SEARCH

SEARCH BY CITATION

REFERENCES

  • 1
    Trojanowska M. Molecular aspects of scleroderma. Frontiers Biosci 2002; 7: d60818.
  • 2
    Blobe GC, Schiemann WP, Lodish HF. Role of transforming growth factor β in human disease. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 13508.
  • 3
    Massague J. How cells read TGF-β signals. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2000; 1: 16978.
  • 4
    Miyazawa K, Shinozaki M, Hara T, Furuya T, Miyazono K. Two major Smad pathways in TGF-β superfamily signalling. Genes Cells 2002; 7: 1191204.
  • 5
    Oh SP, Seki T, Goss KA, Imamura T, Yi Y, Donahoe PK, et al. Activin receptor-like kinase 1 modulates transforming growth factor-β1 signaling in the regulation of angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97: 262631.
  • 6
    Derynck R, Zhang YE. Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways in TGF-β family signalling. Nature 2003; 425: 57784.
  • 7
    Inman GJ, Nicolas FJ, Callahan JF, Harling JD, Gaster LM, Reith AD, et al. SB-431542 is a potent and specific inhibitor of transforming growth factor-β superfamily type I activin receptor-like kinase (ALK) receptors ALK4, ALK5, and ALK7. Mol Pharmacol 2002; 62: 6574.
  • 8
    Callahan JF, Burgess JL, Fornwald JA, Gaster LM, Harling JD, Harrington FP, et al. Identification of novel inhibitors of the transforming growth factor β1 type 1 receptor (ALK5). J Med Chem 2002; 45: 9991001.
  • 9
    Mori Y, Chen SJ, Varga J. Modulation of endogenous Smad expression in normal skin fibroblasts by transforming growth factor-β. Exp Cell Res 2000; 258: 37483.
  • 10
    Mori Y, Chen SJ, Varga J. Expression and regulation of intracellular SMAD signaling in scleroderma skin fibroblasts. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48: 196478.
  • 11
    Jelaska A, Korn JH. Role of apoptosis and transforming growth factor β1 in fibroblast selection and activation in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43: 22309.
  • 12
    Zawel L, Dai JL, Buckhaults P, Zhou S, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, et al. Human Smad3 and Smad4 are sequence-specific transcription activators. Mol Cell 1998; 1: 6117.
  • 13
    Hayashi H, Abdollah S, Qiu Y, Cai J, Xu YY, Grinnell BW, et al. The MAD-related protein Smad7 associates with the TGFβ receptor and functions as an antagonist of TGFβ signaling. Cell 1997; 89: 116573.
  • 14
    Ghosh AK, Yuan W, Mori Y, Chen SJ, Varga J. Antagonistic regulation of type I collagen gene expression by interferon-γ and transforming growth factor-β: integration at the level of p300/CBP transcriptional coactivators. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 110418.
  • 15
    Li Y, Sassano A, Majchrzak B, Deb DK, Levy DE, Gaestel M. Role of p38α MAP kinase in type I interferon signaling. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 9709.
  • 16
    Hashimoto S, Gon Y, Takeshita I, Maruoka S, Horie T. IL-4 and IL-13 induce myofibroblastic phenotype of human lung fibroblasts through c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-dependent pathway. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107: 10018.
  • 17
    Oriente A, Fedarko NS, Pacocha SE, Huang SK, Lichtenstein LM, Essayan DM. Interleukin-13 modulates collagen homeostasis in human skin and keloid fibroblasts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000; 292: 98894.
  • 18
    Tomasek JJ, Gabbiani G, Hinz B, Chaponnier C, Brown RA. Myofibroblasts and mechano-regulation of connective tissue remodelling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2002; 3: 34963.
  • 19
    Evans RA, Tian YC, Steadman R, Phillips AO. TGF-β1-mediated fibroblast-myofibroblast terminal differentiation: the role of Smad proteins. Exp Cell Res 2003; 282: 90100.
  • 20
    Vaughan MB, Howard EW, Tomasek JJ. Transforming growth factor-β1 promotes the morphological and functional differentiation of the myofibroblast. Exp Cell Res 2000; 257: 1809.
  • 21
    Hocevar BA, Brown TL, Howe PH. TGF-β induces fibronectin synthesis through a c-Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent, Smad4-independent pathway. EMBO J 1999; 18: 134556.
  • 22
    Isono M, Chen S, Hong SW, Iglesias-de la Cruz MC, Ziyadeh FN. Smad pathway is activated in the diabetic mouse kidney and Smad3 mediates TGF-β-induced fibronectin in mesangial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 296: 135665.
  • 23
    Hu B, Wu Z, Phan SH. Smad3 mediates transforming growth factor-β-induced α-smooth muscle actin expression. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 29: 397404.
  • 24
    Piek E, Ju WJ, Heyer J, Escalante-Alcalde D, Stewart CL, Weinstein M, et al. Functional characterization of transforming growth factor β signaling in Smad2- and Smad3-deficient fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 1994553.
  • 25
    Yang YC, Piek E, Zavadil J, Liang D, Xie D, Heyer J, et al. Hierarchical model of gene regulation by transforming growth factor-β. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100: 1026974.
  • 26
    Itoh S, Thorikay M, Kowanetz M, Moustakas A, Itoh F, Heldin CH, et al. Elucidation of Smad requirement in transforming growth factor-β type I receptor-induced responses. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 375161.
  • 27
    Hayashida T, DeCaestecker M, Schnaper HW. Cross-talk between ERK MAP kinase and Smad-signaling pathways enhances TGF-β dependent responses in human mesangial cells. FASEB J 2003; 17: 15768.
  • 28
    Laping NJ, Grygielko E, Mathur A, Butter S, Bomberger J, Tweed C, et al. Inhibition of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced extracellular matrix with a novel inhibitor of the TGF-β type I receptor kinase activity: SB-431542. Mol Pharmacol 2002; 62: 5864.
  • 29
    Von Gersdorff G, Susztak K, Rezvani F, Bitzer M, Liang D, Bottinger EP. Smad3 and Smad4 mediate transcriptional activation of the human Smad7 promoter by transforming growth factor-β. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 113206.
  • 30
    Sato M, Muragaki Y, Saika S, Roberts AB, Ooshima A. Targeted disruption of TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling protects against renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction. J Clin Invest 2003; 112: 148694.
  • 31
    Lakos G, Takagawa S, Chen SJ, Ferreira AM, Han G, Masuda K, et al. Targeted disruption of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling modulates skin fibrosis in a mouse model of scleroderma. Am J Pathol 2004; 165: 20317.
  • 32
    Chen SJ, Yuan W, Mori Y, Levenson A, Trojanowska M, Varga J. Stimulation of type I collagen transcription in human skin fibroblasts by TGF-β: involvement of Smad 3. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 112: 4957.
  • 33
    Varga J. Scleroderma and Smads: dysfunctional Smad family dynamics culminating in fibrosis. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 170313.
  • 34
    Varga J. Antifibrotic therapy in scleroderma: extracellular or intracellular targeting of activated fibroblasts. Curr Rep Rheumatol 2004; 6: 16470.
  • 35
    Dong C, Zhu S, Wang T, Yoon W, Li Z, Alvarez RJ, et al. Deficient Smad7 expression: a putative molecular defect in scleroderma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99: 390813.
  • 36
    Asano Y, Ihn H, Yamane K, Kubo M, Tamaki K. Impaired Smad7-Smurf-mediated negative regulation of TGF-β signaling in scleroderma fibroblasts. J Clin Invest 2004; 113: 25364.