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UNIT 1B.1 Growing and Analyzing Static Biofilms

  1. Judith H. Merritt1,
  2. Daniel E. Kadouri2,
  3. George A. O'Toole3

Published Online: 1 AUG 2011

DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc01b01s22

Lab Protocol Title

Current Protocols in Microbiology

Current Protocols in Microbiology

Additional Information

How to Cite

Merritt, J. H., Kadouri, D. E. and O'Toole, G. A. 2011. Growing and Analyzing Static Biofilms. Current Protocols in Microbiology. 22:B:1B.1:1B.1.1–1B.1.18.

Author Information

  1. 1

    Glycobia Inc., Ithaca, New York

  2. 2

    University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey

  3. 3

    Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire

Publication History

  1. Published Online: 1 AUG 2011
  2. Published Print: AUG 2011
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Literature Cited

  1. Literature Cited
  2. Internet Resources
  • Anderl, J.N., Franklin, M.J., and Stewart, P.S. 2000. Role of antibiotic penetration limitation in Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm resistance to ampicillin and ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:1818-1824.
  • Caiazza, N.C. and O'Toole, G.O. 2004. SadB is required for the transition from reversible to irreversible attachment during biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14. J. Bacteriol. 186:4476-4485.
  • Christensen, G.D., Simpson, W.A., Younger, J.J., Baddour, L.M., Barrett, F.F., Melton, D.M., and Beachey, E.H. 1985. Adherence of coagulase-negative staphylococci to plastic tissue culture plates: A quantitative model for the adherence of staphylococci to medical devices. J. Clin. Microbiol. 22:996-1006.
  • Danhorn, R., Hentzer, M., Givskov, M., Parsek, M.R., and Fuqua, C. 2004. Phosphorus limitation enhances biofilm formation of the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens through the PhoR-PhoB regulatory system. J. Bacteriol. 186:4492-4501.
  • Hunt, S.M., Werner, E.M., Huang, B., Hamilton, M.A., and Stewart, P.S. 2004. Hypothesis for the role of nutrient starvation in biofilm detachment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:7418-7425.
  • Junker, L.M. and Clardy, J. 2007. High-throughput screens for small-molecule inhibitors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51:3582-3590.
  • O'Toole, G.A., Pratt, L.A., Watnick, P.I., Newman, D.K., Weaver, V.B., and Kolter, R. 1999. Genetic approaches to study of biofilms. Methods Enzymol. 310:91-109.
  • Mack, D., Nedelmann, M., Krokotsch, A., Schwarzkopf, A., Heesemann, J., and Laufs, R. 1994. Characterization of transposon mutants of biofilm-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis impaired in the accumulative phase of biofilm production: Genetic identification of a hexosamine-containing polysaccharide intracellular adhesin. Infect. Immun. 62:3244-3253.
  • Phelan, M.C. 2006. Techniques for mammalian cell tissue culture. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 74:A.3F.1-A.3F.18.
  • Sawyer, L.K. and Hermanowicz, S.W. 1998. Detachment of biofilm bacteria due to variations in nutrient supply. Water Sci. Technol. 37:211-214.
  • Stepanovic, S., Vukovic, D., Jezek, P., Pavlovic, M., and Svabic-Vlahovic, M. 2001. Influence of dynamic conditions on biofilm formation by Staphylococci. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 20:502-504.
  • Walters, M.C. 3rd, Roe, F., Bugnicourt, A., Franklin, M.J., and Stewart, P.S. 2003. Contributions of antibiotic penetration, oxygen limitation, and low metabolic activity to tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms to ciprofloxacin and tobramycin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47:317-323.
  • Zegans, M.E., Wagner, J.C., Cady, K.C., Murphy, D.M., Hammond, J.H., and O'Toole, G.A. 2009. Interaction between bacteriophage DMS3 and host CRISPR region inhibits group behaviors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Bacteriol. 191:210–219.

Internet Resources

  1. Literature Cited
  2. Internet Resources

Microtiter dish biofilm formation assay video by author (George O'Toole). Subscription required.

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