9. Gastrointestinal Endocrine Cancer
- Janusz Jankowski MB ChB, MSc, MD, PhD, FRCP, FACG, AGAF2,3,4,
- Ernest Hawk MD, MPH5
Published Online: 15 NOV 2012
DOI: 10.1002/9781118423318.ch9
This edition first published 2013 © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Book Title
Handbook of Gastrointestinal Cancer
Additional Information
How to Cite
Khan, M. S. and Caplin, M. (2012) Gastrointestinal Endocrine Cancer, in Handbook of Gastrointestinal Cancer (eds J. Jankowski and E. Hawk), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA. doi: 10.1002/9781118423318.ch9
Editor Information
- 2
Sir James Black Professor of Gastrointestinal Biology and Trials, Centre for Digestive Diseases, Barts and Th e London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
- 3
Consultant Gastroenterologist, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- 4
James Black Senior Fellow, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- 5
Vice President and Division Head, Division of Cancer Prevention & Population Sciences, Boone Pickens Distinguished Chair for Early Prevention of Cancer, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Publication History
- Published Online: 15 NOV 2012
- Published Print: 12 JUL 2012
ISBN Information
Print ISBN: 9780470656242
Online ISBN: 9781118423318
- Summary
- Chapter
- References
Keywords:
- Neuroendocrine tumor;
- carcinoid syndrome;
- carcinoid tumor;
- somatostatin analogs;
- octreotide;
- cancer management;
- gastrinoma;
- insulinoma
Summary
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are increasingly common neoplasms that often present diagnostic dilemmas due to obscure or nonspecific symptoms. The ability of NETs to cause clinical symptoms by secretion of hormones is best recognized in the form of the carcinoid syndrome. Although generally slow growing, a significant proportion demonstrates aggressive tumor growth.
Diagnosis involves biochemistry, imaging, endoscopy, nuclear medicine, and histopathology. The therapeutic options reviewed including use of somatostatin analogs; the role of surgery, chemotherapy, and biotherapy using interferon; and peptide receptor targeted therapy (PRRT). Additionally, the challenging interventional management of liver metastases is discussed, including the role of hepatic-artery embolization, radiofrequency ablation, and the place of orthotopic liver transplantation. We discuss the newer therapeutic modalities, for example, PRRT with Y90 and Lu177, newer somatostatin analogs, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
We conclude that with the increasing number of investigative procedures and therapeutic options available, it is vital to have a multidisciplinary approach.