Intervention Review
Aerosolized prostacyclin for acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Editorial Group: Cochrane Anaesthesia Group
Published Online: 4 AUG 2010
Assessed as up-to-date: 22 JUN 2010
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007733.pub2
Copyright © 2010 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Database Title
Additional Information
How to Cite
Afshari A, Brok J, Møller AM, Wetterslev J. Aerosolized prostacyclin for acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 8. Art. No.: CD007733. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007733.pub2.
Publication History
- Publication Status: Edited (no change to conclusions)
- Published Online: 4 AUG 2010
Abstract
Background
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are critical conditions that are associated with high mortality and morbidity. Aerosolized prostacyclin has been used to improve oxygenation despite the limited evidence available so far.
Objectives
To systematically assess the benefits and harms of aerosolized prostacyclin in critically ill patients with ALI and ARDS.
Search methods
We identified randomized clinical trials (RCTs) from electronic databases: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2010, Issue 1); MEDLINE; EMBASE; Science Citation Index Expanded; International Web of Science; CINAHL; LILACS; and the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (to 31st January 2010). We contacted trial authors and manufacturers in the field.
Selection criteria
We included all RCTs, irrespective of blinding or language, that compared aerosolized prostacyclin with no intervention or placebo in either children or adults with ALI or ARDS.
Data collection and analysis
Two authors independently abstracted data and resolved any disagreements by discussion. We presented pooled estimates of the intervention effects as relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dichotomous outcomes. Our primary outcome measure was all cause mortality. We planned to perform subgroup and sensitivity analyses to assess the effect of aerosolized prostacyclin in adults and children, and on various clinical and physiological outcomes. We assessed the risk of bias through assessment of methodological trial components and the risk of random error through trial sequential analysis.
Main results
We included one paediatric RCT with low risk of bias and involving a total of 14 critically ill children with ALI or ARDS. Aersosolized prostacyclin over less than 24 hours did not reduce overall mortality at 28 days (RR 1.50, 95% CI 0.17 to 12.94) compared with aerosolized saline (a total of three deaths). The authors did not encounter any adverse events such as bleeding or organ dysfunction. We were unable to perform the prespecified subgroups and sensitivity analyses or trial sequential analysis due to the limited number of RCTs. We were also not able to assess the safety and efficacy of aerosolized prostacyclin for ALI and ARDS. We found two ongoing trials, one involving adults and the other paediatric participants. The adult trial has been finalized but the data are not yet available.
Authors' conclusions
There is no current evidence to support or refute the routine use of aerosolized prostacyclin for patients with ALI and ARDS. There is an urgent need for more randomized clinical trials.
Plain language summary
Aerosolized prostacyclin for acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
The clinical research is insufficient to support the routine use of inhaled prostacyclin for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome in critically ill children or adults with low blood oxygen levels. Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are critical respiratory conditions that are triggered by respiratory viral infections or develop following burns, massive transfusions, multiple trauma, aspiration of gastric contents, pancreatitis, inhalation injury, sepsis, drug overdose and near drowning.
Prostacyclin is a naturally occurring short acting prostaglandin that can improve blood flow and oxygenation in the lungs and reduce inflammation. Prostaglandins are lipid mediators that are derived from essential fatty acids and have important functions. They have important effects on the endothelium of blood vessels, platelets, uterine and mast cells and are found in virtually all tissues and organs. Administration of inhalable prostacyclins requires continuous aerosols over a period of hours to several days, usually during mechanical ventilation. Little of the inhaled prostacyclin reaches the systemic blood circulation although the drug solution may act as a potential irritant due to its very alkaline pH.
We identified one randomized clinical trial with low risk of bias that involved a total of 14 critically ill children with ALI or ARDS. Aerosolized prostacyclin over less than 24 hours did not reduce deaths at 28 days when compared with giving aerosols of saline (a total of three deaths occurred). The authors reported no bleeding or organ dysfunction adverse events. Two trials, one involving adults and the other children, are still to be completed.
Resumen
Antecedentes
Prostaciclina aerosolizada para la lesión pulmonar aguda y el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA)
La lesión pulmonar aguda (LPA) y el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA) son cuadros graves que se asocian con una alta mortalidad y morbilidad. La prostaciclina aerosolizada se ha usado para mejorar la oxigenación a pesar de las pruebas limitadas disponibles hasta la fecha.
Objetivos
Evaluar sistemáticamente los beneficios y los daños de la prostaciclina aerosolizada en los pacientes graves con LPA y SDRA.
Estrategia de búsqueda
Se identificaron ensayos clínicos con asignación aleatoria (ECAs) a partir de las bases de datos electrónicas: Registro Cochrane Central de Ensayos Controlados (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CENTRAL) (Cochrane Library 2010, número 1); MEDLINE; EMBASE; Science Citation Index Expanded; International Web of Science; CINAHL; LILACS; y en la Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (hasta el 31 enero 2010). Se estableció contacto con autores de ensayos y fabricantes que trabajan en el área.
Criterios de selección
Se incluyeron todos los ECAs, independientemente del cegamiento o el idioma, que compararon prostaciclina aerosolizada con ninguna intervención o placebo en niños o adultos con LPA o SDRA.
Obtención y análisis de los datos
Dos autores extrajeron de forma independiente los datos y resolvieron cualquier desacuerdo mediante el debate. Las estimaciones agrupadas de los efectos de la intervención sobre los resultados dicotómicos se presentaron como riesgos relativos (RR) con intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95%. La medida de resultado primaria fue la mortalidad por todas las causas. Se planificó realizar análisis de subgrupos y sensibilidad para evaluar el efecto de la prostaciclina aerosolizada en adultos y niños, y en diversas medidas de resultado clínicas y fisiológicas. Se evaluó el riesgo de sesgo a través de la evaluación de componentes metodológicos de ensayos y el riesgo del error aleatorio mediante el análisis secuencial de ensayos.
Resultados principales
Se incluyó un ECA con bajo riesgo de sesgo de niños solamente en el que se evaluó a 14 pacientes graves con LPA o SDRA. La prostaciclina aerosolizada administrada durante menos de 24 horas no redujo la mortalidad general a los 28 días (RR 1,50; IC del 95%: 0,17 a 12,94) en comparación con la solución fisiológica aerosolizada (tres muertes en total). Los autores no se encontraron eventos adversos como hemorragia o disfunción orgánica. No se pudieron realizar análisis de sensibilidad o de subgrupos especificados previamente o un análisis secuencial de ensayos debido al número reducido de ECAs. Tampoco se pudo evaluar la seguridad y la eficacia de la prostaciclina aerosolizada para la LPA y el SDRA. Se encontraron dos ensayos en curso, uno incluyó adultos y el otro incluyó niños. El ensayo de adultos se completó, pero los datos aún no están disponibles.
Conclusiones de los autores
No existen pruebas actuales para apoyar o refutar el uso sistemático de prostaciclina aerosolizada para los pacientes con LPA y SDRA. Existe la urgente necesidad de realizar más ensayos clínicos con asignación aleatoria.
Traducción
Traducción realizada por el Centro Cochrane Iberoamericano
摘要
背景
氣霧式前列環素 (Aerosolized prostacyclin) 用於急性肺損傷 (ALI) 與急性呼吸窘迫症候群 (ARDS)
急性肺損傷 (acute lung injury, ALI) 與急性呼吸窘迫症候群 (acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS) 是可能帶來高度死亡率及罹病率的嚴重病況。儘管證據有限,氣霧式前列環素 (aerosolized prostacyclin) 仍然用於促進氧合作用。
目標
系統性地評估氣霧式前列環素對重症ALI及ARDS病患的助益與危害。
搜尋策略
我們經電子資料庫來尋找相關的隨機對照試驗 (RCTs) ,包括Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2010, Issue 1) 、MEDLINE、EMBASE、Science Citation Index Expanded、International Web of Science、CINAHL、LILACS以及Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (至2010年1月31日止) 。
選擇標準
我們選取了所有比較氣霧式前列環素與無介入或安慰劑在ALI或ARDS病患 (成人或兒童) 的差異,不論其使用的盲法或語言為何。
資料收集與分析
兩位作者獨立地擷取資料,並透過討論來解決意見不一的狀況。對於二元性的結果變項,我們以相對危險性 (RR) 與其95% 信賴區間 (CI) 來呈現介入效應的合併估計值。測量的主要指標為所有原因之死亡率。我們計畫進行次群體 (subgroup) 與敏感度分析 (sensitivity analysis) 以評估氣霧式前列環素對成人與兒童,在各種臨床和生理指標上的效果。我們透過方法學上各種要素的評估來檢驗偏誤風險,並以試驗序列分析 (trial sequential analysis) 來評估隨機誤差的風險。
主要結論
我們選納了一個低偏誤風險的兒科隨機對照試驗,共包括14名ALI或ARDS重症的兒童。給予24小時以下氣霧式前列環素相較於氣霧式生理食鹽水,在28天時並未降低整體死亡率 (RR 1.50, 95% CI: 0.17 – 12.94) 。此試驗的作者們並未發現任何不良效應,例如出血或器官功能障礙。因為隨機對照試驗的數量太少,我們無法按照原定計畫進行次群體和敏感度分析或試驗序列分析,也無法評估氣霧式前列環素用於ALI和ARDS的安全性和功效。我們發現了兩個正在進行中的研究,一個針對成人、另一個針對兒科受試者。以成人為對象的試驗已經完成,但資料尚不可利用。
作者結論
目前尚無證據能支持或駁斥氣霧式前列環素在ALI和ARDS病患上的例行使用,對於更多相關的隨機臨床試驗存有迫切需要。
翻譯人
本摘要由劉家毓翻譯。
此翻譯計畫由臺灣國家衛生研究院 (National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan) 統籌。
總結
氣霧式前列環素 (Aerosolized prostacyclin) 用於急性肺損傷 (ALI) 與急性呼吸窘迫症候群 (ARDS) :目前的臨床研究結果不足以支持吸入性前列環素在急性肺損傷和急性呼吸窘迫症候群之低血氧重症兒童或成人的例行性使用。急性肺損傷和急性呼吸窘迫症候群是一種嚴重的呼吸系統問題,起因為呼吸道病毒感染,或由燒燙傷、大量輸血、多重外傷、吸入胃容物、胰臟炎、吸入性損傷、敗血症、服藥過量或溺水之後發展而成的。前列環素是一種自然產生的短效前列腺素,能促進肺部的血液循環和氧合作用,並減少發炎反應。前列腺素是一種由必需脂肪酸衍生而來的脂類介質,具有重要功能,在血管內皮、血小板、子宮和肥大細胞上有重要作用,可見於幾乎所有的組織和器官。吸入性前列環素的給藥需要持續給予數小時至數天的氣霧,通常是在機械輔助呼吸期間。雖然藥物溶液為鹼性,可能潛藏刺激性,但是極少吸入的前列環素會進入全身血液循環。我們找到一個低偏誤風險的隨機臨床試驗,共包括14個重症ALI或ARDS兒童。給予24小時以下氣霧式前列環素相較於氣霧式生理食鹽水,在28天時並未降低整體死亡率 (共3人死亡) 。作者們報告指出並無出血或器官功能障礙等不良事件。目前尚有兩個試驗,一個以成人、另一個以兒童為受試者,還在持續進行中。
