Pulmonary Hemodynamics and Fluid Exchange in the Lungs During Exercise

The sections in this article are:

1 Pressures and Flows in the Human Lung Circulation

1.1 Historical Notes

1.2 Human Data

1.3 Arterial, Intrathoracic, and Left Heart Pressures

1.4 Wedge and Pulmonary Arterial Pressures

1.5 Arteriovenous Pressure Gradient (Driving Pressure)

1.6 Exercise and Compliance in Large Pulmonary Arteries

2 Hemodynamics During Exercise in Animals

2.1 Sheep

2.2 Dogs

2.3 Horses

3 Lung Fluid Exchange

3.1 General Concepts

3.2 Factors that Oppose Edema Formation

3.3 Edema Safety Factors in Lung

3.4 Lung Microvascular Fluid Exchange

3.5 Fluid Drainage Patterns in Lung Tissue

3.6 Effects of Intra-alveolar Edema on Gas Exchange

4 Fluid Exchange in Exercising Animal Models

5 Lung Fluid Exchange in Exercising Humans

5.1 Increases in Microvascular Pressures

5.2 Microvascular Stress Failure in Exercise

6 Conclusions