SEARCH

SEARCH BY CITATION

REFERENCES

  • 1
    Campbell PM, LeRoy EC. Pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis: a vascular hypothesis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1975; 4: 35168.
  • 2
    Herrick AL. Vascular function in systemic sclerosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2000; 12: 52733.
  • 3
    Herrick AL. Pathogenesis of Raynaud's phenomenon. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44: 58796.
  • 4
    Kahaleh MB. Raynaud's phenomenon and the vascular disease in scleroderma. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2004; 16: 71822.
  • 5
    Prescott RJ, Freemont AJ, Jones CJ, Hoyland J, Fielding P. Sequential dermal microvascular and perivascular changes in the development of scleroderma. J Pathol 1992; 166: 25563.
  • 6
    Hummers LK, Wigley FM. Management of Raynaud's phenomenon and digital ischemic lesions in scleroderma. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2003; 29: 293313.
  • 7
    Clark S, Hollis S, Campbell F, Moore T, Jayson M, Herrick A. The “distal-dorsal difference” as a possible predictor of secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. J Rheumatol 1999; 26: 11258.
  • 8
    Del Bianco E, Magini B, Muscarella G, Cappugi P, Lotti T. Raynaud's phenomenon (primary or secondary to systemic sclerosis): the usefulness of laser-Doppler flowmetry in the diagnosis. Int Angiol 2001; 20: 30713.
  • 9
    Wigley FM, Wise RA, Mikdashi J, Schaefer S, Spence RJ. The post-occlusive hyperemic response in patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 1990; 33: 16205.
  • 10
    Lau CS, Khan F, Brown R, McCallum P, Belch JJ. Digital blood flow response to body warming, cooling, and rewarming in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. Angiology 1995; 46: 110.
  • 11
    Picart C, Carpentier PH, Brasseur S, Galliard H, Piau JM. Systemic sclerosis: blood rheometry and laser Doppler imaging of digital cutaneous microcirculation during local cold exposure. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 1998; 18: 4758.
  • 12
    Anderson ME, Moore TL, Lunt M, Herrick AL. Digital iontophoresis of vasoactive substances as measured by laser Doppler imaging: a non-invasive technique by which to measure microvascular dysfunction in Raynaud's phenomenon. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004; 43: 98691.
  • 13
    Koman LA, Smith BP, Pollock FE Jr, Smith TL, Pollock D, Russell GB. The microcirculatory effects of peripheral sympathectomy. J Hand Surg [Am] 1995; 20: 70917.
  • 14
    Dziadzio M, Denton CP, Smith R, Howell K, Blann A, Bowers E, et al. Losartan therapy for Raynaud's phenomenon and scleroderma: clinical and biochemical findings in a fifteen-week, randomized, parallel-group, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42: 264655.
  • 15
    Khan F, Belch JJ. Skin blood flow in patients with systemic sclerosis and Raynaud's phenomenon: effects of oral L-arginine supplementation. J Rheumatol 1999; 26: 238994.
  • 16
    Anderson ME, Moore TL, Hollis S, Jayson MI, King TA, Herrick AL. Digital vascular response to topical glyceryl trinitrate, as measured by laser Doppler imaging, in primary Raynaud's phenomenon and systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002; 41: 3248.
  • 17
    Stern MD. In vivo evaluation of microcirculation by coherent light scattering. Nature 1975; 254: 568.
  • 18
    Wardell K, Braverman IM, Silverman DG, Nilsson GE. Spatial heterogeneity in normal skin perfusion recorded with laser Doppler imaging and flowmetry. Microvasc Res 1994; 48: 2638.
  • 19
    Murray AK, Gorodkin RE, Moore TL, Gush RJ, Herrick AL, King TA. Comparison of red and green laser Doppler imaging of blood flow. Lasers Surg Med 2004; 35: 191200.
  • 20
    Anderson RR, Parrish JA. The optics of human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1981; 77: 139.
  • 21
    Duteil L, Bernengo JC, Schalla W. A double wavelength laser Doppler system to investigate skin microcirculation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1985; 32: 43947.
  • 22
    Gush RJ, King TA, Jayson MI. Aspects of laser light scattering from skin tissue with application to laser Doppler blood flow measurement. Phys Med Biol 1984; 29: 146376.
  • 23
    Gush RJ, King TA. Discrimination of capillary and arterio-venular blood flow in skin by laser Doppler flowmetry. Med Biol Eng Comput 1991; 29: 38792.
  • 24
    Obeid AN, Boggett DM, Barnett NJ, Dougherty G, Rolfe P. Depth discrimination in laser Doppler skin blood flow measurement using different lasers. Med Biol Eng Comput 1988; 26: 4159.
  • 25
    Bray R, Forrester K, Leonard C, McArthur R, Tulip J, Lindsay R. Laser Doppler imaging of burn scars: a comparison of wavelength and scanning methods. Burns 2003; 29: 199206.
  • 26
    LeRoy EC, Black C, Fleischmajer R, Jablonska S, Krieg T, Medsger TA Jr, et al. Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis): classification, subsets and pathogenesis. J Rheumatol 1988; 15: 2025.
  • 27
    Charkoudian N. Skin blood flow in adult human thermoregulation: how it works, when it does not, and why. Mayo Clin Proc 2003; 78: 60312.
  • 28
    Wilkin JK. Periodic cutaneous blood flow during postocclusive reactive hyperemia. Am J Physiol 1986; 250: H7658.
  • 29
    Kellogg DL Jr, Liu Y, Kosiba IF, O'Donnell D. Role of nitric oxide in the vascular effects of local warming of the skin in humans. J Appl Physiol 1999; 86: 118590.
  • 30
    Choi B, Welch AJ. Analysis of thermal relaxation during laser irradiation of tissue. Laser Surg Med 2001; 29: 3519.
  • 31
    Cotton SA, Herrick AL, Jayson MI, Freemont AJ. Endothelial expression of nitric oxide synthases and nitrotyrosine in systemic sclerosis skin. J Pathol 1999; 189: 2738.
  • 32
    Sud A, Khullar M, Wanchu A, Bambery P. Increased nitric oxide production in patients with systemic sclerosis. Nitric Oxide 2000; 4: 6159.
  • 33
    Allanore Y, Borderie D, Hilliquin P, Hernvann A, Levacher M, Lemarechal H, et al. Low levels of nitric oxide (NO) in systemic sclerosis: inducible NO synthase production is decreased in cultured peripheral blood monocyte/macrophage cells. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001; 40: 108996.
  • 34
    Matucci Cerinic M, Kahaleh MB. Beauty and the beast: the nitric oxide paradox in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002; 41: 8437.
  • 35
    Albrecht HP, Hiller D, Hornstein OP, Buhler-Singer S, Muck M, Gruschwitz M. Microcirculatory functions in systemic sclerosis: additional parameters for therapeutic concepts? J Invest Dermatol 1993; 101: 2115.
  • 36
    Geirsson AJ, Jonsson GS, Asgeirsdottir LP. Functional study of the dermal microcirculation in systemic sclerosis. Scand J Rheumatol 1994; 23: 736.
  • 37
    Walmsley D, Goodfield MJ. Evidence for an abnormal peripherally mediated vascular response to temperature in Raynaud's phenomenon. Br J Rheumatol 1990; 29: 1814.
  • 38
    Wollersheim H, Reyenga J, Thien T. Laser Doppler velocimetry of fingertips during heat provocation in normals and in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1988; 48: 915.
  • 39
    Kernick DP, Tooke JE, Shore AC. The biological zero signal in laser Doppler fluximetry: origins and practical implications. Pflugers Arch 1999; 437: 62431.
  • 40
    Kristensen JK. Local regulation of digital blood flow in generalized scleroderma. J Invest Dermatol 1979; 72: 23540.
  • 41
    Stucker M, Quinna S, Memmel U, Rochling A, Traupe M, Hoffmann K, et al. Macroangiopathy of the upper extremities in progressive systemic sclerosis. Eur J Med Res 2000; 5: 295302.
  • 42
    Wollersheim H, Reyenga J, Thien T. Postocclusive reactive hyperemia of fingertips, monitored by laser Doppler velocimetry in the diagnosis of Raynaud's phenomenon. Microvasc Res 1989; 38: 28695.
  • 43
    Goodfield M, Hume A, Rowell N. Reactive hyperemic responses in systemic sclerosis patients and healthy controls. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 93: 36871.
  • 44
    Tulevski II, Ubbink DT, Jacobs MJ. Red and green laser Doppler compared with capillary microscopy to assess skin microcirculation in the feet of healthy subjects. Microvasc Res 1999; 58: 838.
  • 45
    Ubbink DT, Tulevski II, Jacobs MJ. Can the green laser Doppler measure skin-nutritive perfusion in patients with peripheral vascular disease? J Vasc Res 2000; 37: 195201.
  • 46
    Brennan P, Silman AJ, Black CM, Bernstein R, Coppock J, Maddison P, et al. Reliability of skin involvement in scleroderma. Br J Rheumatol 1992; 31: 45760.
  • 47
    Anderson ME, Hollis S, Moore T, Jayson MI, Herrick AL. Non-invasive assessment of vascular reactivity in forearm skin of patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon and systemic sclerosis. Br J Rheumatol 1996; 35: 12818.
  • 48
    La Civita L, Rossi M, Vagheggini G, Storino FA, Credidio L, Pasero G, et al. Microvascular involvement in systemic sclerosis: laser Doppler evaluation of reactivity to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside by iontophoresis. Ann Rheum Dis 1998; 57: 525.
  • 49
    Anderson ME, Moore TL, Hollis S, Clark S, Jayson MI, Herrick AL. Endothelial-dependent vasodilation is impaired in patients with systemic sclerosis, as assessed by low dose iontophoresis [letter]. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003; 21: 403.