Research Article

CEREBRAL RESPONSES TO EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER: A PRELIMINARY LONGITUDINAL STUDY

  1. Marco Battaglia M.D.1,2,*,
  2. Annalisa Zanoni Ph.D.1,
  3. Matilde Taddei M.Sc.1,
  4. Roberto Giorda Ph.D.3,
  5. Eleonora Bertoletti M.Sc.1,
  6. Valentina Lampis Ph.D.1,
  7. Simona Scaini M.Sc.1,
  8. Stefano Cappa M.D.1,2,4,
  9. Marco Tettamanti Ph.D.4

Article first published online: 2 SEP 2011

DOI: 10.1002/da.20896

Issue

Depression and Anxiety

Depression and Anxiety

Volume 29, Issue 1, pages 54–61, January 2012

Additional Information

How to Cite

Battaglia, M., Zanoni, A., Taddei, M., Giorda, R., Bertoletti, E., Lampis, V., Scaini, S., Cappa, S. and Tettamanti, M. (2012), CEREBRAL RESPONSES TO EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER: A PRELIMINARY LONGITUDINAL STUDY. Depress. Anxiety, 29: 54–61. doi: 10.1002/da.20896

Author Information

  1. 1

    The Academic Centre for the Study of Behavioural Plasticity, “Vita-Salute” San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy

  2. 2

    The Department of Clinical Neurosciences, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy

  3. 3

    The Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Eugenio Medea Scientific Institute, Bosisio Parini, Italy

  4. 4

    Department of Nuclear Medicine and Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy

*Correspondence to: Marco Battaglia, Academic Centre for the Study of Behavioural Plasticity, San Raffaele University, 20 via S. D'Ancona, 20127 Milan, Italy. E-mail: marco.battaglia@unisr.it

  1. The authors report they have no financial relationship within the past 3 years to disclose.

Publication History

  1. Issue published online: 23 JAN 2012
  2. Article first published online: 2 SEP 2011
  3. Manuscript Accepted: 30 JUL 2011
  4. Manuscript Revised: 27 JUL 2011
  5. Manuscript Received: 26 APR 2011

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Keywords:

  • social phobia;
  • shyness;
  • facial expressions of emotions;
  • ERP;
  • fMRI

Abstract

Background

Cross-sectional studies report biased reactivity to facial expressions among shy children, anxious adolescents, and adults with social anxiety disorder (SAD). It remains unknown whether cerebral reactivity to facial expressions can predict longitudinally the development of SAD in adolescence and characterize the degree of social anxiety among the general population of adolescents.

Methods

In a longitudinal study of 21 general population volunteers characterized for behavioral and genetic variables, N400 event-related potentials, and 3-Tesla fMRI activations in response to happy/neutral/angry expressions were acquired at age 8–9 and 14–15, respectively.

Results

By stepwise regression, N400 amplitudes acquired at age 8–9 predicted the number of DSM-IV SAD symptoms at age 14–15, with the sole, significant (P = .018) contribution of the “anger” condition. Factorial ANOVA revealed increased (Voxel-Level P(FWE) range: .02–.0001) bilateral fMRI activations of several brain areas, including the amygdala, in response to facial expressions compared to a fixation cross. The number of symptoms of DSM-IV SAD was positively correlated with left amygdala response to angry (P(FWE) = .036) and neutral (P(FWE) = .025) facial expressions. Factorial ANOVA revealed that the 5-HTTLPR –S allele was associated with heightened left amygdala response to anger (P(FWE) = .05).

Conclusion

Cerebral reactivity to facial expressions, anger especially, measured at different developmental stages by different techniques is associated with adolescence SAD. The 5-HTTLPR genotype affects the neural processing of interpersonal affective stimuli during development.

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