Fax: (210) 450-5085
Original Article
Multimodality therapy for locoregional extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma†‡
A population-based analysis
Article first published online: 27 JUL 2009
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24572
Published 2009 American Cancer Society
Additional Information
How to Cite
Fuller, C. D., Wang, S. J., Choi, M., Czito, B. G., Cornell, J., Welzel, T. M., McGlynn, K. A., Luh, J. Y. and Thomas, C. R. (2009), Multimodality therapy for locoregional extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer, 115: 5175–5183. doi: 10.1002/cncr.24572
- †
Preliminary versions of these analyses were presented at the American Society of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, October 28-November 1, 2007 and the American Radium Society Meeting, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, April 25-29, 2009.
- ‡
This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Publication History
- Issue published online: 3 NOV 2009
- Article first published online: 27 JUL 2009
- Manuscript Accepted: 3 FEB 2009
- Manuscript Revised: 28 JAN 2009
- Manuscript Received: 9 OCT 2008
References
- 1, , , , . Impact of classification of hilar cholangiocarcinomas (Klatskin tumors) on the incidence of intra- and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006; 98: 873-875.
- 2, . Epidemiology of gallbladder and biliary tract cancer. In: Thomas CR, Fuller CD, eds. Biliary Tract and Gallbladder Cancer: Diagnosis and Therapy. New York, NY: Demos; 2008; 3-18.
- 3, , , et al. External beam and intraluminal radiotherapy for locally advanced bile duct cancer: role and tolerability. Radiother Oncol. 1996; 41: 61-66.
- 4
- 5, . Surgical management of cholangiocarcinoma. Semin Liver Dis. 2004; 24: 189-199.
- 6. Diagnosis and management of cholangiocarcinomas: a comprehensive review. Hepatogastroenterology. 2004; 51: 43-50.
- 7, , , et al. External-beam radiotherapy for localized extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006; 66: 772-779.
- 8. Cholangiocarcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Semin Surg Oncol. 2000; 19: 156-176.Direct Link:
- 9, , , et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation for extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Am J Surg. 1997; 174: 605-608; discussion 608-609.
- 10, , , et al. Limitations of conventional doses of chemoradiation for unresectable biliary cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002; 53: 969-974.
- 11, , , et al. Daily ultrasound-based image-guided targeting for radiotherapy of upper abdominal malignancies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004; 59: 1245-1256.
- 12, , , et al. Cholangiocarcinoma: the impact of tumor location and treatment strategy on outcome. Am J Clin Oncol. 2003; 26: 422-428.
- 13, , , et al. Magnitude of combination therapy of radical resection and external beam radiotherapy for patients with carcinomas of the extrahepatic bile duct and gallbladder. Dig Dis Sci. 2005; 50: 2231-2242.
- 14, , , , , . Definitive radiation therapy for extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. Radiology. 1995; 196: 275-280.
- 15, , , , . The role of radiotherapy in the management of extrahepatic bile duct cancer: an analysis of 145 consecutive patients treated with intraluminal and/or external beam radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996; 34: 767-774.
- 16, . Carcinoma of the extrahepatic biliary system—results of primary and adjuvant radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1987; 13: 331-338.
- 17National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Surveillance Research Program, Cancer Statistics Branch. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program database. Available at: http://www.seer.cancer.gov/ Accessed in May 2008.
- 18
- 19
- 20, . Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc. 1958; 53: 457-481.
- 21. Regression and life tables (with discussion). J R Stat Soc B. 1972; 34: 187-200.
- 22, , . Diagnostic plots to reveal functional form for covariates in multiplicative intensity models. Biometrics. 1995; 51: 1469-1482.
- 23, , , , , . Carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. The University of California at San Francisco experience. Ann Surg. 1994; 219: 267-274.
- 24, , , et al. Improved survival in resected biliary malignancies. Surgery. 2002; 132: 555-563; discussion 563-564.
- 25, , , et al. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy in resected extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009; 73: 148-153.
- 26, , , . Local therapy and survival in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356: 2399-2405.
- 27, , , et al. Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Postoperative radiotherapy does not improve survival. Ann Surg. 1995; 221: 788-797; discussion 97-98.
- 28, , , , . Positive microscopic margins alter outcome in lymph node-negative cholangiocarcinoma when resection is combined with adjuvant radiotherapy. Am J Clin Oncol. 2005; 28: 21-23.
- 29
- 30, , , et al. Benefits of adjuvant radiotherapy after radical resection of locally advanced main hepatic duct carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000; 46: 581-587.
- 31, , , , . Carcinoma of the extrahepatic biliary tract: surgery and radiotherapy for curative and palliative intent. Radiat Oncol Investig. 1998; 6: 240-247.Direct Link:
- 32, , , . Definitive postoperative irradiation of bile duct carcinoma with charged particles and/or photons. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993; 27: 75-82.
- 33, , , , , . The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of bile duct carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1990; 18: 63-67.
- 34, , , , , . Cholangiocarcinoma: clinical significance of tumor location along the extrahepatic bile duct. Radiology. 1995; 197: 511-516.
- 35, , , et al. Cholangiocarcinoma: thirty-one-year experience with 564 patients at a single institution. Ann Surg. 2007; 245: 755-762.
- 36, , , et al. Cholangiocarcinoma. A spectrum of intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal tumors. Ann Surg. 1996; 224: 463-473; discussion 473-475.
- 37, , , , , . Trends in survival after surgery for cholangiocarcinoma: a 30-year population-based SEER database analysis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007; 11: 1488-1496; discussion 1496-1497.
- 38, . Unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma completely reduced by external radiation therapy. Hepatogastroenterology. 2005; 52: 725-727.
- 39, , , . Hospital volume and late survival after cancer surgery. Ann Surg. 2007; 245: 777-783.
- 40, , . Use of adjuvant radiotherapy at hospitals with and without on-site radiation services. Cancer. 2007; 109: 796-801.Direct Link:
- 41, , , et al. Alternative multivariate modelling for time to local recurrence for breast cancer patients receiving a lumpectomy alone. Surg Oncol. 1996; 5: 265-271.
- 42, , , et al. Factors affecting distant disease-free survival for primary invasive breast cancer: use of a log-normal survival model. Ann Surg Oncol. 2000; 7: 416-426.
- 43, , , et al. Disease-specific survival for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer affected by statistical method of assessment. BMC Cancer. 2007; 7: 31.
- 44. Maximum likelihood estimates of the proportion of patients cured by cancer therapy. J R Stat Soc B. 1949; 11: 15-44.
- 45
- 46, . A test of several parametric statistical models for estimating success rate in the treatment of carcinoma cervix uteri. Br J Cancer. 1975; 32: 529-550.
- 47, , . Regression models and non-proportional hazards in the analysis of breast cancer survival. Appl Stat. 1984; 33: 176-195.
- 48, , , , , . Prediction model for estimating the survival benefit of adjuvant radiotherapy for gallbladder cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26: 2112-2117.
- 49, , , . Radiation therapy is associated with improved survival in the adjuvant and definitive treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008; 72: 1495-1501.
- 50, , , . Radiation therapy is associated with improved survival in the adjuvant and definitive treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. In press
- 51, , , et al. Patterns of initial disease recurrence after resection of gallbladder carcinoma and hilar cholangiocarcinoma: implications for adjuvant therapeutic strategies. Cancer. 2003; 98: 1689-1700.Direct Link:
- 52, , , et al. Patterns and relevant factors of tumor recurrence for extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma after radical resection. Hepatogastroenterology. 2004; 51: 1612-1618.
- 53, , , et al. Recurrent disease after microscopically radical (R0) resection of periampullary adenocarcinoma in patients without adjuvant therapy. J Gastrointest Surg. 2004; 8: 775-784; discussion 784.
- 54, , , et al. Adjuvant concurrent chemoradiation for adenocarcinoma of the distal common bile duct. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007; 68: 178-182.
- 55, , , , . Management of proximal cholangiocarcinomas by surgical resection and radiotherapy. Am J Surg. 1990; 159: 91-97; discussion 97-98.
- 56, , , , . Results of postoperative radiotherapy for resectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma. World J Surg. 2003; 27: 173-179.
- 57, . Radiation therapy. In: Thomas CR, Fuller CD, eds. Biliary Tract and Gallbladder Cancer: Diagnosis and Therapy. New York, NY: Demos; 2008: 217-235.

1097-0142/asset/olbannerleft.gif?v=1&s=ca681f5719430b26e1bc15e9ea4c9fc0a7110104)
1097-0142/asset/olbannerright.gif?v=1&s=8142566facf7e76aef9be6c51162a2e920b3b9f9)
1097-0142/asset/cover.gif?v=1&s=a7299bc18f075294c232ade468773cd0672bd470)