SEARCH

SEARCH BY CITATION

REFERENCES

  • Aasar YH. 1931. The history of the prochordal plate in the rabbit. J Anat 66: 1445.
  • Abu-Issa R, Smyth G, Smoak I, Yamamura K, Meyers EN. 2002. Fgf8 is required for pharyngeal arch and cardiovascular development in the mouse. Development 129: 46134625.
  • Abzhanov A, Tabin CJ. 2004. Shh and Fgf8 act synergistically to drive cartilage outgrowth during cranial development. Dev Biol 273: 134148.
  • Abzhanov A, Protas M, Grant BR, Grant PR, Tabin CJ. 2004. Bmp4 and morphological variation of beaks in Darwin's finches. Science 305: 14621465.
  • Acampora D, Mazan S, Lallemand Y, Avantaggiato V, Maury M, Simeone A, Brulet P. 1995. Forebrain and midbrain regions are deleted in Otx2−/− mutants due to a defective anterior neuroectoderm specification during gastrulation. Development 121: 32793290.
  • Acampora D, Avantaggiato V, Tuorto F, Briata P, Corte G, Simcone A. 1998. Visceral endoderm-restricted translation of Otx1 mediates recovery of Otx2 requirements for specification of anterior neural plate and normal gastrulation. Development 125: 50915104.
  • Acampora D, Merlo GR, Paleari L, Zerega B, Postiglione MP, Mantero S, Bober E, Barbieri O, Simeone A, Levi G. 1999. Craniofacial, vestibular and bone defects in mice lacking the Distal-less-related gene Dlx5. Development 126: 37953809.
  • Adams AE. 1924. An experimental study of the development of the mouth in the amphibian embryo. J Exp Zool 40: 311379.
  • Adelmann HB. 1922. The significance of the prechordal plate: An interpretative study. Am J Anat 31: 55101.
  • Adelmann HB. 1936. The problem of cyclopia: I and II. Q Rev Biol 11: 161182; 284–304.
  • Albertson RC, Yelick PC. 2005. Roles for fgf8 signaling in left-right patterning of the visceral organs and craniofacial skeleton. Dev Biol 283: 310321.
  • Allin EF. 1975. The evolution of the mammalian middle ear. J Morphol 147: 403438.
  • Allin EF, Hopson A. 1992. Evolution of the auditory system in Synapsida (“Mammal-like reptiles” and primitive mammals) as seen in the fossil record. In: WebsterDB, FayRR, PopperAN, editors. The evolutionary biology of hearing. New York: Springer-Verlag. p 587614.
  • Anderson RM, Lawrence AR, Stottmann RW, Bachiller D, Klingensmith J. 2002. Chordin and noggin promote organizing centers of forebrain development in the mouse. Development 129: 49754987.
  • Ang SL, Rossant J. 1994. HNF-3 beta is essential for node and notochord formation in mouse development. Cell 78: 561574.
  • Ang SL, Jin O, Rhinn M, Daigle N, Stevenson L, Rossant J. 1996. A targeted mouse Otx2 mutation leads to severe defects in gastrulation and formation of axial mesoderm and to deletion of rostral brain. Development 122: 243252.
  • Arthur W. 2000. The concept of developmental reprogramming and the quest for an inclusive theory of evolutionary mechanisms. Evol Dev 2: 4957.
  • Ashique AM, Fu K, Richman JM. 2002. Endogenous bone morphogenetic proteins regulate outgrowth and epithelial survival during avian lip fusion. Development 129: 46474660.
  • Bachiller D, Klingensmith J, Kemp C, Belo JA, Anderson RM, May SR, McMahon JA, McMahon AP, Harland RM, Rossant J, De Robertis EM. 2000. The organizer factors Chordin and Noggin are required for mouse forebrain development. Nature 403: 658661.
  • Bafico A, Liu G, Yaniv A, Gazit A, Aaronson SA. 2001. Novel mechanism of Wnt signalling inhibition mediated by Dickkopf-1 interaction with LRP6/Arrow. Nat Cell Biol 3: 683686.
  • Baker CV, Bronner-Fraser M. 2001. Vertebrate cranial placodes: embryonic induction. Dev Biol 232: 161.
  • Bally-Cuif L, Gulisano M, Broccoli V, Boncinelli E. 1995. c-otx2 is expressed in two different phases of gastrulation and is sensitive to retinoic acid treatment in chick embryo. Mech Dev 49: 4963.
  • Barghusen HR, Hopson A. 1979. The endoskeleton: the comparative anatomy of the skull and visceral skeleton. In: WakeM, editor. Hyman's comparative anatomy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p 265326.
  • Barlow AJ, Francis-West PH. 1997. Ectopic application of recombinant BMP-2 and BMP-4 can change patterning of developing chick facial primordia. Development 124: 391398.
  • Beddington RS. 1994. Induction of a second neural axis by the mouse node. Development 120: 613620.
  • Beddington RS, Robertson EJ. 1989. An assessment of the developmental potential of embryonic stem cells in the midgestation mouse embryo. Development 105: 733737.
  • Beddington RS, Robertson EJ. 1998. Anterior patterning in mouse. Trends Genet 14: 277284.
  • Beddington RS, Robertson EJ. 1999. Axis development and early asymmetry in mammals. Cell 96: 195209.
  • de Beer GR. 1937. The development of the vertebrate skull. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • de Beer GR. 1938. Embryology and evolution. In: de BeerGR, editor. Evolution: Essays on aspects of evolutionary biology presented to professor E. S. Goodrich on his seventieth birthday. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. p 5978.
  • de Beer GR. 1971. Homology, an unsolved problem. Oxford biology reader No. 11. London: Oxford University Press.
  • de Beer GR, Barrington EJW. 1934. The segmentation and chondrification of the skull of the duck. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 223: 411467.
  • de Beer GR, Moy-Thomas JA. 1935. On the skull of the holocephali. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 224: 287312.
  • del Barco Barrantes I, Davidson G, Grone HJ, Westphal H, Niehrs C. 2003. Dkk1 and noggin cooperate in mammalian head induction. Genes Dev 17: 22392244.
  • Begbie J, Brunet JF, Rubenstein JL, Graham A. 1999. Induction of the epibranchial placodes. Development 126: 895902.
  • Begemann G, Meyer A. 2001. Hindbrain patterning revisited: timing and effects of retinoic acid signalling. Bioessays 23: 981986.
  • Bei M, Maas R. 1998. FGFs and BMP4 induce both Msx1-independent and Msx1-dependent signaling pathways in early tooth development. Development 125: 43254333.
  • Bellairs A d'A, Kamal AM. 1981. The chondrocranium and the development of the skull in recent reptiles. In: GansC, ParsonsTS, editors. Biology of the reptilia. Vol. 11. London: Academic Press. p 1263.
  • Belo JA, Bouwmeester T, Leyns L, Kertesz N, Gallo M, Follettie M, De Robertis EM. 1997. Cerberus-like is a secreted factor with neutralizing activity expressed in the anterior primitive endoderm of the mouse gastrula. Mech Dev 68: 4557.
  • Belo JA, Bachiller D, Agius E, Kemp C, Borges AC, Marques S, Piccolo S, De Robertis EM. 2000. Cerberus-like is a secreted BMP and nodal antagonist not essential for mouse development. Genesis 26: 265270.
  • Bemis WE, Grande L. 1992. Early development of the actinopterygian head. I. External development and staging of the paddlefish Polyodon spathula. J Morphol 213: 4783.
  • Bennett JH, Hunt P, Thorogood P. 1995. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 and -4 expression during murine orofacial development. Arch Oral Biol 40: 847854.
  • Bertocchini F, Stern CD. 2002. The hypoblast of the chick embryo positions the primitive streak by antagonizing nodal signaling. Dev Cell 3: 735744.
  • Beverdam A, Brouwer A, Reijnen M, Korving J, Meijlink F. 2001. Severe nasal clefting and abnormal embryonic apoptosis in Alx3/Alx4 double mutant mice. Development 128: 39753986.
  • Beverdam A, Merlo GR, Paleari L, Mantero S, Genova F, Barbieri O, Janvier P, Levi G. 2002. Jaw transformation with gain of symmetry after Dlx5/Dlx6 inactivation: Mirror of the past? Genesis 34: 221227.
  • Biben C, Stanley E, Fabri L, Kotecha S, Rhinn M, Drinkwater C, Lah M, Wang CC, Nash A, Hilton D, Ang SL, Mohun T, Harvey RP. 1998. Murine cerberus homologue mCer-1: a candidate anterior patterning molecule. Dev Biol 194: 135151.
  • Blitz IL, Cho KW. 1995. Anterior neurectoderm is progressively induced during gastrulation: the role of the Xenopus homeobox gene orthodenticle. Development 121: 9931004.
  • Bonebrake JE, Brandon RA. 1971. Ontogeny of cranial ossification in the small-mouthed salamander, Ambystoma texanum (Matthes). J Morphol 133: 189203.
  • Boorman CJ, Shimeld SM. 2002. Pitx homeobox genes in Ciona and amphioxus show left-right asymmetry is a conserved chordate character and define the ascidian adenohypophysis. Evol Dev 4: 354365.
  • Brand M, Heisenberg CP, Jiang YJ, Beuchle D, Lun K, Furtani-Seiki M, Granato M, Haffter P, Hammerschmidt M, Kane DA, Kelsh RN, Mullins MC, Odenthal J, van Eeden FJ, Nusslein-Volhard C. 1996. Mutations in zebrafish genes affecting the formation of the boundary between midbrain and hindbrain. Development 123: 179190.
  • Brennan J, Lu CC, Norris DP, Rodriguez TA, Beddington RS, Robertson EJ. 2001. Nodal signalling in the epiblast patterns the early mouse embryo. Nature 411: 965969.
  • Brickell P, Thorogood P. 1997. Retinoic acid and retinoic acid receptors in craniofacial development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 8: 437443.
  • Brown CB, Wenning JM, Lu MM, Epstein DJ, Meyers EN, Epstein JA. 2004. Cre-mediated excision of Fgf8 in the Tbx1 expression domain reveals a critical role for Fgf8 in cardiovascular development in the mouse. Dev Biol 267: 190202.
  • Campione M, Steinbeisser H, Schweickert A, Deissler K, van Bebber F, Lowe LA, Nowotschin S, Viebahn C, Haffter P, Kuehn MR, Blum M. 1999. The homeobox gene Pitx2: mediator of asymmetric left-right signaling in vertebrate heart and gut looping. Development 126: 12251234.
  • Camus A, Tam PP. 1999. The organizer of the gastrulating mouse embryo. Curr Top Dev Biol 45: 117153.
  • Camus A, Davidson BP, Billiards S, Khoo P, Rivera-Perez JA, Wakamiya M, Behringer RR, Tam PP. 2000. The morphogenetic role of midline mesendoderm and ectoderm in the development of the forebrain and the midbrain of the mouse embryo. Development 127: 17991813.
  • Carroll RL. 1988. Vertebrate paleontology and evolution. New York: WH Freeman.
  • Casci T, Vinos J, Freeman M. 1999. Sprouty, an intracellular inhibitor of Ras signaling. Cell 96: 655665.
  • Cerny R, Lwigale P, Ericsson R, Meulemans D, Epperlein HH, Bronner-Fraser M. 2004. Developmental origins and evolution of jaws: new interpretation of “maxillary” and “mandibular”. Dev Biol 276: 225236.
  • Chapman SC, Schubert FR, Schoenwolf GC, Lumsden A. 2002. Analysis of spatial and temporal gene expression patterns in blastula and gastrula stage chick embryos. Dev Biol 245: 187199.
  • Chapman SC, Schubert FR, Schoenwolf GC, Lumsden A. 2003. Anterior identity is established in chick epiblast by hypoblast and anterior definitive endoderm. Development 130: 50915101.
  • Chapman SC, Brown R, Lees L, Schoenwolf GC, Lumsden A. 2004. Expression analysis of chick Wnt and frizzled genes and selected inhibitors in early chick patterning. Dev Dyn 229: 668676.
  • Charite J, McFadden DG, Merlo G, Levi G, Clouthier DE, Yanagisawa M, Richardson JA, Olson EN. 2001. Role of Dlx6 in regulation of an endothelin-1-dependent, dHAND branchial arch enhancer. Genes Dev 15: 30393049.
  • Chiang MK, Flanagan JG. 1996. PTP-NP, a new member of the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase family, implicated in development of nervous system and pancreatic endocrine cells. Development 122: 22392250.
  • Cohen MM Jr. 2001. Problems in the definition of holoprosencephaly. Am J Med Genet 103: 183187.
  • Cohen MM Jr. 2002. Malformations of the craniofacial region: evolutionary, embryonic, genetic, and clinical perspectives. Am J Med Genet 115: 245268.
  • Clouthier DE, Williams SC, Yanagisawa H, Wieduwilt M, Richardson JA, Yanagisawa M. 1998. Signaling pathways crucial for craniofacial development revealed by endothelin-A receptor-deficient mice. Dev Biol 217: 1024.
  • Collins MD, Mao GE. 1999. Teratology of retinoids. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 39: 399430.
  • Conlon RA. 1995. Retinoic acid and pattern formation in vertebrates. Trends Genet 11: 314319.
  • Conlon FL, Lyons KM, Takaesu N, Barth KS, Kispert A, Herrmann B, Robertson EJ. 1994. A primary requirement for nodal in the formation and maintenance of the primitive streak in the mouse. Development 120: 19191928.
  • Couly GF, Le Douarin NM. 1990. Head morphogenesis in embryonic avian chimeras: evidence for a segmental pattern in the ectoderm corresponding to the neuromeres. Development 108: 543558.
  • Couly GF, Coltey PM, Le Douarin NM. 1993. The triple origin of skull in higher vertebrates: a study in quail-chick chimeras. Development 117: 409429.
  • Couly G, Creuzet S, Bennaceur S, Vincent C, Le Douarin NM. 2002. Interactions between Hox-negative cephalic neural crest cells and the foregut endoderm in patterning the facial skeleton in the vertebrate head. Development 129: 10611073.
  • Cox T. 2004. Taking it to the max: The genetic and developmental mechanisms coordinating midfacial morphogenesis and dysmorphology. Clin Genet 65: 163176.
  • Crompton AW, Parker P. 1978. Evolution of the mammalian masticatory apparatus. Am Sci 66: 192201.
  • Crossley PH, Martin GR. 1995. The mouse Fgf8 gene encodes a family of polypeptides and is expressed in regions that direct outgrowth and patterning in the developing embryo. Development 121: 439451.
  • Crossley PH, Martinez S, Ohkubo Y, Rubenstein JL. 2001. Coordinate expression of Fgf8:Otx2:Bmp4:and Shh in the rostral prosencephalon during development of the telencephalic and optic vesicles. Neuroscience 108: 183206.
  • Crump JG, Maves L, Lawson ND, Weinstein BM, Kimmel CB. 2004. An essential role for Fgfs in endodermal pouch formation influences later craniofacial skeletal patterning. Development 131: 57035716.
  • Cubbage CC, Mabee PM. 1996. Development of the cranium and paired fins in the zebrafish Danio rerio (Ostariophysi, Cyprinidae). J Morphol 229: 121160.
  • Dart RA. 1924. The anterior end of the neural tube and the anterior end of the body. Anatomy 58: 181205.
  • David NB, Rosa FM. 2001. Cell autonomous commitment to an endodermal fate and behaviour by activation of Nodal signalling. Development 128: 39373947.
  • Degitz SJ, Kosian PA, Makynen EA, Jensen KM, Ankley GT. 2000. Stage and species specific developmental toxicity of all trans retinoic acid in four native north American ranids and xenopus laevis. Toxicol Sci 57: 264274.
  • Demyer W, Zeman W, Palmer CG. 1964. The face predicts the brain: diagnostic significance of median facial anomalies for holoprosencephaly (arhinencephaly). Pediatrics 34: 256263.
  • Depew MJ, Liu JK, Long JE, Presley R, Meneses JJ, Pedersen RA, Rubenstein JL. 1999. Dlx5 regulates regional development of the branchial arches and sensory capsules. Development 126: 38313846.
  • Depew MJ, Lufkin T, Rubenstein JL. 2002a. Specification of jaw subdivisions by Dlx genes. Science 298: 381385.
  • Depew MJ, Tucker A, Sharpe A. 2002b. Craniofacial development. In: RossantJ, TamPPL, editors. Mouse development: patterning, morphogenesis, and organogenesis. London: Academic Press. p 421498.
  • Depew MJ, Simpson CA, Morasso M, Rubenstein JLR. 2005. Reassessing the Dlx code: the genetic regulation of branchial arch skeletal pattern and development. J Anat 207: 501505.
  • de Souza FS, Niehrs C. 2000. Anterior endoderm and head induction in early vertebrate embryos. Cell Tissue Res 300: 207217.
  • Dias MS, Schoenwolf GC. 1990. Formation of ectopic neurepithelium in chick blastoderms: age-related capacities for induction and self-differentiation following transplantation of quail Hensen's nodes. Anat Rec 228: 437448.
  • Ding J, Yang L, Yan YT, Chen A, Desai N, Wynshaw-Boris A, Shen MM. 1998. Cripto is required for correct orientation of the anterior-posterior axis in the mouse embryo. Nature 395: 702707.
  • Dodson P, Currie PJ. 1990. Neocertopsia. In: WeishampelDB, DodsonP, OsmolskaH, editors. The Dinosauria. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Dolle P, Izpisua-Belmonte JC, Falkenstein H, Renucci A, Duboule D. 1989. Coordinate expression of the murine Hox-5 complex homoeobox-containing genes during limb pattern formation. Nature 342: 767772.
  • Dolle P, Ruberte E, Leroy P, Morriss-Kay G, Chambon P. 1990. Retinoic acid receptors and cellular retinoid binding proteins. I. A systematic study of their differential pattern of transcription during mouse organogenesis. Development 110: 11331151.
  • Dono R, Scalera L, Pacifico F, Acampora D, Persico MG, Simeone A. 1993. The murine cripto gene: expression during mesoderm induction and early heart morphogenesis. Development 118: 11571168.
  • Dudas M, Sridurongrit S, Nagy A, Okazaki K, Kaartinen V. 2004. Craniofacial defects in mice lacking BMP type I receptor Alk2 in neural crest cells. Mech Dev 121: 173182.
  • Dufort D, Schwartz L, Harpal K, Rossant J. 1998. The transcription factor HNF3beta is required in visceral endoderm for normal primitive streak morphogenesis. Development 125: 30153025.
  • Dunn NR, Vincent SD, Oxburgh L, Robertson EJ, Bikoff EK. 2004. Combinatorial activities of Smad2 and Smad3 regulate mesoderm formation and patterning in the mouse embryo. Development 131: 17171728.
  • Durston AJ, Timmermans JP, Hage WJ, Hendriks HF, de Vries NJ, Heideveld M, Nieuwkoop PD. 1989. Retinoic acid causes an anteroposterior transformation in the developing central nervous system. Nature 340: 140144.
  • Echelard Y, Epstein DJ, St-Jacques B, Shen L, Mohler J, McMahon JA, McMahon AP. 1993. Sonic hedgehog, a member of a family of putative signaling molecules, is implicated in the regulation of CNS polarity. Cell 75: 14171430.
  • Elinson RP, Kao KR. 1993. Axis specification and head induction in vertegrate embroys. In: HankenJ, HallBK, eds. The skull, Vol. 1: Functional and evolutionary mechanisms. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp 141.
  • Ellies DL, Langille RM, Martin CC, Akimenko MA, Ekker M. 1997. Specific craniofacial cartilage dysmorphogenesis coincides with a loss of dlx gene expression in retinoic acid-treated zebrafish embryos. Mech Dev 61: 2336.
  • Escriva H, Holland ND, Gronemeyer H, Laudet V, Holland LZ. 2002. The retinoic acid signaling pathway regulates anterior/posterior patterning in the nerve cord and pharynx of amphioxus, a chordate lacking neural crest. Development 129: 29052916.
  • Eyal-Giladi H. 1997. Establishment of the axis in chordates: facts and speculations. Development 124: 22852296.
  • Fang H, Elinson RP. 1999. Evolutionary alteration in anterior patterning: otx2 expression in the direct developing for Eleutherodactylus coqui. Dev Biol 205: 233239.
  • Fawcett E. 1917. The primordial cranium of microtus amphibius (water-rat), as determined by sections and a model of the 25mm stage. With comparative remarks. J Anat 51: 309359.
  • Fawcett E. 1922. The primordial cranium of Xerus (spiny squirrel) at the 17 and 19 millimeters stages. J Anat 57: 221237.
  • Feldman B, Gates MA, Egan ES, Dougan ST, Rennebeck G, Sirotkin HI, Schier AF, Talbot WS. 1998. Zebrafish organizer development and germ-layer formation require nodal-related signals. Nature 395: 181185.
  • Filosa S, Rivera-Perez JA, Gomez AP, Gansmuller A, Sasaki H, Behringer RR, Ang SL. 1997. Goosecoid and HNF-3beta genetically interact to regulate neural tube patterning during mouse embryogenesis. Development 124: 28432854.
  • Foley AC, Stern CD. 2001. Evolution of vertebrate forebrain development: how many different mechanisms? J Anat 199: 3552.
  • Foley AC, Storey KG, Stern CD. 1997. The prechordal region lacks neural inducing ability, but can confer anterior character to more posterior neuroepithelium. Development 124: 29832996.
  • Francis-West PH, Tatla T, Brickell PM. 1994. Expression patterns of the bone morphogenetic protein genes Bmp-4 and Bmp-2 in the developing chick face suggest a role in outgrowth of the primordia. Dev Dyn 201: 168178.
  • Francis-West PH, Robson L, Evans DJ. 2003. Craniofacial development: the tissue and molecular interactions that control the development of the head. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 169: IIIVI; 1–138.
  • Frank DU, Fotheringham LK, Brewer JA, Muglia LJ, Tristani-Firouzi M, Capecchi MR, Moon AM. 2002. An Fgf8 mouse mutant phenocopies human 22q11 deletion syndrome. Development 129: 45914603.
  • Fraser GJ, Graham A, Smith MM. 2004. Conserved deployment of genes during odontogenesis across osteichthyans. Proc R Soc Lond 271: 23112317.
  • Furthauer M, Van Celst J, Thisse C, Thisse B. 2004. Fgf signaling controls the dorsoventral patterning of the zebrafish embryo. Development 131: 28532864.
  • Gammill LS, Sive H. 1997. Identification of otx2 target genes and restrictions in ectodermal competence during Xenopus cement gland formation. Development 124: 471481.
  • Gammill LS, Sive H. 2000. Coincidence of otx2 and BMP4 signaling correlates with xenopus cement gland formation. Mech Dev 92: 217226.
  • Gammill LS, Sive H. 2001. otx2 expression in the ectoderm activates anterior neural determination and is required for xenopus cement gland formation. Dev Biol 240: 223236.
  • Gaupp EWT. 1898. Die Metamerie des Schadels. Erg Anat Ent-ges 7: 793885.
  • Gaupp EWT. 1899. Ontogenese und Phylogenese des Schallleitenden Apparates bei den Wirbeltieren. Ergebn d Anat u Entw VIII 9901149.
  • Gegenbaur C. 1888. Die Metamerie des Kopfes. Morph Jahhrb 13: 1114.
  • Gendron-Maguire M, Mallo M, Zhang M, Gridley T. 1993. Hoxa-2 mutant mice exhibit homeotic transformation of skeletal elements derived from cranial neural crest. Cell 75: 13171331.
  • Gerhart J. 2001. Evolution of the organizer and the chordate body plan. Int J Dev Biol 45: 133153.
  • Glinka A, Wu W, Onichtchouk D, Blumenstock C, Niehrs C. 1997. Head induction by simultaneous repression of Bmp and Wnt signalling in Xenopus. Nature 389: 517519.
  • Glinka A, Wu W, Delius H, Monaghan AP, Blumenstock C, Niehrs C. 1998. Dickkopf-1 is a member of a new family of secreted proteins and functions in head induction. Nature 391: 357362.
  • Golden JA, Bracilovic A, McFadden KA, Beesley JS, Rubenstein JL, Grinspan JB. 1999. Ectopic bone morphogenetic proteins 5 and 4 in the chicken forebrain lead to cyclopia and holoprosencephaly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96: 24392444.
  • Goodrich ES. 1958. Studies on the structure and development of vertebrates. New York: Dover Publications.
  • Gould SJ. 1977. Ontogeny and phylogeny. Cambridge MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • Gould SJ. 2002. The structure of evolutionary theory. Cambridge MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • Graham A. 2001. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat 199: 133141.
  • Graham A, Begbie J, McGonnell I. 2004. Significance of the cranial neural crest. Dev Dyn 229: 513.
  • Green J. 2002. Morphogen gradients, positional information, and Xenopus: interplay of theory and experiment. Dev Dyn 225: 392408.
  • Gregory WK. 1904. The relations of the anterior visceral arches to the chondrocranium. Biol Bull 7: 5569.
  • Gregory WK. 1913. Critique of recent work on the morphology of the vertebrate skull, especially in relation to the origin of mammals. J Morphol 24: 142.
  • Gregory WK. 1933. Fish skulls: a study of the evolution of natural mechanisms. Am Philisoph Soc 23: 412449.
  • Gritsman K, Talbot WS, Schier AF. 2000. Nodal signaling patterns the organizer. Development 127: 921932.
  • Groppelli S, Pennati R, De Bernardi F, Menegola E, Giavini E, Sotgia C. 2005. Teratogenic effects of two antifungal triazoles, tradimefon and triadimenol, on xenopus laevis development: craniofacial defects. Aquat Toxicol 73: 370381.
  • Hacohen N, Kramer S, Sutherland D, Hiromi Y, Krasnow MA. 1998. sprouty encodes a novel antagonist of FGF signaling that patterns apical branching of the Drosophila airways. Cell 92: 253263.
  • Halilagic A, Zile MH, Studer M. 2003. A novel role for retinoids in patterning the avian forebrain during presomite stages. Development 130: 20392050.
  • Hall BK. 1988. The neural crest. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Hall BK. 1994. Homology: the hierarchical basis of comparative biology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Hall BK. 1999. The neural crest in development and evolution. New York: Springer.
  • Hall BK. 2003. Descent with modification: the unity underlying homology and homoplasy as seen through an analysis of development and evolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 78: 409433.
  • Hamburger. 1988. The heritage of experimental embryology. Hans Spemann and the organizer. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Harland R, Gerhart J. 1997. Formation and function of Spemann's organizer. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 13: 611667.
  • Harvey RP. 2002. Patterning the vertebrate heart. Nat Rev Genet 3: 544556.
  • Hashimoto H, Itoh M, Yamanaka Y, Yamashita S, Shimizu T, Solnica-krezel L, Hibi M, Hirano T. 2000. Zebrafish Dkk1 functions in forebrain specification and axial mesendoderm formation. Dev Biol 217: 138152.
  • Hatta K, Kimmel CB, Ho RK, Walker C. 1991. The cyclops mutation blocks specification of the floor plate of the zebrafish central nervous system. Nature 350: 339341.
  • Havens BA, Rodgers B, Mina M. 2005. Tissue-specific expression of Fgfr2b and Fgfr2c isoforms, Fgf10 and Fgf9 in the developing chick mandible. Arch Oral Biol. 51: 134145.
  • Haworth KE, Healy C, Morgan P, Sharpe PT. 2004. Regionalisation of early head ectoderm is regulated by endoderm and prepatterns the orofacial epithelium. Development 131: 47974806.
  • Heikinheimo M, Lawshe A, Shackleford GM, Wilson DB, MacArthur CA. 1994. Fgf-8 expression in the post-gastrulation mouse suggests roles in the development of the face, limbs and central nervous system. Mech Dev 48: 129138.
  • Heisenberg CP, Nusslein-Volhard C. 1997. The function of silberblick in the positioning of the eye anlage in the zebrafish embryo. Dev Biol 184: 8594.
  • Helms JA, Kim CH, Hu D, Minkoff R, Thaller C, Eichele G. 1997. Sonic hedgehog participates in craniofacial morphogenesis and is down-regulated by teratogenic doses of retinoic acid. Dev Biol 187: 2535.
  • Hildebrand M. 1988. Analysis of vertebrate structure. New York: Wiley.
  • Hinman VF, Degnan BM. 2000. Retinoic acid perturbs Otx gene expression in the ascidian pharynx. Dev Genes Evol 210: 129139.
  • Holfreter. 1938. Veranderungen der Reaktionsweissse im alternden isolierten Gastrulaektoderm. Wilhelm Roux Arch Entwmech Org 138: 303322.
  • Houzelstein D, Cohen A, Buckingham ME, Robert B. 1997. Insertional mutation of the mouse Msx1 homeobox gene by an nlacZ reporter gene. Mech Dev 65: 123133.
  • Howes GB, Swinnerton HH. 1901. On the development of the skeleton of the tuatura, sphenodon punctatus; with remarks on the egg, on the hatching, and on the hatched young. Trans Zool Soc London 16: 186.
  • Hu D, Helms JA. 1999. The role of sonic hedgehog in normal and abnormal craniofacial morphogenesis. Development 126: 48734884.
  • Hu D, Marcucio RS, Helms JA. 2003. A zone of frontonasal ectoderm regulates patterning and growth in the face. Development 130: 17491758.
  • Huxley TH. 1869. On the representatives of the malleus and the incus of the Mammalia in the other Vertebrata. Proc Zool Soc Lond p 391407.
  • Huxley JS, de Beer GR. 1934. Elements of experimental embryology. London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Iannaccone PM, Zhou X, Khokha M, Boucher D, Kuehn MR. 1992. Insertional mutation of a gene involved in growth regulation of the early mouse embryo. Dev Dyn 194: 198208.
  • Jackman WR, Draper BW, Stock DW. 2004. Fgf signaling is required for zebrafish tooth development. Dev Biol 274: 139157.
  • Jeong J, Mao J, Tenzen T, Kottmann AH, McMahon AP. 2004. Hedgehog signaling in the neural crest cells regulates the patterning and growth of facial primordia. Genes Dev 18: 937951.
  • Johnson RL, Laufer E, Riddle RD, Tabin C. 1994a. Ectopic expression of Sonic hedgehog alters dorsal-ventral patterning of somites. Cell 79: 11651173.
  • Johnson RL, Riddle RD, Laufer E, Tabin C. 1994b. Sonic hedgehog: a key mediator of anterior-posterior patterning of the limb and dorso-ventral patterning of axial embryonic structures. Biochem Soc Trans 22: 569574.
  • Johnson RL, Riddle RD, Tabin CJ. 1994c. Mechanisms of limb patterning. Curr Opin Genet Dev 4: 535542.
  • Jollie M. 1957. The head skeleton of the chicken and remarks on the anatomy of this region in other birds. J Morphol 100: 389436.
  • Jollie M. 1962. Chordate morphology. New York: Reinhold.
  • Jollie M. 1977. Segmentation of the vertebrate head. Am Zool 17: 323333.
  • Jones CM, Kuehn MR, Hogan BL, Smith JC, Wright CV. 1995. Nodal-related signals induce axial mesoderm and dorsalize mesoderm during gastrulation. Development 121: 36513662.
  • Joseph EM, Melton DA. 1998. Mutant Vg1 ligands disrupt endoderm and mesoderm formation in Xenopus embryos. Development 125: 26772685.
  • Joubin K, Stern CD. 1999. Molecular interactions continuously define the organizer during the cell movements of gastrulation. Cell 98: 559571.
  • Juriloff DM, Sulik KK, Roderick TH, Hogan BK. 1985. Genetic and developmental studies of a new mouse mutation that produces otocephaly. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 5: 121145.
  • Kazanskaya O, Glinka A, Niehrs C. 2000. The role of Xenopus dickkopf1 in prechordal plate specification and neural patterning. Development 127: 49814992.
  • Kessler DS, Melton DA. 1994. Vertebrate embryonic induction: mesodermal and neural patterning. Science 266: 596604.
  • Kiecker C, Niehrs C. 2001. The role of prechordal mesendoderm in neural patterning. Curr Opin Neurobiol 11: 2733.
  • Kiecker C, Muller F, Wu W, Glinka A, Strahle U, Niehrs C. 2000. Phenotypic effects in Xenopus and zebrafish suggest that one-eyed pinhead functions as antagonist of BMP signalling. Mech Dev 94: 3746.
  • Kikuchi Y, Trinh LA, Reiter JF, Alexander J, Yelon D, Stainier DY. 2000. The zebrafish bonnie and clyde gene encodes a Mix family homeodomain protein that regulates the generation of endodermal precursors. Genes Dev 14: 12791289.
  • Kimmel CB, Ballard WW, Kimmel SR, Ullmann B, Schilling TF. 1995. Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish. Dev Dyn 203: 253310.
  • Kimmel CB, Miller CT, Keynes RJ. 2001. Neural crest patterning and the evolution of the jaw. J Anat 199: 105120.
  • Kimura C, Shen MM, Takeda N, Aizawa S, Matsuo I. 2001. Complementary functions of Otx2 and Cripto in initial patterning of mouse epiblast. Dev Biol 235: 1232.
  • Kinder SJ, Loebel DA, Tam PP. 2001a. Allocation and early differentiation of cardiovascular progenitors in the mouse embryo. Trends Cardiovasc Med 11: 177184.
  • Kinder SJ, Tsang TE, Ang SL, Behringer RR, Tam PP. 2001b. Defects of the body plan of mutant embroys lacking LimI, Otx2, or Hnf3beta activity. Int J Dev Biol 45: 347355.
  • Kinder SJ, Tsang TE, Wakamiya M, Sasaki H, Behringer RR, Nagy A, Tam PP. 2001c. The organizer of the mouse gastrula is composed of a dynamic population of progenitor cells for the axial mesoderm. Development 128: 36233634.
  • Kindred JE. 1921. The chondrocranium of Syngnathus fuscus. J Morphol 35: 425456.
  • Kingsbury BF. 1926. Branchiomerism and the theory of head segmentation. J Morphol 42: 83109.
  • Kingsley JS. 1925. The vertebrate skeleton from the developmental standpoint. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston.
  • Kintner CR, Dodd J. 1991. Hensen's node induces neural tissue in Xenopus ectoderm. Implications for the action of the organizer in neural induction. Development 113: 14951505.
  • Knoetgen H, Teichmann U, Kessel M. 1999. Head-organizing activities of endodermal tissues in vertebrates. Cell Mol Biol 45: 481492.
  • Koide T, Downes M, Chandraratna RAS, Blumberg B, Umesono K. 2001. Active repression of RAR signaling is required for head formation. Genes Dev 15: 21112121.
  • Kramer S, Okabe M, Hacohen N, Krasnow MA, Hiromi Y. 1999. Sprouty: a common antagonist of FGF and EGF signaling pathways in Drosophila. Development 126: 25152525.
  • Kuhn H, Zeller U. 1987. The cavum epiptericum in monotremes and therian mammals. In: ZellerU, KuhnH, editors. Morphogenesis of the mammalian skull. Berlin: Parey. p 5170.
  • Kumar JP. 2001. Signalling pathways in Drosophila and vertebrate retinal development. Nat Rev Genet 2: 846857.
  • Kuratani S. 2003a. Evolution of the vertebrate jaw: homology and developmental constraints. Palaeontol Res 7: 89102.
  • Kuratani S. 2003b. Evolutionary developmental biology and vertebrate head segmentation: a perspective from developmental constraint. Theor Biosci 122: 230251.
  • Kuratani S. 2004. Evolution of the vertebrate jaw: comparative embryology and molecular developmental biology reveal the factors behind evolutionary novelty. J Anat 205: 335347.
  • Kuratani S. 2005. Craniofacial development and the evolution of the vertebrates: the old problems on a new background. Zool Sci 22: 119.
  • Kuratani S, Matsuo I, Aizawa S. 1997. Developmental patterning and evolution of the mammalian viscerocranium: genetic insights into comparative morphology. Dev Dyn 209: 139155.
  • Kuratani S, Ueki T, Hirano S, Aizawa S. 1998. Rostral truncation of a cyclostome, Lampetra japonica, induced by all-trans retinoic acid defines the head/trunk interface of the vertebrate body. Dev Dyn 211: 3551.
  • Kurihara Y, Kurihara H, Suzuki H, Kodama T, Maemura K, Nagai R, Oda H, Kuwaki T, Cao WH, Kamada N. 1994. Elevated blood pressure and craniofacial abnormalities in mice deficience in endothelin-1. Nature 368: 703710.
  • Kuroda H, Wessely O, De Robertis EM. 2004. Neural induction in Xenopus: requirement for ectodermal and endomesodermal signals via Chordin, Noggin, E-Catenin, and Cerberus. PLoS Biol 2: E92.
  • LaMantia AS, Bhasin N, Rhodes K, Heemskerk J. 2000. Mesenchymal/epithelial induction mediates olfactory pathway formation. Neuron 28: 411425.
  • Langille RM, Hall BK. 1989. Developmental processes, developmental sequences and early vertebrate phylogeny. Biol Rev Camb Philosoph Soc 64: 7391.
  • Lawson KA, Pedersen RA. 1992. Clonal analysis of cell fate during gastrulation and early neurulation in the mouse. Ciba Found Symp 165: 321; discussion 21–26.
  • Lawson A, Schoenwolf GC. 2003. Epiblast and primitive-streak origins of the endoderm in the gastrulating chick embryo. Development 130: 34913501.
  • Lawson KA, Meneses JJ, Pedersen RA. 1991. Clonal analysis of epiblast fate during germ layer formation in the mouse embryo. Development 113: 891911.
  • Le Douarin N, Kalcheim C. 1999. The neural crest. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lee JE, Hollenberg SM, Snider L, Turner DL, Lipnick N, Weintraub H. 1995. Conversion of Xenopus ectoderm into neurons by NeuroD, a basic helix-loop-helix protein. Science 268: 836844.
  • Lee SH, Fu KK, Hui JN, Richman JM. 2001. Noggin and retinoic acid transform the identity of avian facial prominences. Nature 414: 909912.
  • Lee SH, Bedard O, Buchtova M, Fu K, Richman JM. 2004. A new origin for the maxillary jaw. Dev Biol 276: 207224.
  • Leroy P, Krust A, Zelent A, Mendelsohn C, Garnier JM, Kastner P, Dierich A, Chambon P. 1991. Multiple isoforms of the mouse retinoic acid receptor alpha are generated by alternative splicing and differential induction by retinoic acid. EMBO J 10: 5969.
  • Li H, Tierney C, Wen L, Wu JY, Rao Y. 1997. A single morphogenetic field gives rise to two retina primordia under the influence of the prechordal plate. Development 124: 603615.
  • Lin CR, Kioussi C, O'Connell S, Briata P, Szeto D, Liu F, Izpisua-Belmonte JC, Rosenfeld MG. 1999. Pitx2 regulates lung asymmetry, cardiac positioning and pituitary and tooth morphogenesis. Nature 401: 279282.
  • Liu A, Li JY, Bromleigh C, Lao Z, Niswander LA, Joyner AL. 2003. FGF17b and FGF18 have different midbrain regulatory properties from FGF8b or activated FGF receptors. Development 130: 61756185.
  • Liu Y, Festing M, Thompson JC, Hester M, Rankin S, El-Hodiri HM, Zorn AM, Weinstein M. 2004. Smad2 and Smad3 coordinately regulate craniofacial and endodermal development. Dev Biol 270: 411426.
  • Liu W, Salever J, Murali D, Sun X, Brugger SM, Ma L, Schwartz RJ, Maxson R, Furuta Y, Martin JF. 2005a. Threshold-specific requirements for Bmp4 in mandibular development. Dev Biol 283: 282293.
  • Liu W, Sun X, Braut A, Mishina Y, Behringer RR, Mina M, Martin JF. 2005b. Distinct functions for Bmp signaling in lip and palate fusion in mice. Development 132: 14531461.
  • Lohnes D, Mark M, Mendelsohn C, Dolle P, Dierich A, Gorry P, Gansmuller A, Chambon P. 1994. Function of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) during development (I). Craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities in RAR double mutants. Development 120: 27232748.
  • Lowe LA, Yamada S, Kuehn MR. 2001. Genetic dissection of nodal function in patterning the mouse embryo. Development 128: 18311843.
  • Lu CC, Robertson EJ. 2004. Multiple roles for Nodal in the epiblast of the mouse embryo in the establishment of anterior-posterior patterning. Dev Biol 273: 149159.
  • Lu MF, Pressman C, Dyer R, Johnson RL. Martin JF. 1999. Function of Rieger syndrome gene in left-right asymmetry and craniofacial development. Nature 401: 276278.
  • Lyons KM, Hogan BL, Robertson EJ. 1995. Colocalization of BMP 7 and BMP 2 RNAs suggests that these factors cooperatively mediate tissue interactions during murine development. Mech Dev 50: 7183.
  • Macatee TL, Hammond BP, Arenkiel BR, Francis L, Frank DU, Moon AM. 2003. Ablation of specific expression domains reveals discrete functions of ectoderm- and endoderm-derived FGF8 during cardiovascular and pharyngeal development. Development 130: 63616374.
  • MacDonald BT, Adamska M, Meisler MH. 2004. Hypomorphic expression of Dkk1 in the doubleridge mouse: dose dependence and compensatory interactions with Lrp6. Development 131: 25432552.
  • Mallo M. 1997. Retinoic acid disturbs mouse middle ear development in a stage-dependent fashion. Dev Biol 184: 175186.
  • Mangold O. 1931. Das Determinierungsproblem. III. Das Wirbeltierauge in der Entwicklung und Regeneration. Ergebn Biol 7: 193403.
  • Mangold O. 1933. Uber die Induktionsfahigkeit der verschiedenen Bezirke der Neurula von Urodelen. Naturwissenschaften 21: 761766.
  • Mao B, Wu W, Li Y, Hoppe D, Stannek P, Glinka A, Niehrs C. 2001. LDL-receptor-related protein 6 is a receptor for Dickkopf proteins. Nature 411: 321325.
  • Marcucio RS, Cordero DR, Hu D, Helms JA. 2005. Molecular interactions coordinating the development of the forebrain and face. Dev Biol 284: 4861.
  • Mark M, Lohnes D, Mendelsohn C, Dupe V, Vonesch JL, Kastner P, Rijli F, Bloch-Zupan A, Chambon P. 1995. Roles of retinoic acid receptors and of Hox genes in the patterning of the teeth and of the jaw skeleton. Int J Dev Biol 39: 111121.
  • Marti E, Bumcroft DA, Takada R, McMahon AP. 1995. Requirement of 19K form of sonic hedgehog for induction of distinct ventral cell types in CNS explants. Nature 375: 279280.
  • Marvin MJ, Di Rocco G, Gardiner A, Bush SM, Lassar AB. 2001. Inhibition of Wnt activity induces heart formation from posterior mesoderm. Genes Dev 15: 316327.
  • Matsuo I, Kuratani S, Kimura C, Takeda N, Aizawa S. 1995. Mouse Otx2 functions in the formation and patterning of rostral head. Genes Dev 9: 26462658.
  • Matt N, Ghyselinck NB, Wendling O, Chambon P, Mark M. 2003. Retinoic acid-induced developmental defects are mediated by RARbeta/RXR heterodimers in the pharyngeal endoderm. Development 130: 20832093.
  • Matzuk MM, Kumar TR, Bradley A. 1995. Different phenotypes for mice deficient in either activins or activin receptor type II. Nature 374: 356360.
  • Meier S. 1981. Development of the chick embryo mesoblast: morphogenesis of the prechordal plate and cranial segments. Dev Biol 83: 4961.
  • Mendelsohn C, Ruberte E, LeMeur M, Morriss-Kay G, Chambon P. 1991. Developmental analysis of the retinoic acid-inducible RAR-beta 2 promoter in transgenic animals. Development 113: 723734.
  • Mendelsohn C, Larkin S, Mark M, LeMeur M, Clifford J, Zelent A, Chambon P. 1994. RAR beta isoforms: distinct transcriptional control by retinoic acid and specific spatial patterns of promoter activity during mouse embryonic development. Mech Dev 45: 227241.
  • Meno C, Gritsman K, Ohishi S, Ohfuji Y, Heckscher E, Mochida K, Shimono A, Kondoh H, Talbot WS, Robertson EJ, Schier AF, Hamada H. 1999. Mouse Lefty2 and zebrafish antivin are feedback inhibitors of nodal signaling during vertebrate gastrulation. Mol Cell 4: 287298.
  • Miller CT, Schilling TF, Lee KH, Parker J, Kimmel CB. 2000. sucker encodes a zebrafish Endothelin-1 required for ventral pharyngeal arch development. Development 127: 38153828.
  • Mina M, Wang YH, Ivanisevic AM, Upholt WB, Rodgers B. 2002. Region- and stage-specific effects of FGFs and BMPs in chick mandibular morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 223: 333352.
  • Minowada G, Jarvis LA, Chi CL, Neubuser A, Sun X, Hacohen N, Krasnow MA, Martin GR. 1999. Vertebrate Sprouty genes are induced by FGF signaling and can cause chondrodysplasia when overexpressed. Development 126: 44654475.
  • Moore WJ. 1981. The mammalian skull. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Morriss-Kay G. 1993. Retinoic acid and craniofacial development: molecules and morphogenesis. Bioessays 15: 915.
  • Morriss-Kay GM, Sokolova N. 1996. Embryonic development and pattern formation. FASEB J 10: 961968.
  • Mucchielli ML, Mitsiadis TA, Raffo S, Brunet JF, Proust JP, Goridis C. 1997. Mouse Otlx2/RIEG expression in the odontogenic epithelium precedes tooth initiation and requires mesenchyme-derived signals for its maintenance. Dev Biol 189: 275284.
  • Mukhopadhyay M, Shtrom S, Rodriguez-Esteban C, Chen L, Tsukui T, Gomer L, Dorward DW, Glinka A, Grinberg A, Huang SP, Niehrs C, Belmonte JC, Westphal H. 2001. Dickkopf1 is required for embryonic head induction and limb morphogenesis in the mouse. Dev Cell 1: 423434.
  • Nelsen OE. 1953. Comparative embryology of the vertebrates. New York: Blakiston Co.
  • Neubuser A, Peters H, Balling R, Martin GR. 1997. Antagonistic interactions between FGF and BMP signaling pathways: a mechanism for positioning the site of tooth formation. Cell 90: 247255.
  • Niederreither K, Subbarayan V, Dolle P, Chambon P. 1999. Embryonic retinoic acid synthesis is essential for early mouse post-implantation development. Nat Genet 21: 444448.
  • Niederreither K, Vermot J, Schuhbaur B, Chambon P, Dolle P. 2000. Retinoic acid synthesis and hindbrain patterning in the mouse embryo. Development 127: 7585.
  • Niederreither K, Vermot J, Le Roux I, Schuhbaur B, Chambon P, Dolle P. 2003. The regional pattern of retinoic acid synthesis by RALDH2 is essential for the development of posterior pharyngeal arches and the enteric nervous system. Development 130: 25252534.
  • Niehrs C. 1999. Head in the WNT: the molecular nature of Spemann's head organizer. Trends Genet 15: 314319.
  • Niehrs C, Kazanskaya O, Wu W, Glinka A. 2001. Dickkopf1 and the Spemann-Mangold head organizer. Int J Dev Biol 45: 237240.
  • Nieto MA. 1999. Reorganizing the organizer 75 years on. Cell 98: 417425.
  • Nieuwkoop PD. 1952. Activation and organization of the central nervous system in amphibians. III. Synthesis of a new working hypothesis. J Exp Zool 120: 83108.
  • Nieuwkoop PD. 1985. Inductive interactions in early amphibian development and their general nature. J Embryol Exp Morphol 89(Suppl) 333347.
  • Nieuwkoop PD. 1997. Short historical survey of pattern formation in the endo-mesoderm and the neural anlage in the vertebrates: the role of vertical and planar inductive actions. Cell Mol Life Sci 53: 305318.
  • Nokhbatolfoghahai M, Downie JR. 2005. Larval cement gland of frogs: comparative development and morphology. J Morphol 263: 270283.
  • Nomura M, Li E. 1998. Smad2 role in mesoderm formation, left-right patterning and craniofacial development. Nature 393: 786790.
  • Novacek MJ. 1993. Patterns of diversity in the mammalian skull. In: HankenJ, HallBK, editors. The skull. Vol. 2. Patterns of structural and systematic diversity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p 438545.
  • Ohkubo Y, Chiang C, Rubenstein JL. 2002. Coordinate regulation and synergistic actions of BMP4:SHH and FGF8 in the rostral prosencephalon regulate morphogenesis of the telencephalic and optic vesicles. Neuroscience 111: 117.
  • Oppenheimer JM. 1936a. Structures developed in amphibians by implantation of living fish organizer. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 34: 461463.
  • Oppenheimer JM. 1936b. Transplantation experiments on developing teleosts (Fundulus and Perca). J Exp Zool 72: 409437.
  • Osada SI, Wright CV. 1999. Xenopus nodal-related signaling is essential for mesendodermal patterning during early embryogenesis. Development 126: 32293240.
  • Pannese M, Polo C, Andreazzoli M, Vignali R, Kablar B, Barsacchi G, Boncinelli E. 1995. The Xenopus homologue of Otx2 is a maternal homeobox gene that demarcates and specifies anterior body regions. Development 121: 707720.
  • Panganiban G, Rubenstein JL. 2002. Developmental functions of the Distal-less/Dlx homeobox genes. Development 129: 43714386.
  • Parker WK. 1866. On the structure and development of the skull in the ostrich tribe. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 156: 113183.
  • Parker WK. 1869. On the structure and development of the skull of the common fowl (Gallus domesticus). Philos Trans R Soc Lond 159: 755807.
  • Parker WK. 1871. On the structure and development of the skull of the common frog (Rana temporaria, L.). Philos Trans R Soc Lond 161: 137211.
  • Parker WK. 1873. The Bakerian Lecture: on the structure and development of the skull in the salmon (Salmo salar, L.). Philos Trans R Soc Lond 163: 95114.
  • Parker WK. 1876. On the structure and development of the skull in the batrachia. Part II I. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 166: 601669.
  • Parker WK. 1877. On the structure and development of the skull in the Urodelous amphibia. I. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 167: 529597.
  • Parker WK. 1878. On the structure and development of the skull in the common snake (Tropidonotus natrix). Philos Trans R Soc Lond 169: 385417.
  • Parker WK. 1879. The Croonian lecture: on the structure and development of the skull in the Lacertilia. Part I. On the skull of the common lizards (Lacerta agilis, L. viridis, and Zootoca vivipara). Philos Trans R Soc Lond 170: 595640.
  • Parker WK. 1881. On the structure and development of the skull in the Batrachia. III. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 172: 1266.
  • Parker WK. 1882. On the structure and development of the skull in sturgeons (Acipenser ruthenus and A. sturio). Philos Trans R Soc Lond 173: 139185.
  • Parker WK. 1883. On the skeleton of the marsipobranch fishes. II. Petromyzon. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 174: 373409.
  • Parker WK. 1885a. On the structure and development of the skull in the mammalia. II. Edentata. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 176: 1119.
  • Parker WK. 1885b. On the structure and development of the skull in the mammalia. III. Insectivora. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 176: 121275.
  • Paterson N. 1939. The head of Xenopus laevis. Q J Microsc Sci 81: 161234.
  • Pera EM, Kessel M. 1997. Patterning of the chick forebrain anlage by the prechordal plate. Development 124: 41534162.
  • Pera E, Stein S, Kessel M. 1999. Ectodermal patterning in the avian embryo: epidermis versus neural plate. Development 126: 6373.
  • Perea-Gomez A, Lawson KA, Rhinn M, Zakin L, Brulet P, Mazan S, Ang SL. 2001a. Otx2 is required for visceral endoderm movement and for the restriction of posterior signals in the epiblast of the mouse embryo. Development 128: 753765.
  • Perea-Gomez A, Rhinn M, Ang SL. 2001b. Role of the anterior visceral endoderm in restricting posterior signals in the mouse embryo. Int J Dev Biol 45: 311320.
  • Perea-Gomez A, Vella FD, Shawlot W, Oulad-Abdelghani M, Chazaud C, Meno C, Pfister V, Chen L, Robertson E, Hamada H, Behringer RR, Ang SL. 2002. Nodal antagonists in the anterior visceral endoderm prevent the formation of multiple primitive streaks. Dev Cell 3: 745756.
  • Petryk A, Anderson RM, Jarcho MP, Leaf I, Carlson CS, Klingensmith J, Shawlot W, O'Connor MP. 2004. the mammalian twisted gastrulation gene functions in foregut and craniofacial development. Dev Biol 267: 374386.
  • Piccolo S, Agius E, Leyns L, Bhattacharyya S, Grunz H, Bouwmeester T, De Robertis EM. 1999. The head inducer Cerberus is a multifunctional antagonist of Nodal, BMP and Wnt signals. Nature 397: 707710.
  • Presley R, Steel FLD. 1976. On the homology of the alisphenoid. J Anat 121: 441459.
  • Presley R. 1993. Preconception of adult structural pattern in the analysis of the developing skull. In: HankenJ, HallBK. The skull, Vol. 1: Functional and evolutionary mechanisms. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp 347377.
  • Qiu M, Bulfone A, Martinez S, Meneses JJ, Shimamura K, Pedersen RA, Rubenstein JL. 1995. Null mutation of Dlx-2 results in abnormal morphogenesis of proximal first and second branchial arch derivatives and abnormal differentiation in the forebrain. Genes Dev 9: 25232538.
  • Qiu M, Bulfone A, Ghattas I, Meneses JJ, Christensen L, Sharpe PT, Presley R, Pedersen RA, Rubenstein JL. 1997. Role of the Dlx homeobox genes in proximodistal patterning of the branchial arches: mutations of Dlx-1:Dlx-2:and Dlx-1 and -2 alter morphogenesis of proximal skeletal and soft tissue structures derived from the first and second arches. Dev Biol 185: 165184.
  • Qu S, Tucker SC, Zhao Q, deCrombrugghe B, Wisdom R. 1999. Physical and genetic interactions between Alx4 and Cart1. Development 126: 359369.
  • Quinlan R, Gale E, Maden M, Graham A. 2002. Deficits in the posterior pharyngeal endoderm in the absence of retinoids. Dev Dyn 225: 5460.
  • Radinsky LB. 1987. The evolution of vertebrate design. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Rebagliata MR, Toyama R, Fricke C, Haffter P, Dawid IB. 1998a. Zebrafish nodal-related genes are implicated in axial patterning and establishing left-right asymmetry. Dev Biol 199: 261272.
  • Rebagliata MR, Toyama R, Haffter P, Dawid IB. 1998b. Cyclops encodes a nodal-related factor involved in midline signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95: 99329937.
  • Reichert C. 1837. Uber die Visceralbogen der Wirbeltiere im Allgeminen und deren Metamorphosen bei den Vögeln und Säugetieren. Archiv fur Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftl. Medecin Jhrg 120222.
  • Reifers F, Bohli H, Walsh EC, Crossley PH, Stainier DYR. 1998. Fgf8 is mutated in zebrafish acerebellar (ace) mutants and is required for maintenacnce of mid-brain-hind-brain boundary development and somitogenesis. Development 125: 23812395.
  • Reversade B, Kuroda H, Lee H, Mays A, De Robertis EM. 2005. Depletion of Bmp2:Bmp4:Bmp7 and Spemann organizer signals induces massive brain formation in xenopus embryos. Development 132: 33813392.
  • Reynolds SH. 1913. The vertebrate skeleton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Rhinn M, Dierich A, Shawlot W, Behringer RR, Le Meur M, Ang SL. 1998. Sequential roles for Otx2 in visceral endoderm and neuroectoderm for forebrain and midbrain induction and specification. Development 125: 845856.
  • Riddle RD, Johnson RL, Laufer E, Tabin C. 1993. Sonic Hedgehog mediates the polarizing activity of the ZPA. Cell 75: 14011416.
  • Rijli FM, Mark M, Lakkaraju S, Dierich A, Dolle P, Chambon P. 1993. A homeotic transformation is generated in the rostral branchial region of the head by disruption of Hoxa-2:which acts as a selector gene. Cell 75: 13331349.
  • Roessler E, Muenke M. 2001. Midline and laterality defects: left and right meet in the middle. Bioessays 23: 888900.
  • Romanoff AL. 1960. The avian embryo: structural and functional development. New York: Macmillan.
  • Romer AS. 1956. The osteology of the reptilia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Romer AS. 1966. The vertebrate body. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Rossant CJ, Lindstrom J, Loring RH. 1994. Effects of redox reagents and arsenical compounds on [3H]-cytisine binding to immunoisolated nicotinic acetylcholine receptors from chick brain containing alpha 4 beta 2 subunits. J Neurochem 62: 13681374.
  • Ruberte E, Dolle P, Krust A, Zelent A, Morriss-Kay G, Chambon P. 1990. Specific spatial and temporal distribution of retinoic acid receptor gamma transcripts during mouse embryogenesis. Development 108: 213222.
  • Ruberte E, Dolle P, Chambon P, Morriss-Kay G. 1991. Retinoic acid receptors and cellular retinoid binding proteins. II. Their differential pattern of transcription during early morphogenesis in mouse embroys. Development 111: 4560.
  • Ruest LB, Xiang X, Lim KC, Levi G, Clouthier DE. 2004. Endthelin-A receptor-dependent and –independent signaling pathways in establishing mandibular identity. Development 131: 44134423.
  • Sampath K, Rubinstein AL, Cheng AM, Liang JO, Fekany K, Solnica-Krezel L, Korzh V, Halpern ME, Wright CV. 1998. Induction of the zebrafish ventral brain and floorplate requires Cyclops/nodal signaling. Nature 395: 185189.
  • Santagati F, Rijli FM. 2003. Cranial neural crest and the building of the vertebrate head. Nat Rev Neurosci 4: 806818.
  • Sasagawa S, Takabatake T, Takabatake Y, Muramatsu T, Takeshima K. 2002. Axes establishment during eye morphogenesis in xenopus by coordinate and antagonistic actions of BMP4:Shh and RA. Genesis 33: 8696.
  • Satokata I, Maas R. 1994. Msx1 deficient mice exhibit cleft palate and abnormalities of craniofacial and tooth development. Nat Genet 6: 348356.
  • Satokata I, Ma L, Ohshima H, Bei M, Woo I, Nishizawa K, Maeda T, Takano Y, Uchiyama M, Heaney S, Peters H, Tang Z, Maxson R, Maas R. 2000. Msx2 deficiency in mice causes pleiotropic defects in bone growth and ectodermal organ formation. Nat Genet 24: 391395.
  • Saude L, Woolley K, Martin P, Driever W, Stemple DL. 2000. Axis-inducing activities and cell fates of the zebrafish organizer. Development 127: 34073417.
  • Sauka-Spengler T, Germot A, Shi DL, Mazan S. 2002. Expression patterns of an Otx2 and an Otx5 orthologue in the urodele Pleurodeles waltl: implications on the evolutionary relationshiops between the balancers and cement gland in amphibians. Dev Genes Biol 212: 380387.
  • Schier AF. 2003. Nodal signaling in vertebrate development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 19: 589621.
  • Schier AF, Shen MM. 2000. Nodal signalling in vertebrate development. Nature 403: 385389.
  • Schier AF, Talbot WS. 2001. Nodal signaling and the zebrafish organizer. Int J Dev Biol 45: 289297.
  • Schmalhausen II. 1968. The origin of terrestrial vertebrates. New York: Academic Press.
  • Schneider RA, Helms JA. 2003. The cellular and molecular origins of beak morphology. Science 299: 565568.
  • Schneider VA, Mercola M. 1999. Spatially distinct head and heart inducers within the Xenopus organizer region. Curr Biol 9: 800809.
  • Schneider RA, Hu D, Rubenstein JL, Maden M, Helms JA. 2001. Local retinoid signaling coordinates forebrain and facial morphogenesis by maintaining FGF8 and SHH. Development 128: 27552767.
  • Schultze HP. 1993. Patterns of diversity in the skulls of jawed fishes. In: HankenJ, HallBK, editors. The skull. Vol. 2. Patterns of structural and systematic diversity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p 189254.
  • Schweickert A, Deissler K, Blum M, Steinbeisser H. 2001a. Pitx1 and Pitx2c are required for ectopic cement gland formation in Xenopus laevis. Genesis 30: 144148.
  • Schweickert A, Steinbeisser H, Blum M. 2001b. Differential gene expression of Xenopus Pitx1:Pitx2b and Pitx2c during cement gland, stomodeum and pituitary development. Mech Dev 107: 191194.
  • Seifert R, Jacob M, Jacob HJ. 1993. The avian prechordal head region: a morphological study. J Anat 183(Pt 1): 7589.
  • Semenov MV, Tamai K, Brott BK, Kuhl M, Sokol S, He X. 2001. Head inducer Dickkopf-1 is a ligand for Wnt coreceptor LRP6. Curr Biol 11: 951961.
  • Shanmugalingham S, Houart C, Picker A, Reifers F, MacDonald R, Barth A, Griffin K, Brand M, Wilson SW. 2000. Ace/Fgf8 is required for forebrain commissure formation and patterning of the telencephalon. Development 1127: 25492561.
  • Sharpe PT. 1995. Homeobox genes and orofacial development. Connect Tissue Res 32: 1725.
  • Shawlot W, Behringer RR. 1995. Requirement for Lim1 in head-organizer function. Nature 374: 425430.
  • Shawlot W, Deng JM, Behringer RR. 1998. Expression of the mouse cerberus-related gene, Cerr1:suggests a role in anterior neural induction and somitogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95: 61986203.
  • Shawlot W, Wakamiya M, Kwan KM, Kania A, Jessell TM, Behringer RR. 1999. Lim1 is required in both primitive streak-derived tissues and visceral endoderm for head formation in the mouse. Development 126: 49254932.
  • Shigetani Y, Nobusada Y, Kuratani S. 2000. Ectodermally derived FGF8 defines the maxillomandibular region in the early chick embryo: epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the specification of the craniofacial ectomesenchyme. Dev Biol 228: 7385.
  • Shigetani Y, Sugahara F, Kawakami Y, Murakami Y, Hirano S, Kuratani S. 2002. Heterotopic shift of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in vertebrate jaw evolution. Science 296: 13161319.
  • Shigetani Y, Sugahara F, Kuratani S. 2005. A new evolutionary scenario for the vertebrate jaw. Bioessays 27: 331338.
  • Shih J, Fraser SE. 1996. Characterizing the zebrafish organizer: microsurgical analysis at the early-shield stage. Development 122: 13131322.
  • Shimamura K, Rubenstein JL. 1997. Inductive interactions direct early regionalization of the mouse forebrain. Development 124: 27092718.
  • Shimono A, Behringer RR. 1999. Isolation of novel cDNAs by subtractions between the anterior mesendoderm of single mouse gastrula stage embryos. Dev Biol 209: 369380.
  • Shinya M, Eschbach C, Clark M, Lehrach H, Furutani-Seiki M. 2000. Zebrafish Dkk1:induced by the pre-MBT Wnt signaling, is secreted from the prechordal plate and patterns the anterior neural plate. Mech Dev 98: 317.
  • Simeone A, Acampora D, Gulisano M, Stornaiuolo A, Boncinelli E. 1992. Nested expression domains of four homeobox genes in developing rostral brain. Nature 358: 687690.
  • Simeone A, Acampora D, Mallamaci A, Stornaiuolo A, D'Apice MR, Nigro V, Boncinelli E. 1993. A vertebrate gene related to orthodenticle contains a homeodomain of the bicoid class and demarcates anterior neuroectoderm in the gastrulating mouse embryo. EMBO J 12: 27352747.
  • Simeone A, Acampora D, Pannese M, D'Esposito M, Stornaiuolo A, Gulisan M, Mallamaci A, Kastury K, Druck T, Huebner K. 1994. Cloning and characterization of two members of the vertebrate Dlx gene family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91: 22502254.
  • Sive HL, Draper BW, Harland RM, Weintraub H. 1990. Identification of a retinoic acid-sensitive period during primary axis formation in Xenopus laevis. Genes Dev 4: 932942.
  • Smith MM. 2003. Vertebrate dentitions at the origin of jaws: when and how pattern evolved. Evol Dev 5: 394413.
  • Smith MM, Johanson Z. 2003. Separate evolutionary origins of teeth from evidence in fossil jawed vertebrates. Science 299: 12351236.
  • Song J, Oh SP, Schrewe H, Nomura M, Lei H, Okano M, Gridley T, Li E. 1999. The type II activin receptors are essential for egg cylinder growth, gastrulation, and rostral head development in mice. Dev Biol 213: 157169.
  • Song Y, Hui JN, Fu KK, Richman JM. 2004. Control of retinoic acid synthesis and FGF expression in the nasal pit is required to pattern the craniofacial skeleton. Dev Biol 276: 313329.
  • Soprano DR, Soprano KJ. 1995. Retinoids as teratogens. Annu Rev Nutr 15: 111132.
  • Spemann H. 1931. Uber den Anteil von Implantat und Wirtskeim am der Orientierung und Beschaffenheit der induzierten Embryonalanlage. Rouxs Arch 123: 390517.
  • Spemann H. 1938. Embryonic development and induction. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Spemann H, Mangold H. 1924. Uber Induktion von Embryonalanlagen durch Implantation artfremder Orgaisatoren. Wilhelm Roux Arch Entwmech Org 100: 599628.
  • St. Amand TR, Ra J, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Baber SI, Qiu M, Chen Y. 1998. Cloning and expression pattern of chicken Pitx2: a new component in the SHH signaling pathway controlling embryonic heart looping. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 247: 100105.
  • St. Amand TR, Zhang Y, Semina EV, Zhao X, Hu Y, Nguyen L, Murray JC, Chen Y. 2000. Antagonistic signals between BMP4 and FGF8 define the expression of Pitx1 and Pitx2 in mouse tooth-forming anlage. Dev Biol 217: 323332.
  • Stern CD. 2002. Induction and initial patterning of the nervous system - the chick embryo enters the scene. Curr Opin Genet Dev 12: 447451.
  • Stern CD. 2005. Neural induction: old problem, new findings, yet more questions. Development 139: 20072021.
  • Storey KG, Crossley JM, De Robertis EM, Norris WE, Stern CD. 1992. Neural induction and regionalisation in the chick embryo. Development 114: 729741.
  • Stottmann RW, Anderson RM, Klingensmith J. 2001. The BMP antagonists Chordin and Noggin have essential but redundant roles in mouse mandibular outgrowth. Dev Biol 240: 457473.
  • Streit A. 2004. Early development of the cranial sensory nervous system: from a common field to individual placodes. Dev Biol 276: 115.
  • Sulik KK, Johnston MC. 1982. Embryonic origin of holoprosencephaly: interrelationship of the developing brain and face. Scan Electron Microsc 1: 309322.
  • Sulik K, Dehart DB, Iangaki T, Carson JL, Vrablic T, Gesteland K, Schoenwolf GC. 1994. Morphogenesis of the murine node and notochordal plate. Dev Dyn 201: 260278.
  • Sun X, Meyers EN, Lewandoski M, Martin GR. 1999. Targeted disruption of Fgf8 causes failure of cell migration in the gastrulating mouse embryo. Genes Dev 13: 18341846.
  • Sun D, Baur S, Hay ED. 2000. Epithelial-mesenchymal transformation is the mechanism for fusion of the craniofacial primordia involved in morphogenesis of the chicken lip. Dev Biol 228: 337349.
  • Svensson ME, Haas A. 2005. Evolutionary innovation in the vertebrate jaw: A derived morphology in anuran tadpoles and its possible developmental origin. Bioessays 27: 526532.
  • Talbot WS, Egan ES, Gates MA, Walker C, Ullmann B, Neuhauss SC, Kimmel CB, Postlethwait JH. 1998. Genetic analysis of chromosomal rearrangements in the cyclops region of the zebrafish genome. Genetics 148: 373380.
  • Tam PP, Behringer RR. 1997. Mouse gastrulation: the formation of a mammalian body plan. Mech Dev 68: 325.
  • Tam PP, Steiner KA. 1999. Anterior patterning by synergistic activity of the early gastrula organizer and the anterior germ layer tissues of the mouse embryo. Development 126: 51715179.
  • Tam PP, Steiner KA, Zhou SX, Quinlan GA. 1997. Lineage and functional analyses of the mouse organizer. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 62: 135144.
  • Tam PP, Kanai-Azuma M, Kanai Y. 2003. Early endoderm development in vertebrates: lineage differentiation and morphogenetic function. Curr Opin Genet Dev 13: 393400.
  • Thisse C, Thisse B, Halpern ME, Postlethwait JH. 1994. Goosecoid expression in neurectoderm and mesendoderm is disrupted in zebrafish cyclops gastrulas. Dev Biol 164: 420429.
  • Thisse C, Neel H, Thisse B, Daujat S, Piette J. 2000. The Mdm2 gene of zebrafish (Danio rerio): preferential expression during development of neural and muscular tissues, and absence of tumor formation after overexpression of its cDNA during early embryogenesis. Differentiation 66: 6170.
  • Thomas P, Beddington R. 1996. Anterior primitive endoderm may be responsible for patterning the anterior neural plate in the mouse embryo. Curr Biol 6: 14871496.
  • Thomas PQ, Brown A, Beddington RS. 1998. Hex: a homeobox gene revealing prei-implantation asymmetry in the mouse embryo and an early transient marker of endothelial cell precursors. Development 125: 8594.
  • Thomas BL, Tucker AS, Qiu M, Ferguson CA, Hardcastle Z, Rubenstein JLR, Sharpe PT. 1997. Role of Dlx-1 and Dlx-2 genes in patterning of the murine dentition. Development 124: 48114818.
  • Thomas BL, Liu JK, Rubenstein JLR, Sharpe PT. 2000. Independent regulation of Dlx2 expression in the epithelium and mesenchyme of the first branchial arch. Development 127: 217224.
  • Tian E, Kimura C, Takeda N, Aizawa S, Matsuo I. 2002. Otx2 is required to respond to signals from anterior neural ridge for forebrain specification. Dev Biol 242: 204223.
  • Trainor PA, Ariza-McNaughton L, Krumlauf R. 2002. Role of the isthmus and FGFs in resolving the paradox of neural crest plasticity and prepatterning. Science 295: 12881291.
  • Trueb L. 1993. Patterns of cranial diversity among the lissamphibia. In: HankenJ, HallBK, editors. The skull. Vol. 2. Patterns of structural and systematic diversity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p 255343.
  • Trumpp A, Depew MJ, Rubenstein JLR, Bishop JM, Martin GR. 1999. Cre-mediated gene inactivation demonstrates that FGF8 is required for cell survival and patterning of the first branchial arch. Genes Dev 13: 31363148.
  • Tucker AS, Lumsden A. 2004. Neural crest cells provide species-specific patterning information in the developing branchial skeleton. Evol Dev 6: 3240.
  • Tucker AS, Matthews KL, Sharpe PT. 1998. Transformation of tooth type induced by inhibition of BMP signaling. Science 282: 11361138.
  • Tucker AS, Khamis AA, Ferguson CA, Bach I, Rosenfeld MG, Sharpe PT. 1999a. Conserved regulation of mesenchymal gene expression by Fgf-8 in face and limb development. Development 126: 221228.
  • Tucker AS, Yamada G, Grigoriou M, Pachnis V, Sharpe PT. 1999b. Fgf-8 determines rostral-caudal polarity in the first branchial arch. Development 126: 5161.
  • Varlet I, Collignon J, Norris DP, Robertson EJ. 1997. Nodal signaling and axis formation in the mouse. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 62: 105113.
  • Vermot J, Niederreither K, Garnier JM, Chambon P, Dolle P. 2003. Decreased embryonic retinoic acid synthesis results in a DiGeorge syndrome phenotype in newborn mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100: 17631768.
  • Viebahn C, Mayer B, Hrabe de Angelis M. 1995. Signs of the principle body axes prior to primitive streak formation in the rabbit embryo. Anat Embryol (Berl) 192: 159169.
  • Vincent SD, Dunn NR, Hayashi S, Norris DP, Robertson EJ. 2003. Cell fate decisions within the mouse organizer are governed by graded Nodal signals. Genes Dev 17: 16461662.
  • Vorster W. 1989. The development of the chondrocranium of Gallus gallus. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 113: 175.
  • Waddington CH. 1932. Experiments on the development of chick and duck embryos cultivated in vitro. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 221: 179230.
  • Waddington CH. 1933. Induction by the primitive streak and its derivatives in the chick. J Exp Biol 10: 3848.
  • Waddington CH. 1936. Organizers in mammalian development. Nature 138: 125.
  • Waddington CH. 1937. Experiments on determination in the rabbit embryo. Arch Biol 48: 273290.
  • Waddington. 1962. New patterns in genetics and development. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Wake DB. 1996. Introduction. In: SandersonMJ, HuffordL, editors. Homplasy: the recurrence of similarity in evolution. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Wall NA, Hogan BL. 1995. Expression of bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4), bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7), fibroblast growth factor-8 (FGF-8) and sonic hedgehog (SHH) during branchial arch development in the chick. Mech Dev 53: 383392.
  • Wardle FC, Sive HL. 2003. What's your position? The xenopus cement gland as a paradigm of regional specification. Bioessays 25: 717726.
  • Warga RM, Nusslein-Volhard C. 1999. Origin and development of the zebrafish endoderm. Development 126: 827838.
  • Webster WS, Johnston MC, Lammer EJ, Sulik KK. 1986. Isotretinoin embryopathy and the cranial neural crest: an in vivo and in vitro study. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 6: 211222.
  • Wedden SE, Ralphs JR, Tickle C. 1988. Pattern formation in the facial primordia. Development 103(Suppl): 3140.
  • Wendling O, Dennefeld C, Chambon P, Mark M. 2000. Retinoid signaling is essential for patterning the endoderm of the third and fourth pharyngeal arches. Development 127: 15531562.
  • Whitman M. 2001. Nodal signaling in early vertebrate embryos: themes and variations. Dev Cell 1: 605617.
  • Wiedersheim R, Parker WN. 1897. Elements of the comparative anatomy of vertebrates. London: Macmillan.
  • Wilder HH. 1923. The History of the Human Body. New York: H. Holt.
  • Wilson SI, Edlund T. 2001. Neural induction: toward a unifying mechanism. Nat Neurosci 4: 11611168.
  • Wilson SW, Houart C. 2004. Early steps in the development of the forebrain. Dev Cell 6: 167181.
  • Wilson J, Tucker AS. 2004. Fgf and Bmp signals repress the expression of Bapx1 in the mandibular mesenchyme and control the position of the developing jaw joint. Dev Biol 266: 138150.
  • Wilson SI, Rydstrom A, Trimborn T, Willert K, Nusse R, Jessell TM, Edlund T. 2001. The status of Wnt signalling regulates neural and epidermal fates in the chick embryo. Nature 411: 325330.
  • Winnier G, Blessing M, Labosky PA, Hogan BL. 1995. Bone morphogenetic protein-4 is required for mesoderm formation and patterning in the mouse. Genes Dev 9: 21052116.
  • Withington S, Beddington R, Cooke J. 2001. Foregut endoderm is required at head process stages for anteriormost neural patterning in chick. Development 128: 309320.
  • Wright S, Wagner K. 1934. Types of subnormal development of the head from inbred strains of guinea pigs and their bearing on the classification and interpretation of vertebrate monsters. Am J Anat 54: 383447.
  • Wu P, Jiang TX, Suksaweang S, Widelitz RB, Chuong CM. 2004. Molecular shaping of the beak. Science 305: 14651466.
  • Yamamoto M, Meno C, Sakai Y, Shiratori H, Mochida K, Ikawa Y, Saijoh Y, Hamada H. 2001. The transcription factor FoxH1 (FAST) mediates Nodal signaling during anterior-posterior patterning and node formation in the mouse. Genes Dev 15: 12421256.
  • Yamamoto M, Saijoh Y, Perea-Gomez A, Shawlot W, Behringer RR, Ang SL, Hamada H, Meno C. 2004. Nodal antagonists regulate formation of the anteroposterior axis of the mouse embryo. Nature 428: 387392.
  • Yanagisawa H, Yanagisawa M, Kapur RP, Richardson JA, Williams SC, Clouthier DE, de Wit D, Emoto N. Hammer RE. 1998. Dual genetic pathways of endothelin-mediated intercellular signaling revealed by targeted disruption of endothelin converting enzyme-1 gene. Development 125: 825836.
  • Yang L, Zhang H, Hu G, Wang H, Abate-Shen C, Shen MM. 1998. An early phase of embryonic Dlx5 expression defines the rostral boundary of the neural plate. J Neurosci 18: 83228230.
  • Young JZ. 1962. The life of vertebrates. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Zeller U. 1987. Morphogenesis of the mammalian skull with special reference to Tupaia. In: ZellerU, KuhnH, editors. Morphogenesis of the mammalian skull. Berlin: Parey.
  • Zhang H, Bradley A. 1996. Mice deficient for BMP2 are nonviable and have defects in amnion/chorion and cardiac development. Development 122: 29772986.
  • Zoltewicz JS, Gerhart JC. 1997. The Spemann organizer of Xenopus is patterned along its anteroposterior axis at the earliest gastrula stage. Dev Biol 192: 482491.
  • Zoltewicz JS, Plummer NW, Lin MI, Peterson AS. 1999. oto is a homeotic locus with a role in anteroposterior development that is partially redundant with Lim1. Development 126: 50855095.
  • Zusi RL. 1993. Patterns of diversity in the avian skull. In: HankenJ, HallBK, editors. The Skull. Vol. 2. Patterns of structural and systematic diversity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p 391437.