Intervention Review
Acupuncture for cancer pain in adults
Editorial Group: Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group
Published Online: 19 JAN 2011
Assessed as up-to-date: 22 NOV 2010
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007753.pub2
Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Database Title
Additional Information
How to Cite
Paley CA, Johnson MI, Tashani OA, Bagnall AM. Acupuncture for cancer pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD007753. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007753.pub2.
Publication History
- Publication Status: New
- Published Online: 19 JAN 2011
Abstract
Background
Forty percent of individuals with early or intermediate stage cancer and 90% with advanced cancer have moderate to severe pain and up to 70% of patients with cancer pain do not receive adequate pain relief. It has been claimed that acupuncture has a role in management of cancer pain and guidelines exist for treatment of cancer pain with acupuncture.
Objectives
To evaluate efficacy of acupuncture for relief of cancer-related pain in adults.
Search methods
CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, AMED, and SPORTDiscus were searched up to November 2010 including non-English language papers.
Selection criteria
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating any type of invasive acupuncture for pain directly related to cancer in adults of 18 years or over.
Data collection and analysis
It was planned to pool data to provide an overall measure of effect and to calculate the number needed to treat to benefit, but this was not possible due to heterogeneity. Two review authors (CP, OT) independently extracted data adding it to data extraction sheets. Quality scores were given to studies. Data sheets were compared and discussed with a third review author (MJ) who acted as arbiter. Data analysis was conducted by CP, OT and MJ.
Main results
Three RCTs (204 participants) were included. One high quality study investigated the effect of auricular acupuncture compared with auricular acupuncture at 'placebo' points and with non-invasive vaccaria ear seeds attached at 'placebo' points. Participants in two acupuncture groups were blinded but blinding wasn't possible in the ear seeds group because seeds were attached using tape. This may have biased results in favour of acupuncture groups. Participants in the real acupuncture group had lower pain scores at two month follow-up than either the placebo or ear seeds group.
There was high risk of bias in two studies because of low methodological quality. One study comparing acupuncture with medication concluded that both methods were effective in controlling pain, although acupuncture was the most effective. The second study compared acupuncture, point-injection and medication in participants with stomach cancer. Long-term pain relief was reported for both acupuncture and point-injection compared with medication during the last 10 days of treatment. Although both studies have positive results in favour of acupuncture they should be viewed with caution due to methodological limitations, small sample sizes, poor reporting and inadequate analysis.
Authors' conclusions
There is insufficient evidence to judge whether acupuncture is effective in treating cancer pain in adults.
Plain language summary
Acupuncture for cancer-related pain in adults
Up to 70% of patients with cancer-related pain do not receive adequate pain relief and this reduces their quality of life. Acupuncture may have a role to play in relieving cancer-related pain. This review evaluated evidence for the effectiveness of acupuncture in reducing pain associated with cancer or its treatment, or both. We found three studies (looking at a total of 204 participants) which met our inclusion criteria, but all had small sample sizes, leaving them prone to bias, and only one study was judged to be of high methodological quality. The high quality study found that auricular (ear) acupuncture reduced cancer-related pain when compared with auricular acupuncture at non acupuncture points, but the control group was not adequately blinded and this was likely to affect the outcomes. Of the low quality studies, one found that acupuncture was as effective as medication, and one study found that acupuncture was more effective than medication, but both studies were poorly designed and the study reports lacked detail. We concluded that there was insufficient evidence to judge whether acupuncture is effective in relieving cancer-related pain in adults.
Resumen
Antecedentes
Acupuntura para el dolor por cáncer en adultos
El 40% de los pacientes con cáncer en estadios iniciales o intermedios y el 90% de los que presentan cáncer avanzado sufren de dolor moderado a intenso, y hasta el 70% de los pacientes con dolor por cáncer no recibe una analgesia adecuada. Se ha sostenido que la acupuntura cumple una función en el tratamiento del dolor por cáncer, y existen guías para el tratamiento del dolor por cáncer con acupuntura.
Objetivos
Evaluar la eficacia de la acupuntura en el tratamiento del dolor relacionado con el cáncer en adultos.
Estrategia de búsqueda
Se hicieron búsquedas en CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, AMED y SPORTDiscus hasta noviembre 2010, incluyendo artículos en idiomas diferentes al inglés.
Criterios de selección
Ensayos controlados con asignación aleatoria (ECAs) que evalúan cualquier modalidad de acupuntura invasiva para el dolor directamente relacionado con el cáncer en adultos mayores de 18 años.
Obtención y análisis de los datos
Se programó agrupar los datos para proporcionar una medida global del efecto y calcular el número necesario a tratar para obtener un beneficio, pero no fue posible debido a la heterogeneidad. Dos revisores (CP, OT) extrajeron los datos de forma independiente y los presentaron en formularios de extracción de datos. Los estudios recibieron puntuaciones de calidad. Los formularios de extracción de datos se compararon y discutieron con un tercer revisor (MJ) quien ofició de árbitro. El análisis de los datos fue realizado por CP, OT y MJ.
Resultados principales
Se incluyeron tres ECAs (204 participantes). Un estudio de alta calidad investigó el efecto de la acupuntura auricular comparada con la acupuntura auricular en puntos “placebo” y con la colocación no invasiva de semillas de vaccaria en puntos “placebo” de la oreja. Los participantes de dos grupos de acupuntura fueron cegados, pero el cegamiento no fue posible en el grupo de semillas de vaccaria porque las semillas se colocaron con cinta adhesiva. Esto último tal vez generó sesgo a favor de los grupos de acupuntura. Los participantes del grupo de acupuntura real tuvieron puntuaciones de dolor inferiores a los dos meses de seguimiento, tanto en el grupo de placebo como en el de semillas de vaccaria.
Había un alto riesgo de sesgo en dos estudios debido a la baja calidad metodológica. Un estudio que comparó la acupuntura con medicamentos concluyó que ambos métodos fueron efectivos para controlar el dolor, aunque la acupuntura fue más efectiva. El segundo estudio comparó la acupuntura, la inyección en acupuntos y los medicamentos en participantes con cáncer gástrico. Se informó la analgesia a largo plazo de la acupuntura y la inyección en acupuntos en comparación con los medicamentos durante los últimos diez días de tratamiento. Aunque ambos estudios poseen resultados positivos a favor de la acupuntura, deben analizarse con cautela debido a las limitaciones metodológicas, los pequeños tamaños de la muestra, el informe deficiente y el análisis inadecuado.
Conclusiones de los autores
Las pruebas son insuficientes para decidir si la acupuntura es efectiva en el tratamiento del dolor por cáncer en adultos.
Traducción
Traducción realizada por el Centro Cochrane Iberoamericano
