Intervention Review
Cannabinoid type 1 receptor antagonists for smoking cessation
Editorial Group: Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group
Published Online: 16 MAR 2011
Assessed as up-to-date: 24 JAN 2011
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005353.pub4
Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Database Title
Additional Information
How to Cite
Cahill K, Ussher MH. Cannabinoid type 1 receptor antagonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD005353. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005353.pub4.
Publication History
- Publication Status: New search for studies and content updated (conclusions changed)
- Published Online: 16 MAR 2011
Abstract
Background
Selective type 1 cannabinoid (CB1) receptor antagonists may assist with smoking cessation by restoring the balance of the endocannabinoid system, which can be disrupted by prolonged use of nicotine. They also seeks to address many smokers' reluctance to persist with a quit attempt because of concerns about weight gain.
Objectives
To determine whether selective CB1 receptor antagonists (currently rimonabant and taranabant) increase the numbers of people stopping smoking
To assess their effects on weight change in successful quitters and in those who try to quit but fail.
Search methods
We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Review Group specialized register for trials, using the terms ('rimonabant' or 'taranabant') and 'smoking' in the title or abstract, or as keywords. We also searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and PsycINFO, using major MESH terms. We acquired electronic or paper copies of posters of preliminary trial results presented at the American Thoracic Society Meeting in 2005, and at the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco European Meeting 2006. We also attempted to contact the authors of ongoing studies of rimonabant, and Sanofi Aventis (manufacturers of rimonabant). The most recent search was in January 2011.
Selection criteria
Types of studies
Randomized controlled trials
Types of participants
Adult smokers
Types of interventions
Selective CB1 receptor antagonists, such as rimonabant and taranabant.
Types of outcome measures
The primary outcome is smoking status at a minimum of six months after the start of treatment. We preferred sustained cessation rates to point prevalence, and biochemically verified cessation to self-reported quitting. We regarded smokers who drop out or are lost to follow up as continuing smokers. We have noted any adverse effects of treatment.
A secondary outcome is weight change associated with the cessation attempt.
Data collection and analysis
Two authors checked the abstracts for relevance, and attempted to acquire full trial reports. One author extracted the data, and a second author checked them.
Main results
We found three trials which met our inclusion criteria, covering 1567 smokers (cessation: STRATUS-EU and STRATUS-US), and 1661 quitters (relapse prevention: STRATUS-WW). At one year, the pooled risk ratio (RR) for quitting with rimonabant 20 mg was 1.50 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10 to 2.05). No significant benefit was demonstrated for rimonabant at 5 mg dosage. Adverse events included nausea and upper respiratory tract infections.
In the relapse prevention trial, smokers who had quit on the 20 mg regimen were more likely to remain abstinent on either active regimen than on placebo; the RR for the 20 mg maintenance group was 1.29 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.57), and for the 5 mg maintenance group 1.30 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.59). There appeared to be no significant benefit of maintenance treatment for the 5 mg quitters.
One trial of taranabant was not included in our meta-analyses, as it followed participants only until end of treatment; at eight weeks it found no benefit for treatment over placebo, with an OR of 1.2 (90% CI 0.6 to 2.5).
For rimonabant, weight gain was reported to be significantly lower among the 20 mg quitters than in the 5 mg or placebo quitters. During treatment, overweight or obese smokers tended to lose weight, while normal weight smokers did not. For taranabant, weight gain was significantly lower for 2-8 mg versus placebo at the end of eight weeks of treatment.
In 2008, post-marketing surveillance led the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) to require Sanofi Aventis to withdraw rimonabant, because of links to mental disorders. The development of taranabant was also suspended by Merck & Co because of unacceptable adverse events.
Authors' conclusions
From the trial reports available, rimonabant 20 mg may increase the chances of quitting approximately 1½-fold. The evidence for rimonabant in maintaining abstinence is inconclusive.
Rimonabant 20 mg may moderate weight gain in the long term. Taranabant 2-8 mg may moderate weight gain, at least in the short term.
In 2008, development of both rimonabant and taranabant was discontinued by the manufacturers.
Plain language summary
Can cannabinoid type 1 receptor antagonists help smokers to quit, and could they also reduce the amount of weight gained during the quitting process?
Long-term use of nicotine can upset the endocannabinoid system in the brain, which controls food intake and energy balance. Rimonabant and similar drugs may help smokers to quit by rebalancing the system, which then reduces nicotine and food cravings. We searched our own specialised register of controlled trials. We also contacted Sanofi Aventis, the manufacturers of rimonabant, and researchers who presented early findings at conferences. We found two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of rimonabant for smoking cessation, covering 1567 smokers, and one RCT of rimonabant for relapse prevention covering 1661 quitters. The available information shows that rimonabant at the 20 mg dose increased by 1½-fold the chances of not smoking at one year, compared with placebo. Rimonabant 5 mg did no better than placebo at any time point. In the relapse prevention trial, smokers who quit successfully with rimonabant 20 mg were 1½ times more likely to remain abstinent on active treatment (5 mg or 20 mg for 42 weeks) than on placebo. For those who quit successfully on 5 mg, neither active nor placebo treatment appeared to benefit them in avoiding relapse. This inconsistent picture makes it difficult to find a clear benefit for rimonabant in preventing relapse. One trial of taranabant (317 smokers) did not find a benefit for treatment over placebo, and the taranabant group suffered more side effects than the placebo group. Main side effects for rimonabant included nausea and upper respiratory tract infections, and serious harms were reported to be low. For taranabant, the main side effects included problems with digestive, nervous, psychiatric, skin and blood vessel organ systems. For both drugs, the number and severity of the side effects increased in those taking higher doses. Although the evidence on weight change is sparse in these trials, weight gain was reported to be significantly lower among the rimonabant 20 mg quitters than in the 5 mg or placebo quitters. During treatment, overweight or obese smokers tended to lose weight on 20 mg, while normal weight smokers did not. Taranabant also limited weight gain during cessation attempts. In 2008 both rimonabant and taranabant were withdrawn by the manufacturers, because of links to mental disorders and unacceptable side effects.
Resumen
Antecedentes
Antagonistas de los receptores de cannabinoides tipo 1 para el abandono del hábito de fumar
Los antagonistas selectivos de receptores de cannabinoides tipo 1 (CB1) puede ayudar al abandono del hábito de fumar al restaurar el equilibrio del sistema endocannabinoide, que puede estar interrumpido por el consumo prolongado de nicotina. También se trata de abordar la renuencia de muchos fumadores a persistir con un intento de dejar de fumar debido a la preocupación por el aumento de peso.
Objetivos
Determinar si el uso de los antagonistas selectivos de los receptores CB1 (actualmente rimonabant y taranabant) aumenta el número de personas que dejan de fumar Evaluar sus efectos sobre el cambio de peso en los que dejaron de fumar con éxito y en los que tratan de dejar de fumar pero fracasan.
Estrategia de búsqueda
Se buscaron ensayos en el Registro Especializado de Ensayos Controlados del Grupo de Revisión Cochrane de Adicción al Tabaco (Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Review Group) con los términos (‘rimonabant’ or ‘taranabant’) and ‘smoking’ en el título, el resumen o como palabras clave. También se hicieron búsquedas en MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL y PsycINFO, utilizando los principales términos MESH. Se adquirieron copias electrónicas o impresas de los carteles de los resultados preliminares de los ensayos presentados en el American Thoracic Society Meeting en 2005, y en la Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco European Meeting 2006. También se intentó establecer contacto con los autores de los estudios en curso de rimonabant y con Sanofi Aventis (fabricantes de rimonabant). La búsqueda más reciente se realizó en enero 2011.
Criterios de selección
Tipos de estudios Ensayos controlados con asignación aleatoria
Tipos de participantes Fumadores adultos
Tipos de intervenciones Antagonistas selectivos de los receptores CB1, como el rimonabant y taranabant. Tipos de medida de resultado La medida de resultado primaria es la situación con respecto al hábito de fumar a los seis meses, como mínimo, después del comienzo del tratamiento. Se prefirieron las tasas de abstinencia sostenida a la prevalencia puntual y la abstinencia bioquímicamente comprobada a la abstinencia autonotificada. Se consideró a los fumadores que abandonaron o se perdieron durante el seguimiento como que continuaron como fumadores. Se observó cualquier efecto adverso del tratamiento.
Una medida de resultado secundario como el cambio de peso asociado con el intento de dejar de fumar.
Obtención y análisis de los datos
Dos autores comprobaron la pertinencia de los resúmenes, e intentaron adquirir los informes completos de los ensayos. Un autor extrajo los datos y un segundo autor los verificó.
Resultados principales
Se encontraron tres ensayos que reunieron los criterios de inclusión, con 1 567 fumadores (abandono del hábito: STRATUSUE y STRATUSEE.UU.) y 1 661 exfumadores (para la prevención de las reincidencias: STRATUSWW). Un año más tarde, el cociente de riesgos (CR) agrupado para dejar de fumar con 20 mg de rimonabant fue de 1,50 (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%: 1,10 a 2,05). No se demostró beneficio significativo del rimonabant con la dosis de 5 mg. Los eventos adversos incluían náuseas e infecciones de las vías respiratorias superiores. En el ensayo de prevención de las reincidencias, fue más probable que los fumadores que habían dejado el hábito con el régimen de 20 mg se mantuvieran en abstinencia tanto con el régimen activo como con el placebo; el CR del grupo de mantenimiento con 20 mg fue de 1,29 (IC del 95%: 1,06 a 1,57) y en el grupo de mantenimiento con 5 mg, 1,30 (IC del 95%: 1,06 a 1,59). Parece que no hubo beneficio significativo del tratamiento de mantenimiento de los que dejaron de fumar con un régimen de 5 mg. Un ensayo de taranabant no se incluyó en los metanálisis porque siguió a los participantes sólo hasta el final del tratamiento; a ocho semanas no encontró ningún beneficio para el tratamiento sobre el placebo, con un OR de 1,2 (IC del 90% 0,6 a 2,5). Para el rimonabant, se informó que el aumento de peso fue significativamente inferior en los que dejaron de fumar con 20 mg que con 5 mg o en los que dejaron de fumar con placebo. Durante el tratamiento los fumadores con sobrepeso u obesidad tendieron a perder peso, lo que no sucedió en los fumadores con peso normal. Para el taranabant, el aumento de peso fue significativamente inferior para la dosis de 2 a 8 mg versus placebo al final de ocho semanas de tratamiento. En 2008, la vigilancia posterior a la comercialización llevó a la European Medicines Agency (EMEA) a exigir que Sanofi Aventis retirara el rimonabant, debido a su asociación con trastornos mentales. El desarrollo de taranabant también fue suspendido por Merck & Co debido a eventos adversos inadmisibles.
Conclusiones de los autores
A partir de los informes disponibles de los ensayos, se considera que 20 mg de rimonabant pueden aumentar una vez y media la probabilidad de abandono del hábito. Las pruebas del rimonabant para mantener la abstinencia no son concluyentes. 20 mg de rimonabant pueden moderar el aumento de peso a largo plazo. 2 a 8 mg de taranabant pueden moderar el aumento de peso, al menos en el corto plazo. Los fabricantes de rimonabant y taranabant decidieron dejar de producir estos fármacos en 2008.
Traducción
Traducción realizada por el Centro Cochrane Iberoamericano
