We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research through F49620-00-1-0103 and the Army Research Office through MURI DAAD19-99-1-0316. Instrumentation for this research was partially funded by NSF grand DGE-0114443. The authors would like to thank Prof. John R. Reynolds at University of Florida for helpful discussions. We thank Dr. Hieu Duong and Ryan Chiechi for recording the video display of color switching.
1521-3773/asset/2002_left.gif?v=1&s=ac6b0d94a94d7ce7a210002b8096b42feffc0bcf)
1521-3773/asset/2002_right.gif?v=1&s=451042aa3415ae3ad0729984d26dee1866aca82e)
Communication
You have free access to this content
A Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) Polymeric Electrochromic Device (PECD): The Dawning of the PECD Era†
Article first published online: 27 JAN 2004
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200352910
Copyright © 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Additional Information
How to Cite
Sonmez, G., Shen, C. K. F., Rubin, Y. and Wudl, F. (2004), A Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) Polymeric Electrochromic Device (PECD): The Dawning of the PECD Era. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 43: 1498–1502. doi: 10.1002/anie.200352910
- †
Publication History
- Issue published online: 9 MAR 2004
- Article first published online: 27 JAN 2004
- Manuscript Received: 18 SEP 2003
Cited in:
- CrossRef
This article has been cited by:
- 1, , , , , , , Donor-acceptor copolymer based on dioctylporphyrin: Synthesis and application in organic field-effect transistors, Polymer, 2012, 53, 9, 1864
- 2, , , , , , Electrochemical synthesis, characterization and electrochromic properties of a copolymer based on 1,4-bis(2-thienyl)naphthalene and pyrene, Optical Materials, 2012, 34, 7, 1095
- 3, , Electrochromic conjugated polyheterocycles and derivatives—highlights from the last decade towards realization of long lived aspirations, Chemical Communications, 2012, 48, 8, 1083
- 4, , , , , Electrosynthesis and characterization of a new multielectrochromic copolymer of 1,4-bis(2-thienyl) benzene with 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2012, 125, 5Direct Link:
- 5, , , , , , Electrosynthesis and characterization of a novel electrochromic copolymer of N-methylpyrrole with cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene, Polymer Journal, 2012,
- 6, , , , , Electrosynthesis and characterization of an electrochromic material from poly(1,4-bis(3-methylthiophen-2-yl)benzene) and its application in electrochromic device, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2012, 98, 161
- 7, , , , , , Gray to Colorless Switching, Crosslinked Electrochromic Polymers with Outstanding Stability and Transmissivity From Naphthalenediimmide-Functionalized EDOT, Advanced Materials, 2012, 24, 15Direct Link:
- 8, , , , , Hybrid Materials and Polymer Electrolytes for Electrochromic Device Applications, Advanced Materials, 2012, 24, 21Direct Link:
- 9, , In situ spectroelectrochemistry and colour measurement of a complementary electrochromic device based on surface-confined Prussian blue and aqueous solution-phase methyl viologen, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2012, 99, 213
- 10, , Investigation of ethynylpyridines using the electron propagator theory, International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, 2012, 112, 2Direct Link:
- 11, , , Metallopolymeric Films Based on a Biscyclometalated Ruthenium Complex Bridged by 1,3,6,8-Tetra(2-pyridyl)pyrene: Applications in Near-Infrared Electrochromic Windows, Inorganic Chemistry, 2012, 120514132757008
- 12, , Multi-coloration of polyurethane derivatives through click postfunctionalization, electrochemical oxidation, and Ag+ ion complexation, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2012, 22, 19, 9513
- 13, , , , , Sol–gel derived dye-bridged hybrid materials for white luminescence, Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 2012,
- 14, , , , , , Structure-Performance Correlations in Spray-Processable Green Dioxythiophene-Benzothiadiazole Donor–Acceptor Polymer Electrochromes, Chemistry of Materials, 2012, 24, 2, 255
- 15, , , , A new low band gap electrochromic polymer containing 2,5-bis-dithienyl-1H-pyrrole and 2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole moiety with high contrast ratio, Polymer, 2011, 52, 25, 5772
- 16, , , , , A simple, low waste and versatile procedure to make polymer electrochromic devices, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2011, 21, 32, 11873
- 17, , , Benzotriazole containing conjugated polymers for multipurpose organic electronic applications, Polymer Chemistry, 2011, 2, 5, 1029
- 18, , , Completing the Color Palette with Spray-Processable Polymer Electrochromics, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2011, 3, 6, 1787
- 19, , , , Dual-type electrochromic device based on polypyrrole and polythiophene derivatives, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2011, 95, 8, 2255
- 20, , , , , , , Electrochromic properties of a novel low band gap conjugated copolymer based on 1,4-bis(2-thienyl)-naphthalene and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, Electrochimica Acta, 2011, 56, 13, 4819
- 21, , , , , Electrosyntheses, characterizations and electrochromic properties of a copolymer based on 4,4′-di(N-carbazoyl)biphenyl and 2,2′-bithiophene, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2011, 95, 7, 1867
- 22, , , , , , , , Electrosynthesis and characterization of a multielectrochromic copolymer of 1,4-bis(2-thienyl)-naphthalene with 2,2′-bithiophene, Optical Materials, 2011, 33, 11, 1792
- 23, , , , , , Electrosynthesis and characterization of an electrochromic material from poly(1,4-bis(2-thienyl)-benzene) and its application in electrochromic devices, Electrochimica Acta, 2011, 56, 7, 2815
- 24, , , Electrosynthesis of a new polyindole derivative obtained from 5-formylindole and its electrochromic properties, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2011, 21, 36, 13873
- 25, , , , , , , , In Situ Spectroscopic Analysis of Sub-Second Switching Polymer Electrochromes, Advanced Functional Materials, 2011, 21, 23Direct Link:
- 26, , , , , , Material Strategies for Black-to-Transmissive Window-Type Polymer Electrochromic Devices, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2011, 3, 4, 1022
- 27, , , Nanoscaled Surface Patterning of Conducting Polymers, Small, 2011, 7, 10Direct Link:
- 28, , , , Neutral-State Green Conjugated Polymers from Pyrrole Bis-Substituted Benzothiadiazole and Benzoselenadiazole for Electrochromic Devices, Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 2011, 212, 8Direct Link:
- 29, , Novel Color-Reinforcing Electrochromic Device Based on Surface-Confined Ruthenium Purple and Solution-Phase Methyl Viologen, Chemistry of Materials, 2011, 23, 17, 4077
- 30, , , , , Propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT)–phenylene copolymers allow a yellow-to-transmissive electrochrome, Polymer Chemistry, 2011, 2, 4, 812
- 31, , Quantification of colour stimuli through the calculation of CIE chromaticity coordinates and luminance data for application to in situ colorimetry studies of electrochromic materials, Displays, 2011, 32, 1, 35
- 32, , , , Spray processable ambipolar benzotriazole bearing electrochromic polymers with multi-colored and transmissive states, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2011, 21, 6, 1804
- 33, , , , Structural Effects on the Electronic Properties of Extended Fused-Ring Thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine Analogues, The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2011, 76, 15, 6383
- 34, , , , Synthesis of a novel fluorescent and ion sensitive monomer bearing quinoxaline moieties and its electropolymerization, Reactive and Functional Polymers, 2011, 71, 5, 579
- 35, , , , , The effect of the donor unit on the optical properties of polymers, Organic Electronics, 2011, 12, 10, 1625
- 36, , , The effects of coloured base fabric on electrochromic textile, Coloration Technology, 2011, 127, 3Direct Link:
- 37, , , Thieno[3,4-b]pyrazines and their applications to low band gap organic materials, Chemical Communications, 2011, 47, 41, 11394
- 38, , , Thienyl-Substituted Allenylideneruthenium(II) Complexes: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, and Electrochemical Studies, Organometallics, 2011, 30, 10, 2680
- 39
- 40, , , , , A novel multichromic copolymer of 1,4-bis(3-hexylthiophen-2-yl)benzene and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene prepared via electrocopolymerization, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2010, 645, 1, 50
- 41, , , A Side-Chain Defunctionalization Approach Yields a Polymer Electrochrome Spray-Processable from Water, Advanced Materials, 2010, 22, 47Direct Link:
- 42, , , , , Benzyl substituted benzotriazole containing conjugated polymers: Effect of position of the substituent on electrochromic properties, Synthetic Metals, 2010, 160, 23-24, 2534
- 43, , Green as it Gets; Donor-Acceptor type Polymers as the Key to Realization of RGB Based Polymer Display Devices, Macromolecular Symposia, 2010, 297, 1Direct Link:
- 44, , Multicolor electrochromic poly(amide-imide)s with N,N-diphenyl-N′,N′-di-4-tert-butylphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine moieties, Polymer Chemistry, 2010, 1, 7, 1013
- 45, , , , , , , , , Novel 2,4-divinyl-3-alkylthiophene/1,3,4-oxadiazole alternating conjugated copolymer synthesized by the Heck coupling method: Synthesis, characterization, and electronic and optical properties, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2010, 116, 3Direct Link:
- 46, Organic Ambipolar Conjugated Molecules for Electronics: Synthesis and Structure–Property Relationships, Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 2010, 31, 23Direct Link:
- 47, , , Processable donor–acceptor type electrochromes switching between multicolored and highly transmissive states towards single component RGB-based display devices, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2010, 20, 44, 9861
- 48, , , Spray-Processable Blue-to-Highly Transmissive Switching Polymer Electrochromes via the Donor–Acceptor Approach, Advanced Materials, 2010, 22, 6Direct Link:
- 49, , , , , Synthesis and characterization of low bandgap poly(dithienosilole vinylene) derivatives, Synthetic Metals, 2010, 160, 9-10, 1045
- 50, , , , , The effect of changes in π-conjugated terthienyl systems using thienyl and ethylenedioxybenzene functionalized thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine precursors: Multicolored low band gap polymers, Electrochimica Acta, 2010, 55, 24, 7254
- 51, , , A glow in the dark: synthesis and electropolymerization of a novel chemiluminescent terthienyl system, Chemical Communications, 2009, 3, 307
- 52, , , , , , A novel quinoxaline bearing electroactive monomer: Pyrrole as the donor moiety, Electrochimica Acta, 2009, 54, 23, 5449
- 53, , , , , , , , , A Strategy for Patterning Conducting Polymers Using Nanoimprint Lithography and Isotropic Plasma Etching, Small, 2009, 5, 5Direct Link:
- 54, A theoretical investigation on the contrast limitations of dual electrochromic systems, Thin Solid Films, 2009, 517, 18, 5580
- 55, , , A theoretical study of the low-lying excited states of thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine, The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2009, 131, 24, 244105
- 56, , An ambipolar neutral state green polymeric electrochromic, Organic Electronics, 2009, 10, 4, 704
- 57, , , , , Donor acceptor type neutral state green polymer bearing pyrrole as the donor unit, Organic Electronics, 2009, 10, 4, 631
- 58, , , Electropolymerization and ion sensitivity of chemiluminescent thienyl systems, Electrochimica Acta, 2009, 54, 26, 6740
- 59, , , , , , Electropolymerization of triphenylamine–dithiafulvene hybrid extended pi-conjugated systems, New Journal of Chemistry, 2009, 33, 4, 801
- 60, , , Full-Color Processible Electrochromic Polymers Based on 4,4-Dioctyl-Cyclopentadithiophene, Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 2009, 210, 21Direct Link:
- 61, , , , New tunable thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine-based materials, Synthetic Metals, 2009, 159, 21-22, 2299
- 62, , , , Novel aromatic polymers from benzaldehyde and triphenylamine derivatives: Synthesis, electrochromic, and photochemical properties, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 2009, 47, 8Direct Link:
- 63, , , , , , One polymer for all: benzotriazole containing donor–acceptor type polymer as a multi-purpose material, Chemical Communications, 2009, 44, 6768
- 64, , Poly(triphenylamine)s derived from oxidative coupling reaction: Substituent effects on the polymerization, electrochemical, and electro-optical properties, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 2009, 47, 1Direct Link:
- 65, , , Simple full-color rewritable film with photochromic fulgide derivatives, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 2009, 201, 2-3, 98
- 66, , , Synthesis of through-space conjugated polymers containing [2.2]paracyclophane and thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine in the main chain, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 2009, 47, 24Direct Link:
- 67, , , , , , , , 5-Substituted isophthalate-based organic electrochromic materials, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2008, 18, 37, 4408
- 68, , , , , , A fast switching, low band gap, p- and n-dopable, donor–acceptor type polymer, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2008, 615, 1, 75
- 69, , , , A new donor-acceptor type polymeric material from a thiophene derivative and its electrochromic properties, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 2008, 46, 11Direct Link:
- 70, , , , A new n-type low bandgap conjugated polymer P-co-CDT: synthesis and excellent reversible electrochemical and electrochromic properties, Chemical Communications, 2008, 45, 6034
- 71, , A Novel Neutral State Green Polymeric Electrochromic with Superior n- and p-Doping Processes: Closer to Red-Blue-Green (RGB) Display Realization, Advanced Functional Materials, 2008, 18, 22Direct Link:
- 72, , , A Unique Processable Green Polymer with a Transmissive Oxidized State for Realization of Potential RGB-Based Electrochromic Device Applications, Advanced Functional Materials, 2008, 18, 14Direct Link:
- 73, , , , Both p- and n-type dopable polymer toward electrochromic applications, Organic Electronics, 2008, 9, 4, 501
- 74, , , Could Green be Greener? Novel Donor–Acceptor-Type Electrochromic Polymers: Towards Excellent Neutral Green Materials with Exceptional Transmissive Oxidized States for Completion of RGB Color Space, Advanced Materials, 2008, 20, 4Direct Link:
- 75, , Electrochromic conducting polymers: optical contrast characterization of chameleonic materials, Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 2008, 3, 3, 035006
- 76, , Novel application of 1-/2-phenyl substituted 9,10-anthraquinones in solid electrochromic devices, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2008, 13, 12, 1889
- 77, , , Spray Processable Green to Highly Transmissive Electrochromics via Chemically Polymerizable Donor–Acceptor Heterocyclic Pentamers, Advanced Materials, 2008, 20, 14Direct Link:
- 78, , , Synthesis and Absorption Spectra of n-Type Conjugated Polymers Based on Perylene Diimide, Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 2008, 29, 17Direct Link:
- 79, , , , , , Synthesis, characterization, and optical properties of a novel alternating 3-dodecyloxythiophene-co-pyridine copolymer, Polymer Bulletin, 2008, 62, 2, 139
- 80, , , , Synthesis, properties, and field effect transistor characteristics of new thiophene-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-g]quinoxaline-thiophene-based conjugated polymers, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 2008, 46, 18Direct Link:
- 81, , , The donor–acceptor approach allows a black-to-transmissive switching polymeric electrochrome, Nature Materials, 2008, 7, 10, 795
- 82, , , , 4-methoxy-substituted poly(triphenylamine): A p-type polymer with highly photoluminescent and reversible oxidative electrochromic characteristics, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 2007, 45, 15Direct Link:
- 83, , , , A neutral state green polymer with a superior transmissive light blue oxidized state, Chemical Communications, 2007, 31, 3246
- 84, , , , , , , Combined effects of conjugation pattern and alkoxy side chains on the photovoltaic properties of thiophene-containing PPE-PPVs, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 2007, 45, 9Direct Link:
- 85, Doping-Dedoping-Driven Optic Effect of π-Conjugated Polymers Prepared in Cholesteric-Liquid-Crystal Electrolytes, Physical Review Letters, 2007, 98, 25
- 86, , , , Electrochromic effects from a simple commercial polymer membrane, Electrochimica Acta, 2007, 52, 24, 6911
- 87, , , , , , , , , Electrochromic properties of a fast switching, dual colour polythiophene bearing non-planar dithiinoquinoxaline units, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2007, 17, 3, 225
- 88, , , , , Electrochromic properties of a soluble conducting polymer: Poly(1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrrole), Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2007, 104, 2-3, 410
- 89, , , Highly stable anodic green electrochromic aromatic polyamides: synthesis and electrochromic properties, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2007, 17, 10, 1007
- 90, , Stably anodic green electrochromic aromatic poly(amine–amide–imide)s: Synthesis and electrochromic properties, Organic Electronics, 2007, 8, 6, 662
- 91, , , , , , Synthesis and radical coupling of pyridine-bridged ?-extended tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)-type donors and push?pull analogues, Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 2007, 5, 8, 1201
- 92, , , , , , Synthesis, characterization and photovoltaic properties of thiophene copolymers containing conjugated side-chain, European Polymer Journal, 2007, 43, 3, 855
- 93, , , , , Synthesis, hole mobility, and photovoltaic properties of two alternating poly[3-(hex-1-enyl)thiophene-co-thiophene]s, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 2007, 45, 4Direct Link:
- 94, Transparent conductors as solar energy materials: A panoramic review, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2007, 91, 17, 1529
- 95, , Dual Type Complementary Colored Polymer Electrochromic Devices Based on Conducting Polymers of Poly(hexanedioic acid bisâ€(2â€thiophenâ€3â€ylâ€ethyl ester), Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A: Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2006, 43, 3, 449
- 96, , , Dual-type electrochromic devices based on both n- and p-dopable poly(dithieno[3,4-b,3′,4′-e]-[1,4]-dithiine), Synthetic Metals, 2006, 156, 16-17, 1073
- 97, , , , Electrochromism of dinitrobenzoyl-derivatised polypyrrole films deposited on ITO/glass electrodes, Electrochimica Acta, 2006, 51, 23, 4892
- 98, , , , , , , Fabrication of High-Density, Large-Area Conducting-Polymer Nanostructures, Advanced Functional Materials, 2006, 16, 15Direct Link:
- 99, , , Molecule–Surface Plasmon Interactions in Hole Arrays: Enhanced Absorption, Refractive Index Changes, and All-Optical Switching, Advanced Materials, 2006, 18, 10Direct Link:
- 100, , Polymeric electrochromics for data storage, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2006, 16, 25, 2473
- 101, , , Synthesis and characterization of chiral polythiophenes: Poly [(R)-(−) and (S)-(+)-2-(3′-thienyl)ethyl N-(3″,5″-dinitrobenzoyl)-α-phenylglycinate], Polymer, 2006, 47, 24, 8095
- 102
- 103, , , The Versatile Thiophene: An Overview of Recent Research on Thiophene-Based Materials, Advanced Materials, 2005, 17, 13Direct Link:
- 104, , , , , , , , Molecular-Mechanical Switch-Based Solid-State Electrochromic Devices, Angewandte Chemie, 2004, 116, 47Direct Link:
- 105, , , , , , , , Molecular-Mechanical Switch-Based Solid-State Electrochromic Devices, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2004, 43, 47Direct Link:
- 106, , , , Red, Green, and Blue Colors in Polymeric Electrochromics, Advanced Materials, 2004, 16, 21Direct Link: