Intervention Review

Pharmacological treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders

  1. Tamara Pringsheim1,*,
  2. Thomas Steeves2

Editorial Group: Cochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group

Published Online: 13 APR 2011

Assessed as up-to-date: 29 JAN 2010

DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007990.pub2

How to Cite

Pringsheim T, Steeves T. Pharmacological treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD007990. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007990.pub2.

Author Information

  1. 1

    University of Calgary, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Pediatrics, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

  2. 2

    University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada

*Tamara Pringsheim, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, C4-431, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, Alberta, AB T3B 6A8, Canada. tmprings@ucalgary.ca.

Publication History

  1. Publication Status: New
  2. Published Online: 13 APR 2011

SEARCH

 

Abstract

  1. Top of page
  2. Abstract
  3. Plain language summary
  4. Resumen

Background

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent of the comorbid psychiatric disorders that complicate tic disorders. Medications commonly used to treat ADHD symptoms include the stimulants methylphenidate and amphetamine; nonstimulants, such as atomoxetine; tricyclic antidepressants; and alpha agonists. Due to the impact of ADHD symptoms on the child with tic disorder, treatment of ADHD is often of greater priority than the medical management of tics. However, for many decades clinicians have been reluctant to use stimulants to treat children with ADHD and tics for fear of worsening their tics. 

Objectives

To assess the effects of pharmacological treatments for ADHD on ADHD symptoms and tic severity in children with ADHD and comorbid tic disorders. 

Search methods

We searched CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2009, Issue 4), MEDLINE (1950 to July 2009), EMBASE (1980 to July 2009), CINAHL (1982 to July 2009), PsycINFO (1806 to July Week 4 2009) and BIOSIS Previews (1985 to July 2009). Dissertation Abstracts (searched via Dissertaation Express), and the metaRegister of Controlled Trials were searched (30 July 2009).

Selection criteria

We included randomized, double-blind, controlled trials of any pharmacological treatment for ADHD used specifically in children with comorbid tic disorders. We included both parallel group and cross-over study designs.

Data collection and analysis

Two authors independently extracted data using standardized forms.

Main results

We included a total of eight randomized controlled studies in the review but were unable to combine any of these in meta-analysis. Several of the trials assessed multiple agents. Medications assessed included methylphenidate, clonidine, desipramine, dextroamphetamine, guanfacine, atomoxetine, and deprenyl. All treatments, with the exception of deprenyl, were efficacious in treating symptoms of ADHD. Tic symptoms improved in children treated with guanfacine, desipramine, methylphenidate, clonidine, and the combination of methylphenidate and clonidine. Fear of worsening tics limited dose increases of methylphenidate in one study. High dose dextroamphetamine appeared to worsen tics in one study, although the length of this study was limited.

Authors' conclusions

Methylphenidate, clonidine, guanfacine, desipramine and atomoxetine appear to reduce ADHD symptoms in children with tics. Although stimulants have not been shown to worsen tics in most people with tic disorders, they may nonetheless exacerbate tics in individual cases. In these instances, treatment with alpha agonists or atomoxetine may be an alternative. Although there is evidence that desipramine is effective for both tics and ADHD in children, safety concerns will likely continue to limit its use in this population.   

 

Plain language summary

  1. Top of page
  2. Abstract
  3. Plain language summary
  4. Resumen

Medications for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in children with tics

As many as half of all children with tic disorders also have Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Symptoms of ADHD are often more disabling for children than their tics. Historically, the reported ability of stimulant medications to worsen tics has limited their use in children who have both a chronic tic disorder and ADHD. To evaluate evidence for this reported phenomenon we searched for clinical trials of medications for ADHD used specifically in children with tic disorders. The trials indicate that a number of stimulant and non-stimulant medications are safe and effective treatments for ADHD symptoms and do not worsen tics. High dose stimulants may transiently worsen tics in some children, and worsening tics may limit dose increases of stimulants in some children, but in the majority of children both tics and ADHD symptoms improve with use of stimulant medications.

 

Resumen

  1. Top of page
  2. Abstract
  3. Plain language summary
  4. Resumen

Antecedentes

Tratamiento farmacológico para el trastorno de hiperactividad y déficit de atención (THDA) en niños con tics comórbidos

El trastorno de hiperactividad y déficit de atención (THDA) es el más prevalente de los trastornos psiquiátricos comórbidos que complica los tics. Los fármacos empleados comúnmente para tratar los síntomas del THDA incluyen estimulantes como el metilfenidato y la anfetamina; no estimulantes, como la atomoxetina; antidepresivos tricíclicos; y agonistas alfa. Debido al impacto de los síntomas del THDA en el niño con tics, a menudo el tratamiento del THDA es de mayor prioridad que el tratamiento médico de los tics. Sin embargo, durante muchas décadas los médicos han sido reacios al uso de estimulantes para tratar a los niños con THDA y tics por temor al empeoramiento de los tics.

Objetivos

Evaluar los efectos de los tratamientos farmacológicos para el THDA en cuanto a los síntomas del THDA y la gravedad de los tics en los niños con THDA y tics comórbidos.

Estrategia de búsqueda

Se hicieron búsquedas en CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2009, número 4), MEDLINE (1950 hasta julio 2009), EMBASE (1980 hasta julio 2009), CINAHL (1982 hasta julio 2009), PsycINFO (1806 hasta julio Week 4 2009) y en BIOSIS Previews (1985 hasta julio 2009). Se realizaron búsquedas en Dissertation Abstracts (realizadas a través de Dissertation Express) y el metaRegister of Controlled Trials (30 de julio de 2009).

Criterios de selección

Se incluyeron ensayos controlados aleatorios doble ciego de cualquier tratamiento farmacológico para el THDA utilizado específicamente en niños con tics comórbidos. Se incluyeron ensayos con diseño de grupos paralelos y cruzados (crossover).

Obtención y análisis de los datos

Dos autores extrajeron los datos de forma independiente mediante formularios estandarizados.

Resultados principales

Se incluyó un total de ocho estudios controlados aleatorios en la revisión aunque no fue posible combinarlos en un metanálisis. Varios de los ensayos evaluaron agentes múltiples. Los fármacos evaluados incluyeron el metilfenidato, la clonidina, la desipramina, la dextroanfetamina, la guanfacina, la atomoxetina y el deprenil. Todos los tratamientos, con la excepción del deprenil, fueron eficaces para el tratamiento de los síntomas del THDA. Los tics mejoraron en los niños tratados con guanfacina, desipramina, metilfenidato, clonidina y la combinación del metilfenidato y la clonidina. El temor al empeoramiento de los tics limitó los aumentos de la dosis del metilfenidato en un estudio. La dextroanfetamina en dosis alta pareció empeorar los tics en un estudio, aunque la duración del mismo fue limitada.

Conclusiones de los autores

El metilfenidato, la clonidina, la guanfacina, la desipramina y la atomoxetina parecen reducir los síntomas del THDA en los niños con tics. Aunque no se ha demostrado que los estimulantes empeoren los tics en la mayoría de las personas que los presentan, aún así pueden exacerbar los tics en casos individuales. En estos casos, el tratamiento con agonistas alfa o atomoxetina puede ser una alternativa. Aunque hay pruebas de que la desipramina es efectiva tanto para los tics como para el THDA en los niños, los problemas de seguridad probablemente llegarán a limitar su uso en esta población.

Traducción

Traducción realizada por el Centro Cochrane Iberoamericano