In Situ Generation of Few-Layer Graphene Coatings on SnO₂-SiC Core-Shell Nanoparticles for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Storage

Abstract

A simple ball-milling method is used to synthesize a tin oxide-silicon carbide/few-layer graphene core-shell structure in which nanometer-sized SnO₂ particles are uniformly dispersed on a supporting SiC core and encapsulated with few-layer graphene coatings by in situ mechanical peeling. The SnO₂-SiC/G nanocomposite material delivers a high reversible capacity of 810 mA h g⁻¹ and 83% capacity retention over 150 charge/discharge cycles between 1.5 and 0.01 V at a rate of 0.1 A g⁻¹. A high reversible capacity of 425 mA h g⁻¹ also can be obtained at a rate of 2 A g⁻¹. When discharged (Li extraction) to a higher potential at 3.0 V (vs. Li/Li⁺), the SnO₂-SiC/G nanocomposite material delivers a reversible capacity of 1451 mA h g⁻¹ (based on the SnO₂ mass), which corresponds to 97% of the expected theoretical capacity (1494 mA h g⁻¹, 8.4 equivalent of lithium per SnO₂), and exhibits good cyclability. This result suggests that the core-shell nanostructure can achieve a completely reversible transformation from Li_4.4Sn to SnO₂ during discharging (i.e., Li extraction by dealloying and a reversible conversion reaction, generating 8.4 electrons). This suggests that simple mechanical milling can be a powerful approach to improve the stability of high-performance electrode materials involving structural conversion and transformation.