Research Article

Cholesterol oxides as biomarkers of oxidative stress in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

  1. S. Ferderbar1,
  2. E. C. Pereira1,
  3. E. Apolinário1,
  4. M. C. Bertolami2,
  5. A. Faludi2,
  6. O. Monte3,
  7. L. E. Calliari3,
  8. J. E. Sales3,
  9. A. R. Gagliardi4,
  10. H. T. Xavier4,
  11. D. S. P. Abdalla1,*

Article first published online: 24 APR 2006

DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.645

Issue

Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews

Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews

Volume 23, Issue 1, pages 35–42, January 2007

Additional Information

How to Cite

Ferderbar, S., Pereira, E. C., Apolinário, E., Bertolami, M. C., Faludi, A., Monte, O., Calliari, L. E., Sales, J. E., Gagliardi, A. R., Xavier, H. T. and Abdalla, D. S. P. (2007), Cholesterol oxides as biomarkers of oxidative stress in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev., 23: 35–42. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.645

Author Information

  1. 1

    Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

  2. 2

    Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

  3. 3

    School of Medicine, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

  4. 4

    School of Medicine at Santos, São Paulo, Brazil

*Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580 — Cidade Universitária05508-900 São Paulo, SP. Brazil.

Publication History

  1. Issue published online: 28 DEC 2006
  2. Article first published online: 24 APR 2006
  3. Manuscript Accepted: 28 FEB 2006
  4. Manuscript Revised: 23 FEB 2006
  5. Manuscript Received: 12 DEC 2005

Funded by

  • Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo. Grant Number: 03/02832-1-3

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Keywords:

  • oxysterols;
  • lipid peroxidation;
  • statins;
  • insulin;
  • oral hypoglycemic drugs

Abstract

Background

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the formation of cholesterol oxides (ChOx) as biomarkers of oxidative stress in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and diabetes.

Methods

Blood plasma levels of cholesterol oxidation products were determined in the following groups: type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1), type 2 diabetes (DM2), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), children without diabetes (C1) and adults without diabetes (C2). The serum levels of cholest-5-ene-3α,7α-diol (7α-hydroxycholesterol, 7α-OH), cholest-5-ene-3β,7β-diol (7β-hydroxycholesterol, 7β-OH), 3β-hydroxycholest-5-7-one (7-ketocholesterol, 7-K), 5α-cholestane-3β,5,6β-triol (cholestanetriol), 5,6α-epoxy-5α-cholestan-3α-ol (cholesterol-5α,6α-epoxide,), 5,6β-epoxy-5β-cholestan-3β-ol (cholesterol-5β,6β-epoxide) and cholest-5-eno-3β,25-diol (25-hydroxycholesterol, 25-OH) (trivial name and abbreviations indicated in parentheses) were quantified by gas chromatography using flame ionization detection.

Results

The levels of total ChOx were elevated in the DM1 and DM2 groups compared to age-matched subjects without diabetes (p < 0.05). The concentrations of 7β-hydroxycholesterol, cholesterol-α-epoxide and cholesterol-β-epoxide were higher in the blood plasma of subjects in the DM2 group than in the blood plasma of subjects in the C2 and IGT groups (p < 0.05). Treatment of type 2 diabetic patients with oral hypoglycemic drugs associated with insulin resulted in lower concentrations of nitrotyrosine in the blood plasma without significant changes in the concentrations of glucose and glycated hemoglobin. Moreover, combination with statins in both treatments decreased the concentrations of ChOx.

Conclusions

ChOx are suitable biomarkers of oxidative stress and may be useful in clinical studies to follow drug effects on lipid oxidative modifications in diabetic patients. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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