Research Article
You have full text access to this OnlineOpen article
Opioid use by patients in an orthopedics spine clinic
Article first published online: 7 JAN 2005
DOI: 10.1002/art.20784
Copyright © 2005 by the American College of Rheumatology
Additional Information
How to Cite
Mahowald, M. L., Singh, J. A. and Majeski, P. (2005), Opioid use by patients in an orthopedics spine clinic. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 52: 312–321. doi: 10.1002/art.20784
Publication History
- Issue published online: 7 JAN 2005
- Article first published online: 7 JAN 2005
- Manuscript Accepted: 6 OCT 2004
- Manuscript Received: 18 JAN 2004
Funded by
- Department of Veterans Affairs
- Rheumatology Research Education Fund of the Minnesota Medical Foundation
- Paul J. Bilka Rheumatology Research award
REFERENCES
- 1, , , . Efficacy of tramadol in treatment of chronic low back pain. J Rheumatol 2000; 27: 772–8.
- 2, , . Physician office visits for low back pain. Spine 1995; 20: 11–19.
- 3. Opioid therapy for chronic nonmalignant pain: current status. In: FieldsHL, LiebeskindJC, editors. Progress in pain research and management. Seattle: International Association for the Study of Pain; 1994. p. 247–87.
- 4
- 5, , , . Outcome of chronic opioid therapy for non-cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1998; 15: 185–94.
- 6, , , , , . Efficacy of controlled-release codeine in chronic non-malignant pain: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Pain 1995; 62: 169–78.
- 7
- 8. Health care providers' liability exposure for inappropriate pain management. J Law Med Ethics 1996; 24: 360–4.Direct Link:
- 9, . The pharmacologic management of chronic back pain. In: FrymoyerJW, editor. The adult spine: principles and practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1997. p. 275–85.
- 10. Long-term use of opioid analgesics for the treatment of chronic pain of nonmalignant origin. J Pain Symptom Manage 1993; 8: 279–88.
- 11. Long-term opioid analgesic therapy for severe refractory lumbar spine pain. Clin J Pain 1999; 15: 136–40.
- 12, , , , . A long-term survey of morphine in cancer pain patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 1992; 7: 259–66.
- 13. Pain and quality of life: theoretical aspects. In: OsobaD, editor. Quality of life in cancer patients. New York: CRC Publishers; 1991. p. 279–92.
- 14. Clinical tolerance to opioids. In: BasbaumIA, BessonJM, editors. Towards a new pharmacotherapy of pain. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons; 1991. p. 181–203.
- 15, . Management of pain during debridement: a survey of US burn units. Pain 1980; 13: 267–80.
- 16, . Treating sickle cell pain like cancer pain. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116: 364–8.
- 17, , , , , , et al. Long term follow-up on restless legs syndrome patients treated with opioids. Mov Disord 2001; 16: 1105–9.Direct Link:
- 18, , . Codeine and oxycodone use in patients with chronic rheumatic disease pain. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41: 1603–12.Direct Link:
- 19, , , , , , et al. Efficacy and safety of a once-daily morphine formulation in chronic, moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis pain: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial and an open-label extension trial. J Pain Symptom Manage 2002; 23: 278–91.
- 20, . Efficacy of oxycodone in neuropathic pain: a randomized trial in postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology 1998; 50: 1837–41.
- 21, , . Chronic opioid analgesic therapy for chronic low back pain. J Am Board Fam Pract 1996; 9: 191–204.
- 22American Academy of Pain Medicine, American Pain Society. The use of opioids for the treatment of chronic pain. Glenville (IL): American Academy of Pain Medicine, American Pain Society; 1996.
- 23, , , . Obtaining confidence intervals for the risk ration in cohort studies. Biometrics 1978; 34: 469–74.
- 24, , , , . Clinical importance of changes in chronic pain intensity measured on an 11-point numerical pain rating scale. Pain 2001; 94: 149–58.
- 25. Pharmacologic treatment of cancer pain. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1124–31.
- 26, , . Physicians' attitudes and practices regarding the long-term prescribing of opioids for non-cancer pain. Pain 1994; 59: 201–8.
- 27, , , . Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; 1: 1–57.
- 28, , . Long-term oral opioid therapy in patients with chronic nonmalignant pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1992; 7: 69–77.
- 29. Opioid therapy in the management of chronic back pain. In: TollisonCD, editor. Interdisciplinary rehabilitation of low back pain. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1989. p. 137–57.
- 30, , , . Survey of opioid use in chronic nonmalignant pain patients. Reg Anesth 1994; 19: 225–30.
- 31, , , , . Opioid therapy for chronic noncancer back pain: a randomized prospective study. Spine 1998; 23: 2591–600.
- 32, , , , , , et al. Efficacy and safety of controlled-release versus immediate-release oxycodone: randomized, double-blind evaluation in patients with chronic back pain. Clin J Pain 1999; 15: 179–83.
- 33, , , , , . Randomised trial or oral morphine for chronic non-cancer pain. Lancet 1996; 347: 143–7.
- 34. Opioid tolerance and physical dependence and their relationship. In: HerzA, editor. Opioids II: handbook of experimental pharmacology. New York: Springer Verlag; 1993. p. 573–95.
- 35. Mechanisms of opioid-induced pain and antinociceptive tolerance: signal transduction. Pain 2002; 95: 287–8.
- 36, , , . The effects of prior fentanyl administrations and of pain on fentanyl analgesia: tolerance to and enhancement of narcotic analgesia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1980; 213: 418–24.
- 37, , , , , . Opiate self-administration as a measure of chronic nociceptive pain in arthritis rats. Pain 2001; 91: 33–45.
- 38. Changing concepts of tolerance to opioids: what the cancer patient has taught us. In: ChapmanCR, FoleyKM, editors. Current and emerging issues in cancer pain: research and practice. New York: Raven Press; 1993. p. 331–50.
- 39. Opioid analgesics in the treatment of chronic intractable pain on non-neoplastic origin. In: KitahataLM, CollinsD, editors. Narcotic analgesics in anaesthesiology. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1982. p. 199–208.
- 40, . Narcotic maintenance for chronic pain: medical and legal guidelines. J Postgrad Med 1983; 73: 81–94.
- 41, , . Long term use of narcotic analgesics in chronic pain. Soc Sci Med 1984; 19: 1379–82.
- 42, . Chronic use of opioid analgesics in non-malignant pain: report of 38 cases. Pain 1986; 25: 171–86.
- 43
- 44. Aggressive pharmacologic treatment of pain. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1999; 25: 193–212.
- 45, , . Controlled release oxycodone for pain in diabetic neuropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 2003; 60: 927–34.
- 46, , , , , , et al. Double blind randomized placebo control trial of controlled release codeine in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Rheumatol 2000; 27: 764–71.
- 47, , , , . Driving ability in cancer patients receiving long-term morphine analgesia. Lancet 1995; 346: 667–70.
- 48, , . Psychoactive drugs and the risk of injurious motor vehicle crashes in elderly drivers. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 136: 873–83.
- 49, , , , , . Use of opioid medications for chronic noncancer pain syndromes in primary care. J Gen Intern Med 2002; 17: 173–9.Direct Link:
- 50, , , . Diagnosing addictive disease in chronic pain patients. Psychosomatics 1996; 37: 223–35.
- 51, , , , . Prescription opiate abuse in chronic pain patients: clinical criteria, incidence and predictors. Clin J Pain 1997; 13: 150–5.
- 52, , , . Substance abuse among patients with chronic back pain. J Fam Pract 1996; 43: 152–60.
- 53, , , , , , et al. Pain management and chemical dependency: evolving perspectives. JAMA 1997; 278: 592–3.
- 54, . A comparison of observational studies and randomized controlled trials. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1878–86.
- 55, , . Randomized, controlled trials, observational studies, and the hierarchy of research designs. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1887–92.
- 56, . Randomized trials or observational tribulations? N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1907–9.
- 57, . Self-report scales and procedures for assessing pain in adults. New York: The Guilford Press; 1992.
- 58, . Ethical issues in the management of chronic nonmalignant pain. Semin Neurol 1997; 17: 203–11.
- 59, . Opioids, chronic pain and the law. J Pain Symptom Manage 1993; 8: 297–305.

1529-0131/asset/olbannerleft.gif?v=1&s=897b81612b4ad6cae003112184adc709261d5f61)
1529-0131/asset/olbannerright.gif?v=1&s=04654f5ea3cbb01656383e0c0d04b16fd0a9a896)
1529-0131/asset/cover.gif?v=1&s=104d5c2bb8ef72deba26790b855af7ab80697a0e)