan. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 1994;3(6):465-9.
Karagas 1997 {published data only}
  • Karagas MR, Greenberg ER, Nierenberg D, Stukel TA, Morris JS, Stevens MM, et al. Risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in relation to plasma selenium, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and retinol: a nested case-control study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 1997;6(1):25-9.
Knekt 1990 {published data only}
  • Hakama M, Aaran RK, Alfthan G, Aromaa A, Hakulinen T, Knekt P, et al. Linkage of serum sample bank and cancer registry in epidemiological studies. Progress in clinical and biological research, v. 346. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1990:169-78.
  • Knekt P, Aromaa A, Alfthan G, Maatela J, Hakama M, Hakulinen T, et al. Re: Prospective study of serum micronutrients and ovarian cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1996;88(19):1408.
  • Knekt P, Aromaa A, Maatela J, Alfthan G, Aaran RK, Hakama M, et al. Serum selenium and subsequent risk of cancer among Finnish men and women. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1990;82(10):864-8.
  • Knekt P, Aromaa A, Maatela J, Alfthan G, Aaran RK, Teppo L, et al. Serum vitamin E, serum selenium and the risk of gastrointestinal cancer. International Journal of Cancer 1988;42(6):846-50.
    Direct Link:
  • Knekt P, Jarvinen R, Seppanen R, Rissanen A, Aromaa A, Heinonen OP, et al. Dietary antioxidants and the risk of lung cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology 1991;134(5):471-9.
Knekt 1998 {published data only}
  • Knekt P, Marniemi J, Teppo L, Heliovaara M, Aromaa A. Is low selenium status a risk factor for lung cancer?. American Journal of Epidemiology 1998;148(10):975-82.
Kok 1987 {published data only}
Kornitzer 2004 {published data only}
  • Kornitzer M, Valente F, De Bacquer D, Neve J, De Backer G. Serum selenium and cancer mortality: A nested case-control study within an age- and sex-stratified sample of the Belgian adult population. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004;58(1):98-104.
Kromhout 1987 {published data only}
Li 2000 {published data only}
  • Li W, Zhu Y, Yan X, Zhang Q, Li X, Ni Z, et al. [The prevention of primary liver cancer by selenium in high risk populations]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue.Za Zhi [Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine] 2000;34(6):336-8. [: Li 2000]
Li 2004a {published data only}
  • Li H, Kantoff PW, Giovannucci E, Leitzmann MF, Gaziano JM, Stampfer MJ, et al. Manganese superoxide dismutase polymorphism, prediagnostic antioxidant status, and risk of clinical significant prostate cancer. Cancer Research 2005a;65(6):2498-504.
  • Li H, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci EL, Morris JS, Willett WC, Gaziano JM, et al. A prospective study of plasma selenium levels and prostate cancer risk. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2004;96(9):696-703.
  • Li H, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci EL, Morris JS, Willett WC, Gaziano MJ, et al. Plasma selenium levels associated with subsequent risk of prostate cancer. American Journal of Urology Review 2005b;3(1):28-34.
McNaughton 2005 {published data only}
  • Heinen MM, Hughes MC, Ibiebele TI, Marks GC, Green AC, van der Pols JC. Intake of antioxidant nutrients and the risk of skin cancer. European Journal of Cancer 2007;43(18):2707-16.
  • McNaughton SA, Marks GC, Gaffney P, Williams G, Green AC. Antioxidants and basal cell carcinoma of the skin: a nested case-control study. Cancer Causes and Control 2005;16(5):609-18.
  • van der Pols JC, Heinen MM, Hughes MC, Ibiebele TI, Marks GC, Green AC. Serum antioxidants and skin cancer risk: an 8-year community-based follow-up study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(4):1167-73.
Menkes 1986 {published data only}
  • Batieha AM, Armenian HK, Norkus EP, Morris JS, Spate VE, Comstock GW. Serum micronutrients and the subsequent risk of cervical cancer in a population-based nested case-control study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 1993;2(4):335-9.
  • Breslow RA, Alberg AJ, Helzlsouer KJ, Bush TL, Norkus EP, Morris JS, et al. Serological precursors of cancer: malignant melanoma, basal and squamous cell skin cancer, and prediagnostic levels of retinol, beta- carotene, lycopene, alpha-tocopherol, and selenium. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 1995;4(8):837-42.
  • Burney PG, Comstock GW, Morris JS. Serologic precursors of cancer: Serum micronutrients and the subsequent risk of pancreatic cancer. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1989;49(5):895-900.
  • Helzlsouer KJ, Alberg AJ, Norkus EP, Morris JS, Hoffman SC, Comstock GW. Prospective study of serum micronutrients and ovarian cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1996;88(1):32-7.
  • Helzlsouer KJ, Comstock GW, Morris JS. Selenium, lycopene, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, retinol, and subsequent bladder cancer. Cancer Research 1989;49(21):6144-8.
  • Ko W. The associations of serologic precursors and the anatomic-site specific incidence of colon cancer. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University, 1994.
  • Menkes MJ. Vitamins A, E, selenium and risk of lung cancer. Dissertation Abstract International (Sci) 1986a; Vol. 46, issue 11:3807.
  • Menkes MS, Comstock GW, Vuilleumier JP, Helsing KJ, Rider AA, Brookmeyer R. Serum beta-carotene, vitamins A and E, selenium, and the risk of lung cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 1986b;315(20):1250-14.
  • Schober SE. Vitamin A, vitamin E, selenium, and colon cancer risk. Dissertation Abstract International (Sci) 1986; Vol. 46, issue 11:3808.
  • Schober SE, Comstock GW, Helsing KJ, Salkeld RM, Morris JS, Rider AA, et al. Serologic precursors of cancer. I. Prediagnostic serum nutrients and colon cancer risk. American Journal of Epidemiology 1987;126(6):1033-41.
  • Zheng W, Blot WJ, Diamond EL, Norkus EP, Spate V, Morris JS, et al. Serum micronutrients and the subsequent risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer. Cancer Research 1993;53(4):795-8.
Michaud 2002 {published data only}
  • Michaud DS, Hartman TJ, Taylor PR, Pietinen P, Alfthan G, Virtamo J, et al. No association between toenail selenium levels and bladder cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2002;11(11):1505-6.
Michaud 2005 {published data only}
Nomura 1987 {published data only}
  • Nomura A, Heilbrun LK, Morris JS, Stemmermann GN. Serum selenium and the risk of cancer, by specific sites: case-control analysis of prospective data. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1987;79(1):103-8.
Nomura 2000 {published data only}
  • Nomura AMY, Lee J, Stemmermann GN, Combs GF Jr. Serum selenium and subsequent risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2000;9(9):883-7.
NPCT 1996 {published data only}
  • Clark L, Krongrad A, Dalkin B, Witherington R, Herlong H, Carpenter D. Decreased incidence of prostate cancer with selenium supplementation: 1983-96 results of a double-blind cancer prevention trial. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 1997; Vol. 6, issue 5:497-8.
  • Clark LC, Combs GF, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Chalker DK, Chow J, et al. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1996;276(24):1957-63.
  • Clark LC, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Chalker DK, Chow J. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 1996;276:1957-63.
  • Clark LC, Dalkin B, Krongrad A, Combs GF, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, et al. Decreased incidence of prostate cancer with selenium supplementation: results of a double-blind cancer prevention trial. British Journal of Urology 1998;81(5):730-4.
    Direct Link:
  • Clark LC, UARIZ-CA49764 NCI-P89-0003. Double-blind, randomized trial of selenium-enriched brewer's yeast vs brewer's yeast placebo for the prevention of skin cancer in patients with a history of squamous or basal cell skin cancer (Summary Last Modified 05/91). http://www.cancer.gov. National Cancer Institute, (accessed 1 March 2004).
  • Combs GF, Clark LC, Turnbull BW. Reduction of cancer mortality and incidence by selenium supplementation. Medizinische Klinik 1997;92(Suppl 3):42-5.
  • Combs GFJr, Clark LC, Turnbull BW. Reduction of cancer risk with an oral supplement of selenium. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 1997;10(2-3):227-34.
  • Duffield-Lillico AJ, Dalkin BL, Reid ME, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Jacobs ET, et al. Selenium supplementation, baseline plasma selenium status and incidence of prostate cancer: an analysis of the complete treatment period of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial. BJU International 2003b;91(7):608-12.
    Direct Link:
  • Duffield-Lillico AJ, Reid ME, Turnbull BW, Combs GF Jr, Slate EH, Fischbach LA, et al. Baseline characteristics and the effect of selenium supplementation on cancer incidence in a randomized clinical trial: a summary report of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2002;11(7):630-9.
  • Duffield-Lillico AJ, Slate EH, Reid ME, Turnbull BW, Wilkins PA, Combs GF, Jr, et al. Selenium supplementation and secondary prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer in a randomized trial. Journal of the National Cancer Institute Cancer Spectrum 2003a;95(19):1477-81.
  • Marshall JR, 5R01CA049764-15. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer. http://crisp.cit.nih.gov (accessed 1 March 2004).
  • Reid ME, Duffield-Lillico AJ, Garland L, Turnbull BW, Clark LC, Marshall JR. Selenium supplementation and lung cancer incidence: An update of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2002;11(11):1285-91.
  • Reid ME, Duffield-Lillico AJ, Slate E, Natarajan N, Turnbull B, Jacobs E, et al. The nutritional prevention of cancer: 400 mcg per day selenium treatment. Nutrition and Cancer 2008;60(2):155-63.
  • Stranges S, Marshall JR, Natarajan R, Donahue RP, Trevisan M, Combs GF, et al. Effects of Long-Term Selenium Supplementation on the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2007;147:217-23.
Overvad 1991 {published data only}
Peleg 1985 {published data only}
Persson 2000 {published data only}
Peters 2007 {published data only}
  • Peters U, Foster CB, Chatterjee N, Schatzkin A, Reding D, Andriole GL, et al. Serum selenium and risk of prostate cancer - a nested case-control study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;85(1):209-17.
Peters 2008 {published data only}
  • Asgari MM, Maruti SS, Kushi LH, White E. Antioxidant supplementation and risk of incident melanomas: results of a large prospective cohort study. Archives of Dermatology 2009;145(8):879-82.
  • Peters U, Littman AJ, Kristal AR, Patterson RE, Potter JD, White E. Vitamin E and selenium supplementation and risk of prostate cancer in the Vitamins and lifestyle (VITAL) study cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2008;19(1):75-87.
Ratnasinghe 2000 {published data only}
  • Ratnasinghe D, Tangrea JA, Forman MR, Hartman T, Gunter EW, Qiao YL, et al. Serum tocopherols, selenium and lung cancer risk among tin miners in China. Cancer Causes and Control 2000;11(2):129-35.
Reid 2008 {published data only}
  • Reid ME, Duffield-Lillico AJ, Slate E, Natarajan N, Turnbull B, Jacobs E, et al. The nutritional prevention of cancer: 400 mcg per day selenium treatment. Nutrition and Cancer 2008;60(2):155-63.
Ringstad 1988 {published data only}
Sakoda 2005 {published data only}
  • Sakoda LC, Graubard BI, Evans AA, London WT, Lin WY, Shen FM, et al. Toenail selenium and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma mortality in Haimen City, China. International Journal of Cancer 2005;115(4):618-24.
    Direct Link:
Salonen 1984 {published data only}
Salonen 1985 {published data only}
  • Salonen JT, Salonen R, Lappetelainen R, Maenpaa PH, Alfthan G, Puska P. Risk of cancer in relation to serum concentrations of selenium and vitamins A and E: matched case-control analysis of prospective data. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition) 1985;290(6466):417-20.
SELECT 2009 {published data only}
  • Cook ED. Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial - this one's for us. Journal of the National Medical Association 2002;94(9):856-8.
  • Cook ED, Moody-Thomas S, Anderson KB, Campbell R, Hamilton SJ, Harrington JM, et al. Minority recruitment to the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). Clinical Trials 2005;2(5):436-42.
  • DeFrancesco L. Prostate cancer prevention trial launched. Nature Medicine 2001;7(10):1076.
  • Dunn BK, Ryan A, Ford LG. Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial: a nutrient approach to prostate cancer prevention. Recent Results in Cancer Research 2009;181:183-93.
  • FDA. Largest-ever prostate cancer prevention trial. FDA Consumer 2001;35(5):8.
  • Ford LG, Minasian LM, McCaskill-Stevens W, Pisano ED, Sullivan D, Smith RA. Prevention and early detection clinical trials: opportunities for primary care providers and their patients. CA: A cancer journal for clinicians 2003;53(2):82-101.
    Direct Link:
  • Hoque A, Albanes D, Lippman SM, Spitz MR, Taylor PR, Klein EA, et al. Molecular epidemiologic studies within the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). Cancer Causes and Control 2001;12(7):627-33.
  • Kardinal C, Brooks J. Ochsner Cancer Institute studies vitamin E and selenium as prostate cancer prevention agents. Ochsner Journal 2003;5(2):51.
  • Klein E, Atkins MB, Walther P, Klotz L, SWOG-S000. Phase III randomized study of selenium and vitamin E for the prevention of prostate cancer (SELECT trial). http://clinicaltrials.gov/ (accessed 12 January 2004).
  • Klein EA. Clinical models for testing chemopreventative agents in prostate cancer and overview of SELECT: the Selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial. Recent Results in Cancer Research 2003;163:212-25.
  • Klein EA. Selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2004;1031:234-41.
    Direct Link:
  • Klein EA, Lippman SM, Thompson IM, Goodman PJ, Albanes D, Taylor PR, et al. The selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial. World Journal of Urology 2003;21(1):21-7.
  • Klein EA, Thompson IM, Lippman SM, Goodman PJ, Albanes D, Taylor PR, et al. SELECT: the next prostate cancer prevention trial. Selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial. Journal of Urology 2001;166(4):1311-5.
  • Klein EA, Thompson IM, Lippman SM, Goodman PJ, Albanes D, Taylor PR, et al. SELECT: the selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial. Urologic Oncology 2003;21(1):59-65.
  • Klein EA, Thompson IM, Lippman SM, Goodman PJ, Albanes D, Taylor PR, et al. SELECT: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial: rationale and design. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases 2000;3(3):145-51.
  • Lippman SM, Goodman PJ, Klein EA, Parnes HL, Thompson IM Jr, Kristal AR, et al. Designing the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2005;97(2):94-102.
  • Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Lucia MS, Thompson IM, Ford LG, et al. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA 2009;301(1):39-51.
  • Miller M. Enrollment begins for largest-ever prostate cancer prevention trial. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2001;93(15):1132.
  • Pak RW, Lanteri VJ, Scheuch JR, Sawczuk IS. Review of vitamin E and selenium in the prevention of prostate cancer: implications of the selenium and vitamin E chemoprevention trial. Integrative Cancer Therapies 2002;1(4):338-44.
  • South West Oncology Group. Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). http://www.controlled-trials.com/mrct/trial/SELENIUM/1059/42795.html (accessed 16 April 2004).
  • South West Oncology Group. Selenium and vitamin E in preventing prostate cancer. http://www.controlled-trials.com/mrct/trial/SELENIUM/1059/32859.html. Southwest Oncology Group, (accessed 16 April 2004).
  • Tangen CM, Goodman PJ, Crowley JJ, Thompson IM. Statistical design issues and other practical considerations for conducting phase III prostate cancer prevention trials. Journal of Urology 2004;171(2 Pt 2):S64-7.
  • Tom J. SELECT (opportunity for prostate cancer prevention). Hawaii Medical Journal 2002;61(6):126-9.
Thomson 2008 {published data only}
  • Thomson CA, Neuhouser ML, Shikany JM, Caan BJ, Monk BJ, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, et al. The role of antioxidants and vitamin A in ovarian cancer: results from the Women's Health Initiative. Nutrition and Cancer 2008;60(6):710-9.
van Noord 1987 {published data only}
  • van Noord PAH, Collette HJA, Maas MJ, de Waard F. Selenium levels in nails of premenopausal breast cancer patients assessed prediagnostically in a cohort-nested case-referent study among women screened in the DOM project. International Journal of Epidemiology 1987;16(2):318-22.
vd Brandt 1993 {published data only}
  • van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, van't Veer P, Bode P, Dorant E, Hermus RJJ, et al. A prospective cohort study on selenium status and the risk of lung cancer. Cancer Research 1993a;53(20):4860-5.
  • van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, van't Veer P, Bode P, Dorant E, Hermus RJJ, et al. A prospective cohort study on toenail selenium levels and risk of gastrointestinal cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1993b;85(3):224-9.
  • van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, van't Veer P, Bode P, Dorant E, Hermus RJJ, et al. Toenail selenium levels and the risk of breast cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology 1994;140(1):20-6.
  • van den Brandt PA, Zeegers MPA, Bode P, Goldbohm RA. Toenail selenium levels and the subsequent risk of prostate cancer: A prospective cohort study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2003;12(9):866-71.
  • Zeegers MPA, Goldbohm RA, Bode P, van den Brandt PA. Prediagnostic toenail selenium and risk of bladder cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2002;11(11):1292-7.
Virtamo 1987 {published data only}
  • Virtamo J, Valkeila E, Alfthan G, Punsar S, Huttunen JK, Karvonen MJ. Serum selenium and risk of cancer. A prospective follow-up of nine years. Cancer 1987;60(2):145-8.
    Direct Link:
Wei 2004 {published data only}
  • Mark SD, Qiao YL, Dawsey SM, Wu YP, Katki H, Gunter EW, et al. Prospective study of serum selenium levels and incident esophageal and gastric cancers. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2000;92(21):1753-63.
  • Wei WQ, Abnet CC, Qiao YL, Dawsey SM, Dong ZW, Sun XD, et al. Prospective study of serum selenium concentrations and esophageal and gastric cardia cancer, heart disease, stroke, and total death. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004;79(1):80-5.
Willett 1983 {published data only}
Yoshizawa 1998 {published data only}
  • Yoshizawa K, Willett WC, Morris SJ, Stampfer MJ, Spiegelman D, Rimm EB, et al. Study of prediagnostic selenium level in toenails and the risk of advanced prostate cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1998;90(16):1219-24.
Yu 1991 {published data only}
  • Li WG. [Preliminary observations on effect of selenium yeast on high risk populations with primary liver cancer]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue.Za Zhi [Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine] 1992;26(5):268-71.
  • Yu S, Li W, Zhu Y. Chemoprevention of Liver Cancer. CCPC-93: Second International Cancer Chemo Prevention Conference, April 28-30, 1993, Berlin (Meeting Abstract) 1993.
  • Yu SY, Zhu YJ, Li WG, Huang QS, Huang CZ, Zhang QN, et al. A preliminary report on the intervention trials of primary liver cancer in high-risk populations with nutritional supplementation of selenium in China. Biological Trace Element Research 1991;29(3):289-94.
Yu 1997 {published data only}
  • Li WG. [Preliminary observations on effect of selenium yeast on high risk populations with primary liver cancer]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue.Za Zhi [Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine] 1992;26(5):268-71.
  • Yu SY, Zhu YJ, Li WG. Protective role of selenium against hepatitis B virus and primary liver cancer in Qidong. Biological Trace Element Research 1997;56(1):117-24. [MEDLINE: 15873]
  • Yu SY, Zhu YJ, Li WG, Huang QS, Huang CZ, Zhang QN, et al. A preliminary report on the intervention trials of primary liver cancer in high-risk populations with nutritional supplementation of selenium in China. Biological Trace Element Research 1991;29(3):289-94.
Yu 1999 {published data only}
  • Yu MW, Horng IS, Hsu KH, Chiang YC, Liaw YF, Chen CJ. Plasma selenium levels and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among men with chronic hepatitis virus infection. American Journal of Epidemiology 1999;150(4):367-74.

References to studies excluded from this review

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to ongoing studies
  4. Additional references
Bostick 1993 {published data only}
  • Bostick RM, Potter JD, McKenzie DR, Sellers TA, Kushi LH, Steinmetz KA, et al. Reduced risk of colon cancer with high intake of vitamin E: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Cancer Research 1993;53(18):4230-7.
Brock 1991 {published data only}
Chen 1988 {published data only}
  • Chen Q. [Protective effects of selenium, zinc and copper on lung cancer]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi [Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine] 1988;22(4):221-4.
Chen 2003 {published data only}
Connelly-Frost 2009 {published data only}
Costello 2001 {published data only}
Criqui 1991 {published data only}
  • Criqui MH, Bangdiwala S, Goodman DS, Blaner WS, Morris JS, Kritchevsky S, et al. Selenium, retinol, retinol-binding protein, and uric acid. Associations with cancer mortality in a population-based prospective case-control study. Annals of Epidemiology 1991;1(5):385-93.
Cui 2007 {published data only}
  • Cui Y, Vogt S, Olson N, Glass AG, Rohan TE. Levels of zinc, selenium, calcium, and iron in benign breast tissue and risk of subsequent breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2007;16(8):1682-5.
Davies 2002 {published data only}
Fleshner 2003 {published data only}
  • Fleshner N, CAN-CNIC-PRP1. Phase II randomized study of vitamin E, selenium, and soy protein isolate in patients with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. http://www.cancer.gov (accessed 1 April 2004).
Hagmar 1992 {published data only}
  • Hagmar L, Linden K, Nilsson A, Norrving B, Akesson B, Schutz A, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality among Swedish Baltic Sea fishermen. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 1992;18(4):217-24.
Hartman 2002 {published data only}
  • Hartman TJ, Taylor PR, Alfthan G, Fagerstrom R, Virtamo J, Mark SD, et al. Toenail selenium concentration and lung cancer in male smokers (Finland). Cancer Causes & Control 2002;13(10):923-8.
Huzarski 2006 {published data only}
  • Huzarski T, Byrski T, Gronwald J, Kowalska E, Zajaczek S, Gorski B, et al. A lowering of breast and ovarian cancer risk in women with a BRCA1 mutation by selenium supplementation of diet. Hereditary Cancer in Clinical Practice 2006;4(1):58.
Joniau 2007 {published data only}
  • Joniau S, Goeman L, Roskams T, Lerut E, Oyen R, Van PH. Effect of nutritional supplement challenge in patients with isolated high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Urology 2007;69(6):1102-6.
Kellen 2008 {published data only}
Kilander 2001 {published data only}
  • Kilander L, Berglund L, Boberg M, Vessby B, Lithell H. Education, lifestyle factors and mortality from cardiovascular disease and cancer. A 25-year follow-up of Swedish 50-year-old men. International Journal of Epidemiology 2001;30(5):1119-26.
Knekt 1988a {published data only}
  • Knekt P, Reunanen A, Aromaa A, Heliovaara M, Hakulinen T, Hakama M. Serum cholesterol and risk of cancer in a cohort of 39,000 men and women. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1988;41(6):519-30.
Knekt 1988c {published data only}
  • Knekt P, Aromaa A, Maatela J, Aaran RK, Nikkari T, Hakama M, et al. Serum vitamin E and risk of cancer among Finnish men during a 10-year follow-up. American Journal of Epidemiology 1988;127(1):28-41.
Knekt 1991b {published data only}
  • Knekt P, Aromaa A, Maatela J, Alfthan G, Aaran RK, Nikkari T, et al. Serum micronutrients and risk of cancers of low incidence in Finland. American Journal of Epidemiology 1991;134(4):356-61.
Kok 1987c {published data only}
  • Kok FJ, van Duijn CM, Hofman A, Vermeeren R, De Bruijn AM, Valkenburg HA. Micronutrients and the risk of lung cancer (letter). New England Journal of Medicine 1987c;316:1416.
Kune 2006 {published data only}
  • Kune G, Watson L. Colorectal cancer protective effects and the dietary micronutrients folate, methionine, vitamins B6, B12, C, E, selenium, and lycopene. Nutrition and Cancer 2006;56(1):11-21.
Kuroda 1988 {published data only}
  • Kuroda M, Imura T, Morikawa K, Hasegawa T. Decreased serum levels of selenium and glutathione peroxidase activity associated with aging, malignancy and chronic hemodialysis. Trace Elements in Medicine 1988;5(3):97-103.
Lawson 2007 {published data only}
  • Lawson KA, Wright ME, Subar A, Mouw T, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A, et al. Multivitamin use and risk of prostate cancer in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2007;99(10):754-64.
Le Marchand 2006 {published data only}
  • Le Marchand L, Saltzman BS, Hankin JH, Wilkens LR, Franke AA, Morris SJ, et al. Sun exposure, diet, and melanoma in Hawaii Caucasians. American Journal of Epidemiology 2006;164(3):232-45.
Li 2004b {published data only}
  • Li H, Li HQ, Wang Y, Xu HX, Fan WT, Wang ML, et al. An intervention study to prevent gastric cancer by micro-selenium and large dose of allitridum. Chinese Medical Journal 2004;117(8):1155-60.
Limburg 2005 {published data only}
  • Limburg PJ, Wei W, Ahnen DJ, Qiao Y, Hawk ET, Wang G, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled, esophageal squamous cell cancer chemoprevention trial of selenomethionine and celecoxib. Gastroenterology 2005;129(3):863-73.
Linxian Pilot 2000 {published data only}
  • NCI-OH95-C-N026NCI-P00-0157. Pilot randomized chemoprevention study of selenium and celecoxib, alone or in combination, in patients with esophageal squamous dysplasia who are residing in Linxian, People's Republic of China. http://www.cancer.gov/search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=67930&version=HealthProfessional&protocolsearchid=5845119 (accessed: 25/02/2009).
Neuhouser 2009 {published data only}
  • Neuhouser ML, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Tomson C, Aragaki A, Anderson GL, Manson JE, et al. Multivitamin use and risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease in the women's health initiative cohorts. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009;169(3):294-304.
Ray 2006 {published data only}
  • Ray AL, Semba RD, Walston J, Ferrucci L, Cappola AR, Ricks MO, et al. Low serum selenium and total carotenoids predict mortality among older women living in the community: the women's health and aging studies. Journal of Nutrition 2006;136(1):172-6.
Rayman 2001 {published data only}
  • Larsen EH. Prevention of cancer by intervention with Selenium (pilot) - PRECISE-PILOT. http://www.food.dtu.dk/Default.aspx?ID=20782 (accessed 6 April 2011).
  • MRC Clinical Trials Unit, ISRCTN64336220. A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled cancer prevention trial with an estimated duration of 5 years with 52,000 subjects recruited from the general populations of the UK, Denmark,Sweden, Finland and the United States. http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN64336220 (accessed 6 April 2011).
  • Rayman M, ISRCTN25193534. UK prevention of cancer by intervention with selenium. http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN25193534/ (accessed 6 April 2011).
  • Rayman M, NCT00022165. Selenium in the Prevention of Cancer. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00022165. England, W12 ONN, United Kingdom: Hammersmith Hospital London, (accessed 6 April 2011).
Rendon {published data only}
  • Rendon RA, Fleshner N. Vitamin E, selenium and soy protein in preventing cancer in patients with high-grade prostate neoplasia. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00064194. www.clinicaltrials.gov, (accessed 6 April 2011).
Thompson 2009 {published data only}
  • Thompson CA, Habermann TM, Wang AH, Vierkant RA, Folsom AR, Ross JA, et al. Antioxidant intake from fruits, vegetables and other sources and risk of non-hodgkin lymphoma: The Iowa women's health study. International Journal of Cancer 2009;(epub ahead of print):DOI 10.1002/ijc.24830. [DOI: ]
Tsugane 1996 {published data only}
  • Tsugane S, Hamada GS, Karita K, Tsubono Y, Laurenti R. Cancer patterns and lifestyle among Japanese immigrants and their descendants in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Gann Monographs on Cancer Research 1996;44:43-50.
Ujiie 2002 {published data only}
van't Veer 1996 {published data only}
  • van't Veer P, Strain JJ, Fernandez-Crehuet J, Martin BC, Thamm M, Kardinaal AF, et al. Tissue antioxidants and postmenopausal breast cancer: the European Community Multicentre Study on Antioxidants, Myocardial Infarction, and Cancer of the Breast (EURAMIC). Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 1996;5(6):441-7.
van Noord 1992 {published data only}
  • van Noord PAH, van der Tweel I, Kaaks R, de Waard F. Selenium levels and subsequent colorectal cancers: the efficiency gain of a sequential test to a cohort-nested study with a 1:4 matching ratio. In: van Noord PAH editor(s). Selenium and human cancer risk: Nail keratin as a tool in metabolic epidemiology. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers, 1992:139-53.
van Noord 1993 {published data only}
  • van Noord PAH, Maas MJ, van der Tweel I, Collette C. Selenium and the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in the DOM cohort. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 1993;25(1):11-9.
Wallace 2009 {published data only}
  • Wallace K, Kelsey KT, Schned A, Morris JS, Andrew AS, Karagas MR. Selenium and risk of bladder cancer: a population-based case-control study. Cancer Prevention Research (Phila Pa) 2009;2(1):70-3.
Watters 2009 {published data only}
  • Watters JL, Park Y, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A, Albanes D. Cigarette smoking and prostate cancer in a prospective US cohort study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2009;18(9):2427-35.
Wright 2004 {published data only}
  • Wright ME, Mayne ST, Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Li Z, Pietinen P, Taylor PR, et al. Development of a comprehensive dietary antioxidant index and application to lung cancer risk in a cohort of male smokers. American Journal of Epidemiology 2004;160(1):68-76.
You 2005 {published data only}
  • You WC, Li JY, Zhang L, Jin ML, Chang YS, Ma JL, et al. Etiology and prevention of gastric cancer: a population study in a high risk area of China. Chinese Journal of Digestive Diseases 2005;6(4):149-54.
    Direct Link:
Yuan 2006 {published data only}
Zeegers 2009 {published data only}
  • Zeegers MP, Bryan RT, Langford C, Billingham L, Murray P, Deshmukh NS, et al. The West Midlands Bladder Cancer Prognosis Programme: rationale and design. BJU International 2009;(epub ahead of print). [DOI: ]

References to ongoing studies

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to ongoing studies
  4. Additional references
Epi_Nomura 2002 {published data only}
  • Nomura AM, 5R01CA033644-19. Cancer sero epidemiology among the Japanese in Hawaii. http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/ (accessed 12 January 2004).
RCT_Cheng 2003 {published data only}
  • Cheng KK, ISRCTN38534743. Selenium supplementation for the prevention of hepatocellular carcinomas in HBsAg positive patients (pilot study). http://www.controlled-trials.com/isrctn/trial_print-friendly.asp?ISRCTN=38534743 (accessed 16 April 2004).
RCT_Cheng 2006 {published data only}
  • Cheng KK, ISRCTN13889738. Bladder Cancer Prognosis Programme (incorporating SELENIB trial). http://www.controlled-trials.com/mrct/trial/232573/selenib (accessed 18 February 2009).
RCT_ECOG 2002 {published data only}
  • Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Selenium in preventing tumor growth in patients with previously resected stage I non-small cell lung cancer. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00008385 (accessed 6 April 2011).
  • Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, ECOG-5597. Phase III randomized chemoprevention study of selenium in participants with previously resected stage I non-small cell lung cancer. http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/featured/trials/ecog-5598. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, (accessed 6 April 2011).
  • Karp DD. Phase III chemoprevention trial of selenium supplementation in persons with resected stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. Clinical Advances in Hematology and Oncology 2005;3(4):313-5.
RCT_HGPIN_Marshall 2006 {published data only}
  • Clark LC, Marshall JR. Randomized, controlled chemoprevention trials in populations at very high risk for prostate cancer: elevated prostate-specific antigen and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Urology 2001;57(4 Suppl 1):185-7.
  • Coltman CA, 5U01CA077178-06. Selenium based chemoprevention. http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/ (accessed 12 January 2004).
  • Marshall J, Jarrard D, Lee WR, SWOG-S9917. Phase III randomized study of selenium as chemoprevention of prostate cancer in patients with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ (accessed 16 April 2004).
  • Marshall JR. Larry Clark's legacy: randomized controlled, selenium-based prostate cancer chemoprevention trials. Nutrition and Cancer 2001;40(1):74-7.
  • Marshall JR, Sakr W, Wood D, Berry D, Tangen C, Parker F, et al. Design and progress of a trial of selenium to prevent prostate cancer among men with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2006;15(8):1479-84.
  • Nelson MA, Reid M, Duffield-Lillico AJ, Marshall JR. Prostate cancer and selenium. The Urologic clinics of North America 2002;29(1):67-70.
  • South West Oncology Group, NCT00030901. Selenium in preventing cancer in patients with neoplasia of the prostate. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ (accessed 16 April 2004).
RCT_NBT_Stratton 2003 {published data only}
  • Ahmann, F. Phase III Randomized Study of Selenium for Prostate Cancer Prevention. http://www.cancer.gov./search/ViewClinicalTrials.aspx?cdrid=654651 (accessed 20 October 2009).
  • Ahmann FR, 5R01CA077789-05. Phase III Trial of Selenium for Prostate Cancer. http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/ (accessed 12 January 2004).
  • Clark LC, Marshall JR. Randomized, controlled chemoprevention trials in populations at very high risk for prostate cancer: Elevated prostate-specific antigen and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Urology 2001;57(4 Suppl 1):185-7.
  • Marshall JR. Larry Clark's legacy: randomized controlled, selenium-based prostate cancer chemoprevention trials. Nutrition and Cancer 2001;40(1):74-7.
  • Nelson MA, Reid M, Duffield-Lillico AJ, Marshall JR. Prostate cancer and selenium. The Urologic clinics of North America 2002;29(1):67-70.
  • Stratton MS, Reid ME, Schwartzberg G, Minter FE, Monroe BK, Alberts DS, et al. Selenium and prevention of prostate cancer in high-risk men: the negative biopsy study. Anticancer Drugs 2003;14(8):589-94.

Additional references

  1. References to studies included in this review
  2. References to studies excluded from this review
  3. References to ongoing studies
  4. Additional references
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Arnaud 2007
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Ashton 2009
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Barany 2002
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