1. Bilingualism and Multilingualism: Some Central Concepts

Summary

Bilingualism and multilingualism have both de facto existences and important places in the psychological, political, and social debates that define social and ethnic groups, communities, and regions. There are important differences between individual bilingualism and collective or social bilingualism, regardless of whether or not the latter is officially endorsed. This chapter discusses a typological framework of language-contact settings, with particular reference to minority linguistic groups. While the model does not cover all important instances of multilingual contact, it describes many, simply because language contact often involves varieties of unequal strength. Rating scales and tests of fluency, flexibility, and dominance are some tests used to measure bilingualism. There exists a powerful link between language and identity, however – prescriptivism writ large is more a psychosocial matter than a linguistic one.