Rapid Communication

You have full text access to this OnlineOpen article

Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 Revisions to the McDonald criteria

Chris H. Polman MD, PhD^1,*,
Stephen C. Reingold PhD²,
Brenda Banwell MD³,
Michel Clanet MD⁴,
Jeffrey A. Cohen MD⁵,
Massimo Filippi MD⁶,
Kazuo Fujihara MD⁷,
Eva Havrdova MD, PhD⁸,
Michael Hutchinson MD⁹,
Ludwig Kappos MD¹⁰,
Fred D. Lublin MD¹¹,
Xavier Montalban MD¹²,
Paul O'Connor MD¹³,
Magnhild Sandberg-Wollheim MD, PhD¹⁴,
Alan J. Thompson MD¹⁵,
Emmanuelle Waubant MD, PhD¹⁶,
Brian Weinshenker MD¹⁷,
Jerry S. Wolinsky MD¹⁸

Article first published online: 8 MAR 2011

DOI: 10.1002/ana.22366

Issue

Annals of Neurology

Volume 69, Issue 2, pages 292–302, February 2011

Additional Information

How to Cite

Polman, C. H., Reingold, S. C., Banwell, B., Clanet, M., Cohen, J. A., Filippi, M., Fujihara, K., Havrdova, E., Hutchinson, M., Kappos, L., Lublin, F. D., Montalban, X., O'Connor, P., Sandberg-Wollheim, M., Thompson, A. J., Waubant, E., Weinshenker, B. and Wolinsky, J. S. (2011), Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 Revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol., 69: 292–302. doi: 10.1002/ana.22366

Author Information

¹
Department of Neurology, Free University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
²
Scientific and Clinical Review Associates LLC, New York, NY
³
Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
⁴
Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Center, Toulouse, France
⁵
Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, Cleveland Clinical Foundation, Cleveland, OH
⁶
Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute and University Hospital San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
⁷
Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
⁸
Department of Neurology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
⁹
St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin, Ireland
¹⁰
Departments of Neurology and Biomedicine, University Hospital, Kantonsspital, Basel, Switzerland
¹¹
Corrine Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
¹²
Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
¹³
Division of Neurology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
¹⁴
Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
¹⁵
University College London Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom
¹⁶
Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA
¹⁷
Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
¹⁸
Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX

Email: Chris H. Polman MD, PhD (ch.polman@vumc.nl)

^*Department of Neurology, VU Medical Center Amsterdam, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Publication History

Issue published online: 8 MAR 2011
Article first published online: 8 MAR 2011
Accepted manuscript online: 11 JAN 2011 09:11AM EST
Manuscript Accepted: 29 DEC 2010
Manuscript Revised: 23 DEC 2010
Manuscript Received: 2 NOV 2010

Funded by

Unknown funding agency

ARTICLE TOOLS

View Full Article (HTML) Get PDF (140K)

References

1
Schumacher FA, Beeve GW, Kibler RF, et al. Problems of experimental trials of therapy in multiple sclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1965; 122: 552–568.
Direct Link:
2
Poser CM, Paty, DW, Scheinberg LC, et al. New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines for research protocols. Ann Neurol 1983; 1: 227–231.
Direct Link:
3
Paty DW, Oger JJ, Kastrukoff LF, et al. MRI in the diagnosis of MS: a prospective study with comparison of clinical evaluation, evoked potentials, oligoclonal banding and CT. Neurology 1988; 38: 180–185.
4
Barkhof F, Filippi M, Miller DH, et al. Comparison of MR imaging criteria at first presentation to predict conversion to clinically definite MS. Brain 1997; 120: 2059–2069.
5
Fazekas F, Offenbacher H, Fuchs S, et al. Criteria for an increased specificity of MRI interpretation in elderly subjects with suspected multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1988; 38: 1822–1825.
6
Tintoré M, Rovira A, Martinéz M, et al. Isolated demyelinating syndromes: comparison of different MR imaging criteria to predict conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis. Am J Neuroradiol 2000; 21: 702–706.
- PubMed,
- Web of Science® Times Cited: 230
7
Thompson AJ, Montalban X, Barkhof F, et al. Diagnostic criteria for primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a position paper. Ann Neurol 2000; 6: 831–835.
Direct Link:
8
McDonald WI, Compston A, Edan G, et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2001; 50: 121–127.
Direct Link:
9
Polman CH, Reingold SC, Edan G, et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the “McDonald Criteria.” Ann Neurol 2005; 58: 840–846.
Direct Link:
10
Dalton CM, Brex, PA, Miszkiel KA, et al. Application of the new McDonald criteria to patients with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2002; 52: 47–53.
Direct Link:
11
CHAMPS Study Group. MRI predictors of early conversion to clinically definite MS in the CHAMPS placebo group. Neurology 2002; 59: 998–1005.
12
Barkhof F, Rocca M, Francis G, et al. Validation of diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging criteria for multiple sclerosis and response to interferon beta-1a. Ann Neurol 2003; 53: 718–724.
Direct Link:
13
Tintoré M, Rovira A, Rio J, et al. New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis. Application in first demyelinating episode. Neurology 2003; 60: 27–30.
14
Charil A, Yousry TA, Rovaris M, et al. MRI and the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: expanding the concept of “no better explanation.” Lancet Neurol 2006: 10: 841–852.
- CrossRef,
- Web of Science® Times Cited: 61
15
Miller DH, Weinshenker BG, Filippi M, et al. Differential diagnosis of suspected multiple sclerosis: a consensus approach. Mult Scler 2008; 14: 1157–1174.
16
Lennon VA, Wingerchuk DM, Kryzer TJ, et al. A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2004: 364: 2106–2012.
17
Lennon VA, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ, et al. IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel. J Exp Med 2005; 202: 473–477.
18
Shimizu J, Hatanaka Y, Hasegawa M, et al. IFNβ-1b may severely exacerbate Japanese optic-spinal MS in neuromyelitis optica spectrum. Neurology 2010; 75: 1423–1427.
19
Wingerchuk DM, Lennon VA, Lucchinetti CF, et al. The spectrum of neuromyelitis optica. Lancet Neurol 2007: 6: 805–815.
20
Carroll WM, Fujihara K. Neuromyelitis optica. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2010; 12: 244–255.
21
Hawkes CH, Giovannoni G. The McDonald Criteria for multiple sclerosis: time for clarification. Mult Scler 2010; 16: 566–575.
22
Swanton JK, Rovira A, Tintoré M, et al. MRI criteria for multiple sclerosis in patients presenting with clinically isolated syndromes: a multicentre retrospective study. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6: 677–686.
23
Rovira A, Swanton J, Tintoré M, et al. A single, early magnetic resonance imaging study in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 2009; 5: 287–292.
24
Montalban X, Tintoré M, Swanton J, et al. MRI criteria for MS in patients with clinically isolated syndromes. Neurology 2010; 74: 427–434.
25
McHugh JC, Galvin PL, Murphy RP. Retrospective comparison of the original and revised McDonald Criteria in a general neurology practice in Ireland. Mult Scler 2008; 14: 81–85.
26
Albertyn C, O'Dowd S, McHugh J, Murphy R. Compliance with McDonald criteria and red flag recognition in a general neurology practice in Ireland. Mult Scler 2010; 16: 678–684.
27
Swanton JK Fernando K, Dalton CM, et al. Modification of MRI criteria for multiple sclerosis in patients with clinically isolated syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77: 830–833.
28
Tur C, Tintoré M, Rovira A, et al. Very early scans for demonstrating dissemination in time in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2008; 14: 631–635.
29
Heun R, Kappos L, Bittkau S, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and early diagnosis of MS. Lancet 1988; 2: 1202–1203.
30
Tas MW, Barkhof F, van Walderveen MA, et al. The effect of gadolinium on the sensitivity and specificity of MR in the initial diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Am J Neuroradiol 1995; 16: 259–264.
31
Freedman MS, Thompson EJ, Deisenhammer F, et al. Recommended standard of cerebrospinal fluid analysis in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a consensus statement. Arch Neurol 2005; 62: 865–870.
32
Masiuan J, Alvarez-Cermeño JC, García-Barragán N, et al. Clinically isolated syndromes: a new oligoclonal band test accurately predicts conversion to MS. Neurology 2006; 66: 576–578.
33
Tintoré M, Rovira A, Río J, et al. Do oligoclonal bands add information to MRI in first attacks of multiple sclerosis? Neurology 2008; 70: 1079–1083.
34
Polman CH, Wolinsky JS, Reingold SC. Multiple sclerosis diagnostic criteria: three years later. Mult Scler 2005; 11: 5–12.
35
Hawker K, O'Connor P, Freedman MS, et al. Rituximab in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis: results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Ann Neurol 2009; 66: 460–471.
Direct Link:
36
Montalban X, Sastre-Garriga J, Filippi M, et al. Primary progressive multiple sclerosis diagnostic criteria: a reappraisal. Mult Scler 2009; 15: 1459–1465.
37
Absinta MA, Rocca MA, Moiola L, et al. Brain macro- and microscopic damage in patients with pediatric MS. J Neuro Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010; 81: 1357–1362.
- CrossRef,
- Web of Science® Times Cited: 3
38
Callen DJA, Shroff MM, Branson HM, et al. MRI in the diagnosis of pediatric multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2009; 72: 961–967.
39
Chong HT, Kira J, Tsai CP, et al. Proposed modifications to the McDonald criteria for use in Asia. Mult Scler 2009; 15: 887–888.
40
Chong HT, Li PCK, Singhal BJ, et al. Proposed modification to McDonald diagnostic criteria for Asians with multiple sclerosis. Neurol Asia 2006; 11: 87–90.
41
Lana-Piexoto MA. Devic's neuromyelitis optica: a critical review. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2008; 66: 120–138.
42
Yeh EA, Chitnis T, Krupp L, et al. Pediatric multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2009; 5: 621–631.
43
Banwell B, Ghezzi A, Bar-Or A, et al. Multiple sclerosis in children: clinical diagnosis, therapeutic strategies, and future directions. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6: 887–902.
44
Venkateswaran S, Banwell B. Pediatric multiple sclerosis. Neurologist 2010; 16: 92–105.
45
Hahn JS, Pohl D, Rensel M, et al. Differential diagnosis and evaluation in pediatric multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2007; 68( suppl 2): S13–S22.
46
Ghassemi R, Antel SB, Narayanan S, et al. Lesion distribution in children with clinically isolated syndromes. Ann Neurol 2008; 63: 401–405.
Direct Link:
47
Waubant E, Chabas D, Okuda DT, et al. Difference in disease burden and activity in pediatric patients on brain magnetic resonance imaging at time of multiple sclerosis onset vs adults. Arch Neurol 2009; 66: 967–971.
48
Yeh EA, Weinstock-Guttman B, Ramanathan M, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of children and adults with paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. Brain 2009; 132( pt 12): 3392–3400.
49
Chabas D, Castillo-Trivino T, Mowry EM, et al. Vanishing MS T2-bright lesions before puberty. Neurology 2008; 71: 1090–1093.
50
Mikaeloff Y, Adamsbaum C, Husson B, et al. MRI prognostic factors for elapse after acute CNS inflammatory demyelination in childhood. Brain 2004; 127: 1942–1947.
51
Ketelslegers IA, Neuteboom RF, Boon M, et al. A comparison of MRI criteria for diagnosing pediatric ADEM and MS. Neurology 2010; 74: 1412–1415.
52
Verhey L, Branson HM, Makhija M, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging features of the spinal cord in pediatric multiple sclerosis: a preliminary study. Neuroradiology 2010; 52: 1153–1162.
53
Krupp LB, Banwell B, Tenembaum S, et al. Consensus definitions proposed for pediatric multiple sclerosis and related disorders. Neurology 2007; 68( suppl 2): S7–S12.
54
Callen DJA, Shroff MM, Branson HM, et al. Role of MRI in the differentiation of ADEM from MS in children. Neurology 2009; 72: 968–973.
55
Matsuoka T, Matsushita T, Kawano Y, et al. Heterogeneity of aquaporin-4 autoimmunity and spinal cord lesions in Japanese. Brain 2007; 130: 1206–1223.
56
Takahashi T, Fujihara K, Nakashima I, et al. Anti-aquaporin-4 antibody is involved in the pathogenesis of NMO: a study on antibody titre. Brain 2007; 130; 1235–1243.
57
Osoegawa M, Kira J, Fukazawa T, et al. Temporal changes and geographic differences in multiple sclerosis phenotypes in Japanese: nationwide survey results over 30 years. Mult Scler 2009; 15: 159–173.
58
Nakashima I, Fukazawa T, Ota K, et al. Two subtypes of optic-spinal form of multiple sclerosis in Japan: clinical and laboratory features. J Neurol 2007; 254: 488–492.
59
Wingerchuk DM, Lennon VA, Pittock SJ, et al. Revised diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2006; 66: 1485–1489.
60
Sato D, Fujihara K. NMO without typical opticospinal phenotype. Mult Scler 2010; 16: 1154–1155.
61
Smith CH, Waubant E, Langer-Gould A. Absence of neuromyelitis optica IgG antibody in an active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis population. J Neuroopthalmol 2009; 29: 104–106.
62
Awad A, Hemmer B, Hartung HP, et al. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 219: 1–7.
63
Brettschneider J, Jaskowski TD, Tumani H, et al. Serum anti-GAGA4 IgM antibodies differentiate relapsing remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis from primary progressive multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 217: 95–101.
64
Quintana FJ, Farez MF, Viglietta V, et al. Antigen microarrays identify unique serum autoantibody signatures in clinical and pathologic subtypes of multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105: 18889–18894.
65
Keller A, Leidinger P, Lange J, et al. Multiple sclerosis: microRNA expression profiles accurately differentiate patients with relapsing-remitting disease from healthy controls. PLoS One 2009; 4: e7440.
66
Frohman EM, Balcer LJ, Calabresi PA. Multiple sclerosis: can retinal imaging accurately detect optic neuritis? Nat Rev Neurol 2010; 6: 125–126.
67
Bø L, Vedeler CA, Nyland H, et al. Intracortical multiple sclerosis lesions are not associated with increased lymphocyte infiltration. Mult Scler 2003; 9: 323–331.
68
Bø L, Vedeler CA, Nyland HI, et al. Subpial demyelination in the cerebral cortex of multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2003; 62: 723–732.
- PubMed,
- Web of Science® Times Cited: 207
69
Geurts JJ, Pouwels PJ, Uitdehaag BM, et al. Intracortical lesions in multiple sclerosis: improved detection with 3D double inversion-recovery MR imaging. Radiology 2005; 236: 254–260.
70
Calabrese M, De Stefano N, Atzori M, et al. Detection of cortical inflammatory lesions by double inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging in patients with multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 2007; 64: 1416–1422.
71
Nelson F, Poonawalla A, Hou P, et al. 3D MPRAGE improves classification of cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2008; 14: 1214–1219.
72
Nelson F, Poonawalla A, Hou P, et al. Improved identification of intracortical lesions in multiple sclerosis with phase-sensitive inversion recovery in combination with fast double inversion recovery MR imaging. Am J Neuroradiol 2007; 28: 1645–1649.
73
Calabrese M, Rocca MA, Atzori M, et al. Cortical lesions in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a 2-year longitudinal MR study. Neurology 2009; 72: 1330–1336.
74
Calabrese M, Rocca MA, Atzori M, et al. A 3-year magnetic resonance imaging study of cortical lesions in relapsing-onset MS. Ann Neurol 2010; 67: 376–383.
- PubMed,
- Web of Science® Times Cited: 36
75
Filippi M, Rocca MA, Calabrese M, et al. Intracortical lesions: relevance for new MRI diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2010; 75: 1988–1994.
76
Wattjes MP, Harzheim M, Lutterbey GG, et al. Does high field MRI allow an earlier diagnosis of multiple sclerosis? J Neurol 2008; 255: 1159–1163.
77
Wattjes MP, Barkhof F. High field MRI in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: high field-high yield? Neuroradiology 2009; 51: 279–292.
78
Stankiewicz JM, Neema M, Alsop DC, et al. Spinal cord lesions and clinical status in multiple sclerosis: a 1.5 T and 3T MRI study. J Neurol Sci 2009; 279: 99–105.
79
Wattjes MP, Lutterbey GG, Gieseke J, et al. Double inversion recovery brain imaging at 3T: diagnostic value in the detection of multiple sclerosis. Am J Neuroradiol 2007; 28: 54–59.
80
Hammond KE, Metcalf M, Carvajal L, et al. Quantitative in vivo magnetic resonance imaging of multiple sclerosis at 7 Tesla with sensitivity to iron. Ann Neurol 2008; 64: 707–713.
Direct Link:
81
Mainero C, Benner T, Radding A, et al. In vivo imaging of cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis using ultra-high field MRI. Neurology 2009; 73: 941–948.
82
Kangarlu A, Bourekas EC, Ray-Chaudhury A, Rammohan KW. Cerebral cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis detected by MR imaging at 8 Tesla. Am J Neuroradiol 2007; 28: 262–266.
83
Kollia K, Maderwald S, Putzki N, et al. First clinical study on ultra-high-field MR imaging in patients with multiple sclerosis: comparison of 1.5T and 7T. Am J Neuroradiol 2009; 30: 699–702.
84
Filippi M. In-vivo tissue characterization of multiple sclerosis and other white matter diseases using magnetic resonance based techniques. J Neurol 2001; 248: 1019–1029.
85
Rocca M, Agosta F, Sormani MP, et al. A three-year, multi-parametric MRI study in patients at presentation with CIS. J Neurol 2008; 255: 683–691.
86
LeBrunn C, Bensa C, Debouverie M, et al. Association between clinical conversion to multiple sclerosis in radiologically isolated syndrome and magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid and visual evoked potential. Arch Neurol 2009; 66: 841–846.
87
Sellner J, Schirmer L, Hemmer B, Mühlau M. The radiologically isolated syndrome: take action when the unexpected is uncovered? J Neurol 2010; 257: 1602–1611.
88
Okuda DT, Mowr EM, Beheshtian A, et al. Incidental MRI anomalies suggestive of multiple sclerosis: the radiologically isolated syndrome. Neurology 2009; 72: 800–805.
89
Siva A, Saip S, Altintas A, et al. Multiple sclerosis risk in radiologically uncovered asymptomatic possible inflammatory-demyelinating disease. Mult Scler 2009; 15: 918–927.
90
Carmosino MJ, Brosseau KM, Arciniegas DB, Corboy, JR. Initial evaluations for multiple sclerosis in a university multiple sclerosis center: outcomes and role of magnetic resonance imaging in referral. Arch Neurol 2005; 62: 585–590.
91
Sormani MP, Tintoré M, Rovaris M, et al. The Will Rogers phenomenon in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2008; 64: 428–433.
Direct Link:

View Full Article (HTML) Get PDF (140K)

JOURNAL TOOLS

JOURNAL MENU

FIND ISSUES

FIND ARTICLES

GET ACCESS

FOR CONTRIBUTORS

ABOUT THIS JOURNAL

SPECIAL FEATURES

Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 Revisions to the McDonald criteria

Annals of Neurology

How to Cite

Author Information

Publication History

Funded by

ARTICLE TOOLS

References

More content like this

JOURNAL TOOLS

JOURNAL MENU

FIND ISSUES

FIND ARTICLES

GET ACCESS

FOR CONTRIBUTORS

ABOUT THIS JOURNAL

SPECIAL FEATURES

Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 Revisions to the McDonald criteria

Annals of Neurology

How to Cite

Author Information

Publication History

Funded by

SEARCH

SEARCH BY CITATION

ARTICLE TOOLS

References

More content like this