Reviews–A Peer Reviewed Forum
You have full text access to this OnlineOpen article
Genes, forces, and forms: Mechanical aspects of prenatal craniofacial development
Article first published online: 2 FEB 2006
DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20704
Copyright © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Issue

Developmental Dynamics
Special Issue: Craniofacial Development Special Issue
Volume 235, Issue 5, pages 1219–1229, May 2006
Additional Information
How to Cite
Radlanski, R. J. and Renz, H. (2006), Genes, forces, and forms: Mechanical aspects of prenatal craniofacial development. Dev. Dyn., 235: 1219–1229. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.20704
Publication History
- Issue published online: 19 APR 2006
- Article first published online: 2 FEB 2006
- Manuscript Accepted: 30 DEC 2005
Funded by
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Grant Number: Ra 428/1-3
REFERENCES
- , , , , . 2002. The transcription factor Sox9 has essential roles in successive steps of the chondrocyte differentiation pathway and is required for expression of Sox5 and Sox6. Genes Dev 16: 2813–2828.
- , , , , , , . 1995. Mechanoreception at the cellular level: the detection, interpretation, and diversity of responses to mechanical signals. Biochem Cell Biol 73: 349–365.
- , , . 2000. BMP4 rescues a non-cell-autonomous function of Msx1 in tooth development. Development 127: 4711–4718.
- , . 2003. Mechanical influences on cells, tissues and organs – “mechanical morphogenesis”. Eur J Morphol 41: 3–7.
- . 1948. Mechanische Genwirkungen Funktionsentwicklung I. Göttingen: Musterschmidt.
- . 1954. Rekonstruktionsverfahren mit Verwendung von Kunststoffen. Ein Verfahren zur Ermittlung und Demonstration von Entwicklungsbewegungen. Z Anat Entwicklgesch 118: 170–174.
- . 1955. Embryologische Untersuchungen unter funktionellen Gesichtspunkten. Acta Anat 24: 339–392.
- . 1960. The stages of human development before birth. An introduction to human embryology.- Die vorgeburtlichen Entwicklungsstadien des Menschen Eine Einführung in die Humanembryologie. London: S. Karger.
- . 1978. Anatomie und Ontogenese des Menschen. Heidelberg: Quelle and Meyer.
- . 2004. The ontogenetic basis of human anatomy: the biodynamic approach to development from conception to adulthood. FreemanB, editor. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.
- , . 2004. Interplay of mechanical deformation and patterned gene expression in developing embryos. Curr Opin Genet Dev 14: 367–374.
- . 1992. Morphogenesis. In: SarnatBG, LaskinDM, editors. The temporomandibular joint: a biological basis for clinical practice. Philadelphia: Saunders. p 36–47.
- . 1920a. Studies in the dynamics of histogenesis: I. Tension of differential growth as a stimulus to myogenesis. J Gen Physiol 2: 357–372.
- . 1920b. Studies in the dynamics of histogenesis: II. Tension of differential growth as a stimulus to myogenesis in the esophagus. J Gen Physiol 3: 61–83.
- . 1921. Studies in the dynamics of histogenesis. Tension of differential growth as a stimulus to myogenesis. VII. The experimental transformation of the smooth bladder muscle of the dog, histologically into cross-striated muscle and physiologically into an organ manifesting rhythmicality. Am J Anat 29: 341–377.Direct Link:
- . 1935. Studies in the wave-mechanics of muscle form and function. II. The experimental biophysics of the external form and internal structure of cross-striated muscle and tendon. Anat Rec 61: 9.
- . 1936. Studies in the wave-mechanics of muscle form and function II. The experimental biophysics of the external form and internal structure of cross-striated muscle and tendon. Am J Anat 59: 175–199.Direct Link:
- , , , . 1998. Mechanobiology of skeletal regeneration. Clin Orthop Relat Res S41–S55.
- , . 1997. Kinetics, Ca2+ dependence, and biophysical properties of integrin-mediated mechanical modulation of transmitter release from frog motor nerve terminals. J Neurosci 17: 904–916.
- COGENE. Available at: http://hg.wustl.edu/COGENE.
- , , . 1986. Growth and growth pressure of mandibular condylar and some primary cartilages of the rat in vitro. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1: 19–28.
- . 2005. Cell forces in tissues. Med Eng Phys 27: 773–779.
- , . 2005. Head, shoulders, knees, and toes. Dev Biol 282: 294–306.
- , , , , , , . 1999. Dlx5 regulates regional development of the branchial arches and sensory capsules. Development 126: 3831–3846.
- , , . 2002. Craniofacial development. In: RossantJ, TamPPL, editors. Mouse development. patterning, morphogenesis, and organogenesis. San Diego: Academic Press. p 421–498.
- . 1981. Developmental mechanisms in normal and abnormal palate formation with particular reference to the aetiology, pathogenesis and prevention of cleft palate. Br J Orthod 8: 115–137.
- , , , . 1998. Signalling interactions during facial development. Mech Dev 75: 3–28.
- , , . 2003. Craniofacial development: the tissue and molecular interactions that control development of the head. advances in anatomy embryology and cell biology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 144 p
- , , , . 2004. Craniofacial phenotypes of x-ray and ENU-induced mutations in mice. Oral Biosci Med 1: 29–34.
- . 1999. Changes in muscle mass and phenotype and the expression of autocrine and systemic growth factors by muscle in response to stretch and overload. J Anat 194(Pt 3): 323–334.
- , , , . 1990. A new model of epidermal differentiation: induction by mechanical stimulation. Arch Dermatol Res 282: 22–32.
- , , , , , , . 2000. Modular long-range regulation of Myf5 reveals unexpected heterogeneity between skeletal muscles in the mouse embryo. Development 127: 4455–4467.
- , , . 1996. Expression of the chicken Sox9 gene marks the onset of cartilage differentiation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 785: 261–262.Direct Link:
- , . 2002. Mechanical induction in limb morphogenesis: the role of growth-generated strains and pressures. Bone 31: 645–653.
- . 1990. Humanembryologie. Berlin: Springer.
- . 1874. Unsere Körperform und das physiologische Problem ihrer Entstehung. Leipzig: FCW Vogel.
- , , , . 2003. Effects of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors on bone resorption and orthodontic tooth movement. J Dent Res 82: 687–691.
- , . 1992. The origin of pattern and polarity in the drosophila embryo. Cell 68: 201–219.
- , , . 1995. Mechano-reception in osteoblast-like cells. Biochem Cell Biol 73: 525–534.
- , , , , , . 1999. Cyclic stretch up-regulates proliferation and heat shock protein 90 expression in human melanocytes. Pigment Cell Res 12: 246–251.Direct Link:
- , , , , , , . 2000. Melanocytes respond to mechanical stretch by activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Pigment Cell Res 13: 278–280.Direct Link:
- . 1998. Neuro-osteology. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 9: 224–244.
- , , . 1999. The prenatal human cranium - normal and patholologic development. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
- . 2003. Requisite roles of Runx2 and Cbfb in skeletal development. J Bone Miner Metab 21: 193–197.
- , , , , , , , , , , , . 2002. Cbfbeta interacts with Runx2 and has a critical role in bone development. Nat Genet 32: 639–644.
- , . 2003. Runx2/Cbfa1: a multifunctional regulator of bone formation. Curr Pharm Des 9: 2677–2685.
- , , . 1996. Growth factors for bone growth and repair: IGF, TGF beta and BMP. Bone 19: 1S–12S.
- . 2001. Regulation of mandibular growth and morphogenesis. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 12: 276–300.
- , , . 1991. Temporal and spatial expression of genes for cartilage extracellular matrix proteins during avian mandibular arch development. Differentiation 48: 17–24.
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , . 1997. Mutations involving the transcription factor CBFA1 cause cleidocranial dysplasia. Cell 89: 773–779.
- . 2000. Pattern formation in integrative biology—a marriage of theory and experiment. C R Acad Sci III 323: 5–14.
- . 1993. The development of the temporomandibular joint: a review with regard to the lateral pterygoid muscle. J Dent Assoc S Afr 48: 189–194.
- . 1983. The role of the neural crest in patterning of avian cranial skeletal, connective and muscle tissues. Dev Biol 96: 144–165.
- . 1988. Interaction and fates of avian craniofacial mesenchyme. Development 103: 121–140.
- . 1991. Cell movements and control of patterned tissue assembly during craniofacial development. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 11: 192–213.
- , , , 1999. Differentiation of avian craniofacial muscles: I. Patterns of early regulatory gene expression and myosin heavy chain synthesis. Dev Dyn 216: 96–112.Direct Link:
- , , , , , , , . 1999. Cusp patterning defect in Tabby mouse teeth and its partial rescue by FGF. Dev Biol 216: 521–534.
- . 1993. Contributions to the development of human deciduous tooth primordia. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc.
- . 2003. Prenatal craniofacial morphogenesis. 4D visualization of morphogenetic processes. Orthod Craniofac Res 6( Suppl 1): 89–94.Direct Link:
- , . 2001. Bone remodeling of the human mandible during prenatal development. J Orofac Orthop 62: 191–201.
- , , , . 1994. Morphometrische Untersuchungen zur Fetalentwicklung der menschlichen Mandibula. Fortschr Kieferorthop 55: 77–83.
- , , . 1999a. Development of the human temporomandibular joint. Computer-aided 3D-reconstructions. Eur J Oral Sci 107: 25–34.
- , , . 1999b. 4D-Computerized visualisation of human craniofacial skeletal growth and of the development of the dentition. Ann Anat 181: 3–8.
- , , . 2000. Prenatal development of the human maxilla from 19 to 76 mm CRL. Ann Anat 182: 98.
- , , . 2001. Prenatal development of the muscles in the floor of the mouth in human embryos and fetuses from 6.9 to 76 mm CRL. Ann Anat 183: 511–518.
- , , . 2003. Prenatal development of the human mandible. 3D reconstructions, morphometry, and bone remodelling pattern, stages 12-117 mm CRL. Anat Embryol (Berl) 207: 221–232.
- . 1993. Cellular patterning of fast and slow fibres in the intermandibularis muscle of chick embryos. Development 117: 329–339.
- . 1995. Homeobox genes and orofacial development. Connect Tissue Res 32: 17–25.
- , , . 2003. Mechanobiology of force transduction in dermal tissue. Skin Res Technol 9: 3–23.Direct Link:
- SobottaJ, editor. 1993. Kopf, Hals, obere Extremitäten. München: Urban and Schwarzenberg.
- , , , , . 2002. Novel functions of the matricellular proteins osteopontin and osteonectin/SPARC. Connect Tissue Res 43: 308–319.
- . 1977. The morphogenetic relationship of the temporal muscle to the coronoid process in human embryos and fetus. Am J Anat 150: 395–410.Direct Link:
- , , , , , . 2000. The expression of Myf5 in the developing mouse embryo is controlled by discrete and dispersed enhancers specific for particular populations of skeletal muscle precursors. Development 127: 3745–3757.
- , , . 2001. Cell-density-regulated chemotactic responsiveness of keratinocytes in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 117: 1083–1090.
- , , , , , , , . 2001. Msx2 is a repressor of chondrogenic differentiation in migratory cranial neural crest cells. Dev Dyn 222: 252–262.Direct Link:
- . 1993. The differentiation and morphogenesis of cranial skeletal tissues. In: HankenJ, HallBK, editors. The vertebrate skull. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p 112–152.
- , , . 1998. Skeletogenesis in the head. In: GuggenheimB, ShapiroS, editors. Proceedings of the conference oral biology at the turn of the century - misconceptions, truths, challenges and prospects. Interlaken, Switzerland: S. Karger AG. p 93–100.
- , , , . 1994. Morphological changes of human mandibular bone during fetal periods. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 71: 227–247.
- , . 1999. Regulation of neural crest cell populations: occurrence, distribution and underlying mechanisms. Int J Dev Biol 43: 95–110.
- , . 2001. Cryptic responses to tissue manipulations in avian embryos. Int J Dev Neurosci 19: 183–196.
- , , . 1994. Developmental relations between sixth nerve motor neurons and their targets in the chick embryo. Dev Dyn 201: 191–202.
- , , , , , , , , , . 2004. Possible roles of Runx1 and Sox9 in incipient intramembranous ossification. J Bone Miner Res 19: 1671–1677.Direct Link:
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . 2002. A zebrafish sox9 gene required for cartilage morphogenesis. Development 129: 5065–5079.
- . 1966. The morphogenesis of the human temporomandibular joint and its associated structures. J Dent Res 45: 182–191.
- , , . 2000. Genetic and teratogenic approaches to craniofacial development. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 11: 304–317.

1097-0177/asset/DVDY_left.gif?v=1&s=b87335326ab8ecd1f573539da0b5fa6abef26532)