Intervention Review
Vaginal dilator therapy for women receiving pelvic radiotherapy
Editorial Group: Cochrane Gynaecological Cancer Group
Published Online: 8 SEP 2010
Assessed as up-to-date: 14 JUL 2010
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007291.pub2
Copyright © 2010 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Database Title
Additional Information
How to Cite
Miles T, Johnson N. Vaginal dilator therapy for women receiving pelvic radiotherapy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD007291. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007291.pub2.
Publication History
- Publication Status: New
- Published Online: 8 SEP 2010
Abstract
Background
Many vaginal dilator therapy guidelines advocate routine vaginal dilation during and after pelvic radiotherapy to prevent stenosis (abnormal narrowing of the vagina). The UK Gynaecological Oncology Nurse Forum recommend dilation “three times weekly for an indefinite time period”. The UK patient charity Cancer Backup advises using vaginal dilators from two to eight weeks after the end of radiotherapy treatment. Australian guidelines recommend dilation after brachytherapy “as soon as is comfortably possible” and “certainly within four weeks and to continue for three years or indefinitely if possible”. However, dilation is intrusive, uses health resources and can be psychologically distressing. It has also caused rare but very serious damage to the rectum.
Objectives
To review the benefits and harms of vaginal dilation therapy associated with pelvic radiotherapy for cancer.
Search methods
Searches included the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2008, Issue 4), MEDLINE (1950 to 2008), EMBASE (1980 to 2008) and CINAHL (1982 to 2008).
Selection criteria
Any comparative randomised controlled trials (RCT) or data of any type which compared dilation or penetration of the vagina after pelvic radiotherapy treatment for cancer.
Data collection and analysis
The review authors independently abstracted data and assessed risk of bias. We analysed the mean difference in sexual function scores and the risk ratio for non-compliance at six weeks and three months in single trial analyses. No trials met the inclusion criteria.
Main results
Dilation during or immediately after radiotherapy can, in rare cases, cause damage and there is no persuasive evidence from any study to demonstrate that it prevents stenosis. Data from one RCT showed no improvement in sexual scores in women who were encouraged to practice dilation. Two case series and one comparative study using historical controls suggest that dilation might be associated with a longer vaginal length but these data cannot reasonably be interpreted to show that dilation caused the change in the vagina.
Authors' conclusions
Routine dilation during or soon after cancer treatment may be harmful. There is no reliable evidence to show that routine regular vaginal dilation during or after radiotherapy prevents the late effects of radiotherapy or improves quality of life. Gentle vaginal exploration might separate the vaginal walls before they can stick together and some women may benefit from dilation therapy once inflammation has settled but there are no good comparative supporting data.
Plain language summary
Vaginal dilator therapy for women receiving pelvic radiotherapy
Pelvic radiotherapy for gynaecological and anorectal cancer damages the vagina. It causes the vagina to shrink and can make the sides stick together. It has become established practice in the UK to recommend regular vaginal dilation during and after radiotherapy to try and prevent this. Dilation involves placing and rotating a phallus shaped appliance in the vagina approximately three times a week for about five minutes to stretch the skin. This review appraised all the literature and retrieved all available data on this topic to see if there was any evidence to support this practice. These data showed that dilation of the vagina was linked to a rare but serious risk of vaginal rupture and could trigger psychological damage in some women. There was no reliable data to show that dilation had any beneficial impact on sexual function or vaginal anatomy. However, there are case reports suggesting that dilation months or years after radiotherapy is associated with lengthening of the vagina and there is one study (with a high risk of bias) that implies that stenosis rates can be reduced by a stent (plastic phallus shaped tube) compared to a dilator. Other data imply that dilation does not reduce vaginal damage. We conclude that there are data to show that dilation may be harmful in rare cases and that there are insufficient data to confer benefit, so we cannot recommend its routine regular use. However, this is not the same as saying that occasional gentle vaginal examinations or intercourse during or soon after treatment will not prevent the vaginal walls sticking together and dilation after the inflammatory phase has settled may improve vaginal length.
Resumen
Antecedentes
Tratamiento de dilatación vaginal para mujeres que reciben radioterapia pelviana
Muchas guías de tratamiento de dilatación vaginal recomiendan su práctica habitual durante y después de la radioterapia pelviana para prevenir la estenosis (estrechamiento anormal de la vagina). El Gynaecological Oncology Nurse Forum del Reino Unido recomienda la dilatación “tres veces por semana durante un período indefinido”. La entidad de caridad Cancer Backup del Reino Unido recomienda utilizar dilatadores vaginales durante dos a ocho semanas después que finalice el tratamiento con radioterapia. Las guías australianas recomiendan la dilatación después de la braquiterapia “tan pronto como sea cómodamente posible” y “con seguridad durante cuatro semanas y continuar por tres años o indefinidamente si fuera posible”. Sin embargo, la dilatación es invasiva, utiliza recursos de salud y puede ser psicológicamente angustiante. También ha causado daño poco frecuente pero muy grave al recto.
Objetivos
Examinar los beneficios y los daños del tratamiento de dilatación vaginal asociado con la radioterapia pelviana para el cáncer.
Estrategia de búsqueda
Las búsquedas incluyeron el Registro Cochrane Central de Ensayos Controlados (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials), (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2008, número 4), MEDLINE (1950 hasta 2008), EMBASE (1980 hasta 2008) y CINAHL (1982 hasta 2008).
Criterios de selección
Cualquier ensayo controlado aleatorio (ECA) comparativo o datos de cualquier tipo que comparen la dilatación o la penetración en la vagina después del tratamiento con radioterapia pelviana para el cáncer.
Obtención y análisis de los datos
Los revisores extrajeron los datos y evaluaron el riesgo de sesgo de forma independiente. En análisis de ensayos únicos se utilizó la diferencia de medias en las puntuaciones de función sexual y el cociente de riesgos para el incumplimiento a las seis semanas y los tres meses. Ningún ensayo cumplió los criterios de inclusión.
Resultados principales
La dilatación durante o inmediatamente después de la radioterapia puede, en pocas ocasiones, causar daño y ningún estudio proporcionó pruebas convincentes para demostrar que previene la estenosis. Los datos de un ECA no mostraron mejorías en las puntuaciones sexuales en las mujeres a las que se las estimuló a practicar la dilatación. Dos series de casos y un estudio comparativo con controles históricos indican que la dilatación se podría asociar con mayor longitud vaginal, pero estos datos no se pueden interpretar razonablemente para indicar que la dilatación provocó el cambio en la vagina.
Conclusiones de los autores
La dilatación habitual durante o poco después del tratamiento para el cáncer puede ser perjudicial. No existen pruebas confiables que indiquen que la dilatación vaginal habitual durante o después de la radioterapia previene los efectos tardíos de la radioterapia o mejora la calidad de vida. La exploración vaginal suave podría separar las paredes vaginales antes de que se puedan adherir y algunas mujeres se pueden beneficiar del tratamiento de dilatación una vez que ha disminuido la inflamación, pero no hay buenos datos de apoyo comparativos.
Traducción
Traducción realizada por el Centro Cochrane Iberoamericano
