Dr. Choi has received consulting fees (less than $10,000 each) from TAP Pharmaceuticals and Savient Pharmaceuticals. Drs. Choi and Curhan have received grants from TAP Pharmaceuticals.
Original Article
You have full text access to this OnlineOpen article
Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with gout: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Article first published online: 31 JAN 2007
DOI: 10.1002/art.22466
Copyright © 2007 by the American College of Rheumatology
Additional Information
How to Cite
Choi, H. K., Ford, E. S., Li, C. and Curhan, G. (2007), Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with gout: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 57: 109–115. doi: 10.1002/art.22466
Publication History
- Issue published online: 31 JAN 2007
- Article first published online: 31 JAN 2007
- Manuscript Accepted: 11 MAY 2006
- Manuscript Received: 2 MAR 2006
REFERENCES
- 1, , , , , , et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement [review] [published errata appear in Circulation 2005;112:e297 and Circulation 2005;112:e298]. Circulation 2005; 112: 2735–52.
- 2American Heart Association. Metabolic syndrome: new guidance for prevention and treatment. URL: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3033454.
- 3, , , , and the Risk Factor and Life Expectancy Research Group. Syndrome X and mortality: a population-based study. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 148: 958–66.
- 4. Risks for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes associated with the metabolic syndrome: a summary of the evidence [review]. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 1769–78.
- 5, , . Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002; 287: 356–9.
- 6. Hyperlipidaemia in hyperuricaemia and gout. Ann Rheum Dis 1998; 57: 509–10.
- 7. Gout, diet, and the insulin resistance syndrome. J Rheumatol 2002; 29: 1350–5.
- 8, , , the American College of Physicians, and the American Physiological Society. Pathogenesis of gout. Ann Intern Med 2005; 143: 499–516.
- 9, , , , , and the Normative Aging Study. Uric acid and coronary heart disease risk: evidence for a role of uric acid in the obesity-insulin resistance syndrome. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 142: 288–94.
- 10, , , , and the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Relations of hyperuricemia with the various components of the insulin resistance syndrome in young black and white adults: the CARDIA study. Ann Epidemiol 1998; 8: 250–61.
- 11, , , . Relationship between resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake, urinary uric acid clearance, and plasma uric acid concentration. JAMA 1991; 266: 3008–11.
- 12, , , , , , et al. Metabolic syndrome and ischemic heart disease in gout. J Clin Rheumatol 2004; 10: 105–9.
- 13, , , , , , et al. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with gout: a multicenter study. J Korean Med Sci 2005; 20: 1029–33.
- 14, , , , , . Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among 40,698 Korean metropolitan subjects. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2004; 65: 143–9.
- 15National Institutes of Health. Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). NIH Publication 01-3670. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health; 2001.
- 16, , , , , the American Heart Association, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition [review]. Circulation 2004; 109: 433–8.
- 17Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III 1988-94) reference manuals and reports [CD-ROM]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Health Statistics; 1996.
- 18, , , , , . Association of the metabolic syndrome with history of myocardial infarction and stroke in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation 2004; 109: 42–6.
- 19, , , , , . Renal handling of urate and sodium during acute physiological hyperinsulinaemia in healthy subjects. Clin Sci (Lond) 1997; 92: 51–8.
- 20, , , , , , et al. Effect of insulin on renal sodium and uric acid handling in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9: 746–52.
- 21, , , , . Beneficial effects of weight loss associated with moderate calorie/carbohydrate restriction, and increased proportional intake of protein and unsaturated fat on serum urate and lipoprotein levels in gout: a pilot study. Ann Rheum Dis 2000; 59: 539–43.
- 22, , , , , , et al. Molecular identification of a renal urate anion exchanger that regulates blood urate levels. Nature 2002; 417: 447–52.
- 23, , , , . Leptin might be a regulator of serum uric acid concentrations in humans. Jpn Heart J 2003; 44: 527–36.
- 24, , , , . Serum leptin is associated with serum uric acid concentrations in humans. Metabolism 1999; 48: 677–80.
- 25, , , , , . The potential role of adenosine in the pathophysiology of the insulin resistance syndrome. Atherosclerosis 2001; 155: 283–90.
- 26, , . Effects of intravenous adenosine on renal function in healthy human subjects. Am J Physiol 1996; 271: F374–81.
- 27, , . A potential role for endogenous adenosine in control of human glomerular and tubular function. Am J Physiol 1993; 265: F504–10.
- 28, . Adenosine and renal sodium handling: direct natriuresis and renal nerve-mediated antinatriuresis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995; 6: 1491–7.
- 29, . Prevention of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus by diet and physical exercise: the 6-year Malmo feasibility study. Diabetologia 1991; 34: 891–8.
- 30, , , , , , et al. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance: the Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 537–44.
- 31, , , , , , et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1343–50.
- 32. Gout in the elderly: clinical presentation and treatment [review]. Drugs Aging 1998; 13: 229–43.
- 33, , , , , , et al. A high-monounsaturated-fat/low-carbohydrate diet improves peripheral insulin sensitivity in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Metabolism 1992; 41: 1373–8.
- 34, , , , , . Effects of combination treatment using anti-hyperuricaemic agents with fenofibrate and/or losartan on uric acid metabolism. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62: 572–5.
- 35, , , , , . Amlodipine reduces cyclosporin-induced hyperuricaemia in hypertensive renal transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18: 2147–53.
- 36, , , . Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000. JAMA 2002; 288: 1723–7.
- 37, , , , . Trends and correlates of class 3 obesity in the United States from 1990 through 2000. JAMA 2002; 288: 1758–61.
- 38, , . Increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 2444–9.
- 39, , . Pathogenesis of hypertension. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 761–76.
- 40, , , , , , et al. Is there a pathogenetic role for uric acid in hypertension and cardiovascular and renal disease? Hypertension 2003; 41: 1183–90.
- 41, , , . Gout and coronary heart disease: the Framingham Study. J Clin Epidemiol 1988; 41: 237–42.
- 42, , , , . Purine-rich foods, dairy and protein intake, and the risk of gout in men. New Eng J Med 2004; 350: 1093–103.
- 43, , , , . Alcohol intake and risk of incident gout in men: a prospective study. Lancet 2004; 363: 1277–81.

2151-4658/asset/olbannerleft.gif?v=1&s=75d1dd4933b4687fdb365bb32190b0a4ef453ee7)
2151-4658/asset/olbannerright.gif?v=1&s=a36ba6af41bd9af370864f6461a516746a709d31)
1529-0131a/asset/cover.gif?v=1&s=4b71f39689e424fbb0e6725b1c033cc646a4272b)