Intervention Review

Community wide interventions for increasing physical activity

  1. Philip RA Baker1,*,
  2. Daniel P Francis2,
  3. Jesus Soares3,
  4. Alison L Weightman4,
  5. Charles Foster5

Editorial Group: Cochrane Public Health Group

Published Online: 13 APR 2011

Assessed as up-to-date: 19 DEC 2010

DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008366.pub2

How to Cite

Baker PRA, Francis DP, Soares J, Weightman AL, Foster C. Community wide interventions for increasing physical activity. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD008366. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008366.pub2.

Author Information

  1. 1

    Central Regional Services, Division of the CHO, School of Public Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia and, Stafford DC, Queensland, Australia

  2. 2

    Queensland Health, Population Health Services, Central Area Health Service, Stafford DC, QLD, Australia

  3. 3

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

  4. 4

    Information Services, Cardiff University, Support Unit for Research Evidence (SURE), Cardiff, Wales, UK

  5. 5

    University of Oxford, BHF Health Promotion Research Group, Headington, Oxford, UK

*Philip RA Baker, School of Public Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia and, Central Regional Services, Division of the CHO, Locked Bag 2, Queensland Health, Stafford DC, Queensland, 4053, Australia. drpbaker@optusnet.com.au.

Publication History

  1. Publication Status: New
  2. Published Online: 13 APR 2011

SEARCH

 

Abstract

  1. Top of page
  2. Abstract
  3. Plain language summary
  4. Resumen

Background

Multi-strategic community wide interventions for physical activity are increasingly popular but their ability to achieve population level improvements is unknown.

Objectives

To evaluate the effects of community wide, multi-strategic interventions upon population levels of physical activity.

Search strategy

We searched the Cochrane Public Health Group Specialised Register, The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, MEDLINE in Process, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, PsycINFO, ASSIA, The British Nursing Index, Chinese CNKI databases, EPPI Centre (DoPHER, TRoPHI), ERIC, HMIC, Sociological Abstracts, SPORTDiscus, Transport Database and Web of Science (Science Citation Index, Social Sciences Citation Index, Conference Proceedings Citation Index). We also scanned websites of the EU Platform on Diet, Physical Activity and Health; Health-Evidence.ca; the International Union for Health Promotion and Education; the NIHR Coordinating Centre for Health Technology (NCCHTA) and NICE and SIGN guidelines. Reference lists of all relevant systematic reviews, guidelines and primary studies were followed up. We contacted experts in the field from the National Obesity Observatory Oxford, Oxford University; Queensland Health, Queensland University of Technology, the University of Central Queensland; the University of Tennessee and Washington University; and handsearched six relevant journals. The searches were last updated to the end of November 2009 and were not restricted by language or publication status.

Selection criteria

Cluster randomised controlled trials, randomised controlled trials (RCT), quasi-experimental designs which used a control population for comparison, interrupted time-series (ITS) studies, and prospective controlled cohort studies (PCCS) were included. Only studies with a minimum six-month follow up from the start of the intervention to measurement of outcomes were included. Community wide interventions had to comprise at least two broad strategies aimed at physical activity for the whole population. Studies which randomised individuals from the same community were excluded.

Data collection and analysis

At least two review authors independently extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias of each included study. Non-English language papers were reviewed with the assistance of an epidemiologist interpreter. Each study was assessed for the setting, the number of included components and their intensity. Outcome measures were grouped according to whether they were dichotomous (physically active, physically active during leisure time and sedentary or physically inactive) or continuous (leisure time physical activity, walking, energy expenditure). For dichotomous measures we calculated the unadjusted and adjusted risk difference, and the unadjusted and adjusted relative risk. For continuous measures we calculated net percentage change from baseline, unadjusted and adjusted risk difference, and the unadjusted and adjusted relative risk.

Main results

After the selection process had been completed 25 studies were included in the review. Of the included studies, 19 were set in high income countries, using the World Bank economic classification, and the remaining six were in low income countries. The interventions varied by the number of strategies included and their intensity. Almost all of the interventions included a component of building partnerships with local governments or non-governmental organisations (NGOs) (22 studies). None of the studies provided results by socio-economic disadvantage or other markers of equity consideration. However of those included studies undertaken in high income countries, 11 studies were described by the authors as being provided to deprived, disadvantaged, or low socio-economic communities.

Fifteen studies were identified as having a high risk of bias, 10 studies were unclear, and no studies had a low risk of bias. Selection bias was a major concern with these studies, with only one study using randomisation to allocate communities (Simon 2008). No studies were judged as being at low risk of selection bias although 16 studies were considered to have an unclear risk of bias. Eleven studies had a high risk of detection bias, 10 with an unclear risk and four with no risk. Assessment of detection bias included an assessment of the validity of the measurement tools and quality of outcome measures. The effects reported were inconsistent across the studies and the measures. Some of the better designed studies showed no improvement in measures of physical activity. Publication bias was evident.

Authors' conclusions

Although numerous studies have been undertaken, there is a noticeable inconsistency of the findings of the available studies and this is confounded by serious methodological issues within the included studies. The body of evidence in this review does not support the hypothesis that multi-component community wide interventions effectively increase population levels of physical activity. There is a clear need for well-designed intervention studies and such studies should focus on the quality of the measurement of physical activity, the frequency of measurement and the allocation to intervention and control communities.

 

Plain language summary

  1. Top of page
  2. Abstract
  3. Plain language summary
  4. Resumen

Community wide interventions for increasing physical activity

Not having enough physical activity leads to poorer health. Regular physical activity can reduce the risk of chronic disease and improve one's health and well being. The lack of physical activity is a common and growing health problem. To address this, 25 studies have used improvement activities directed at communities using more than one approach in a single program. When we looked at the available research, we observed that there was a lack of good studies which could show whether this approach was or wasn't beneficial. For example, some research studies claimed that community wide programs improved physical activities and other studies did not. It was not possible to determine what might work. Future research is needed with improved designs, measures of outcomes and larger samples of participants.

 

Resumen

  1. Top of page
  2. Abstract
  3. Plain language summary
  4. Resumen

Antecedentes

Intervenciones comunitarias para el aumento de la actividad física

Las intervenciones comunitarias multiestratégicas para la actividad física son cada vez más populares, pero se desconoce si pueden lograr mejorías en la población.

Objetivos

Evaluar los efectos de las intervenciones comunitarias multiestratégicas sobre los distintos niveles de actividad física de la población.

Estrategia de búsqueda

Se hicieron búsquedas en Registro Especializado del Grupo Cochrane de Salud Pública (Cochrane Public Health Group), The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, MEDLINE in Process, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, PsycINFO, ASSIA, The British Nursing Index, Chinese CNKI databases, EPPI Centre (DoPHER, TRoPHI), ERIC, HMIC, Sociological Abstracts, SPORTDiscus, Transport Database y Web of Science (Science Citation Index, Social Sciences Citation Index, Conference Proceedings Citation Index). También se examinaron los sitios web de la EU Platform on Diet, Physical Activity and Health; HealthEvidence.ca; de la International Union for Health Promotion and Education; el Coordinating Centre for Health Technology del NIHR (NCCHTA) y las guías NICE y SIGN. Se realizó un seguimiento de las listas de referencias de todas las revisiones sistemáticas, las guías y los estudios primarios. Se estableción contacto con expertos en el tema del National Obesity Observatory Oxford, de la Oxford University; de Queensland Health, Queensland University of Technology, University of Central Queensland; University of Tennessee y de la Washington University; y se hicieron búsquedas manuales en seis revistas relevantes. Las búsquedas se actualizaron por última vez a finales de noviembre 2009 y no estuvieron restringidas por idioma o estado de publicación status.

Criterios de selección

Se incluyeron ensayos controlados aleatorios grupales, ensayos controlados aleatorios (ECA), diseños cuasiexperimentales que utilizaron una población control para la comparación, estudios de series de tiempo interrumpido y estudios de cohortes prospectivos controlados. Sólo se incluyeron los estudios con un seguimiento mínimo de seis meses desde el inicio de la intervención hasta la medición de los resultados. Las intervenciones comunitarias debían incluir al menos dos estrategias amplias dirigidas a la actividad física para toda la población. Se excluyeron los estudios que asignaron al azar a individuos de la misma comunidad.

Obtención y análisis de los datos

Al menos dos autores de la revisión extrajeron de forma independiente los datos y evaluaron el riesgo de sesgo de cada estudio incluido. Los artículos en idioma diferente al inglés se revisaron con la ayuda de un intérprete epidemiólogo. Se evaluó el ámbito, el número y la intensidad de los componentes incluidos de cada estudio. Las medidas de resultado se agruparon en dicotómicas (actividad física, actividad física durante el tiempo libre y sedentarismo o inactividad física) o continuas (actividad física durante el tiempo libre, hábito de caminar, gasto energético). Para las medidas dicotómicas se calculó la diferencia de riesgos ajustada y no ajustada, así como el riego relativo ajustado y no ajustado. Para las medidas continuas se calculó el cambio porcentual neto con respecto al inicio, la diferencia de riesgo ajustada y no ajustada, así como el riesgo relativo no ajustado y ajustado.

Resultados principales

Tras completar el proceso de selección, se incluyeron 25 estudios en la revisión. De los estudios incluidos 19 se realizaron en países de ingresos altos según la clasificación económica del Banco Mundial, y los seis restantes se realizaron en países de bajos ingresos. Las intervenciones variaron según el número de estrategias incluidas y su intensidad. Casi todas las intervenciones incluyeron un componente que consistía en la formación de asociaciones con gobiernos locales u organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG) (22 estudios). Ninguno de los estudios proporcionó resultados según la desventaja socioeconómica u otros marcadores de las consideraciones de equidad. Sin embargo, de los estudios incluidos realizados en países de ingresos altos, los autores de 11 estudios describieron que fueron realizados en comunidades socioeconómicas desprotegidas, desfavorecidas o de bajos ingresos.

Quince estudios se consideraron de alto riesgo de sesgo, en diez el riesgo fue incierto y ningún estudio tuvo un bajo riesgo de sesgo. El sesgo de selección fue una inquietud importante con estos estudios y sólo un estudio utilizó la asignación al azar para asignar las comunidades (Simon 2008). Ningún estudio se consideró de bajo riesgo de sesgo de selección, aunque se consideró que 16 estudios tuvieron un riesgo de sesgo incierto. En 11 estudios el riesgo de sesgo de detección fue alto, en diez el riesgo fue incierto y en cuatro no hubo riesgo. La evaluación del sesgo de detección incluyó una evaluación de la validez de las herramientas de medición y la calidad de las medidas de resultado. Los efectos informados no fueron consistentes entre los estudios y las medidas. Algunos de los estudios mejor diseñados no mostraron mejorías en las medidas de la actividad física. El sesgo de publicación era evidente.

Conclusiones de los autores

Aunque se han realizado varios estudios, hay una inconsistencia notable en los hallazgos de los estudios disponibles y existen factores de confusión, como problemas metodológicos importantes dentro de los estudios incluidos. El grupo de pruebas de esta revisión no apoya la hipótesis de que las intervenciones comunitarias de múltiples componentes aumenten de forma efectiva los niveles de actividad física de la población. Hay una necesidad clara de estudios de intervención bien diseñados que deben centrarse en la calidad de la medición de la actividad física, la frecuencia de medición y la asignación a las comunidades de intervención y control.

Traducción

Traducción realizada por el Centro Cochrane Iberoamericano