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Geophysical Research Letters

© 2013 American Geophysical Union

Cover image for Geophysical Research Letters

28 October 2012

Volume 39, Issue 20

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Atmospheric Science
1. Detrainment in deep convection
  S. J. Böing, A. P. Siebesma, J. D. Korpershoek and H. J. J. Jonker
  Article first published online: 31 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053735
  Key Points
  Intensity of atmospheric deep convection governed by detrainment
  Detrainment closely coupled to free tropospheric stability and relative humidity
  Simple model captures sensitivity of detrainment to these variables
2. Traveling planetary-scale Rossby waves in the winter stratosphere: The role of tropospheric baroclinic instability
  Daniela I. V. Domeisen and R. Alan Plumb
  Article first published online: 31 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053684
  Key Points
  Stratospheric variability increases in an atmosphere without synoptic motions
  Synoptic waves weaken the generation of planetary waves
  Baroclinic instability of long waves causes stratospheric warmings
3. Lateral entrainment rate in shallow cumuli: Dependence on dry air sources and probability density functions
  Chunsong Lu, Yangang Liu, Shengjie Niu and Andrew M. Vogelmann
  Article first published online: 30 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053646
  Key Points
  Dependence of entrainment rate on dry air sources is studied for the first time
  Probability density functions of entrainment rate are studied for the first time
  Implications of the results for convection parameterizations are discussed
4. Identification of the biogenic compounds responsible for size-dependent nanoparticle growth
  Paul M. Winkler, John Ortega, Thomas Karl, Luca Cappellin, Hans R. Friedli, Kelley Barsanti, Peter H. McMurry and James N. Smith
  Article first published online: 30 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053253
  Key Points
  Chemical composition of biogenic nanoparticles is size-dependent
  Experimental data in good agreement with thermodynamic growth model
  High time resolution measurements needed to quantify nanoparticle growth
5. Modelling future changes to the stratospheric source gas injection of biogenic bromocarbons
  R. Hossaini, M. P. Chipperfield, S. Dhomse, C. Ordóñez, A. Saiz-Lopez, N. L. Abraham, A. Archibald, P. Braesicke, P. Telford, N. Warwick, X. Yang and J. Pyle
  Article first published online: 30 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053401
  Key Points
  Increased transport of VSLS to the stratosphere with climate change
  2100 simulations show significant increase in Br from VSLS in lower stratosphere
  Significant differences in tropospheric oxidizing capacity between RCP 4.5 and 8.5
6. A conceptual model for self-sustained active-break Indian summer monsoon
  Fei Liu and Bin Wang
  Article first published online: 30 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053663
  Key Points
  Air-sea interaction is a key in sustaining Indian summer monsoon oscillation
  A precipitation dipole can develop more easily than a precipitation monopole
  Strong air-sea interaction will shorten the oscillation period
7. The influence of the SAL and lightning on tropospheric ozone variability over the Northern Tropical Atlantic: Results from Cape Verde during 2010
  Gregory S. Jenkins, Miliaritiana L. Robjhon, Jonathan W. Smith, Jonathan Clark and Luis Mendes
  Article first published online: 27 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053532
  Key Points
  The SAL leads to an increase in O3 values at its base
  There is evidence of reduced ozone above the SAL's base
  A large dust event on 8 July produced elevated ozone levels above the surface
8. High supersaturation inside cirrus in well-developed tropical tropopause layer over Indonesia
  Y. Inai, T. Shibata, M. Fujiwara, F. Hasebe and H. Vömel
  Article first published online: 27 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053638
  Key Points
  Many cases of high supersaturations inside cirrus in the TTL were found
  The sensors for water vapor and cirrus were the most reliable instruments
  Dependence of supersaturation on phase of large-scale disturbance was suggested
9. Relationship of environmental relative humidity with North Atlantic tropical cyclone intensity and intensification rate
  Longtao Wu, Hui Su, Robert G. Fovell, Bin Wang, Janice T. Shen, Brian H. Kahn, Svetla M. Hristova-Veleva, Bjorn H. Lambrigtsen, Eric J. Fetzer and Jonathan H. Jiang
  Article first published online: 24 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053546
  Key Points
  ERH above the boundary layer generally decreases with time
  ERH generally increase with increasing TC intensity and intensification rate
  At Q1, RI is associated with a sharp decrease of ERH in the UT
10. How may low-cloud radiative properties simulated in the current climate influence low-cloud feedbacks under global warming?
  F. Brient and S. Bony
  Article first published online: 23 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053265
  Key Points
  Correlation between low-cloud radiative effects in present and future climates
  Due to a positive radiative feedback between low clouds and relative humidity
  Observations help constrain the strength of climate change low-cloud feedbacks
11. The MJO-Kelvin wave transition
  A. H. Sobel and D. Kim
  Article first published online: 23 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053380
  Key Points
  MJO events turn into Kelvin waves as they move east
  The transition often occurs in the Indian Ocean
  Apparent slow Kelvin waves in spectra may possibly be transitions
12. Aerosols in central California: Unexpectedly large contribution of coarse mode to aerosol radiative forcing
  Evgueni Kassianov, Mikhail Pekour and James Barnard
  Article first published online: 20 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053469
  Key Points
  Large contribution of coarse mode aerosol to total volume for clean area
  Important role of coarse mode aerosol in changing aerosol radiative forcing
13. Ice cloud depolarization for nadir and off-nadir CALIPSO measurements
  Kenneth Sassen, Vinay Kumar Kayetha and Jiang Zhu
  Article first published online: 19 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053116
  Key Points
  Lidar depolarization in ice clouds varies significantly
  Lidar depolarization implies complicated simulations
  CALIPSO is a powerful tool for cloud research
14. Ubiquitous low-level liquid-containing Arctic clouds: New observations and climate model constraints from CALIPSO-GOCCP
  G. Cesana, J. E. Kay, H. Chepfer, J. M. English and G. de Boer
  Article first published online: 19 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053385
  Key Points
  New CALIPSO-GOCCP observations show ubiquitous liquid-containing Arctic clouds
  Insufficient liquid-containing Arctic cloud leads to radiation biases in models
  Reproducing observed cloud phase is an important target for model improvement
15. How well do climate models simulate cloud vertical structure? A comparison between CALIPSO-GOCCP satellite observations and CMIP5 models
  G. Cesana and H. Chepfer
  Article first published online: 19 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053153
  Key Points
  To evaluate the cloud vertical structure of models using CALIPSO satellite
  Five GCMs underestimate the total cloud cover at all latitudes except in Arctic
  Discrepancies are more pronounced in tropics and poles, and over continents
16. Fraction of natural area as main predictor of net CO₂ emissions from cities
  Annika Nordbo, Leena Järvi, Sami Haapanala, Curtis R. Wood and Timo Vesala
  Article first published online: 18 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053087
  Key Points
  Fraction of natural area can be used as a proxy for annual urban CO2 budgets
  The proxy's strength is corroborated using emission inventories from 56 cities
  The proxy is used for continental-scale mapping of urban CO2 emissions
17. You have full text access to this OnlineOpen article
  The vertical and spatial structure of ENSO in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere from GPS radio occultation measurements
  B. Scherllin-Pirscher, C. Deser, S.-P. Ho, C. Chou, W. Randel and Y.-H. Kuo
  Article first published online: 17 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053071
  Key Points
  Utilize GPS radio occultation (RO) data to detect the 3-dim ENSO structure
  Coherent upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric ENSO signals
  Differences in zonal-mean and eddy ENSO components
Climate
1. Correction to “Alternatives to stabilization scenarios”
  D. J. Frame, D. A. Stone, P. A. Stott and M. R. Allen
  Article first published online: 31 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053647
2. Relating the strength of the tropospheric biennial oscillation (TBO) to the phase of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO)
  Gerald A. Meehl and Julie M. Arblaster
  Article first published online: 30 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053386
  Key Points
  The phase of the IPO affects the amplitude of the TBO
  When the IPO is in a positive phase the TBO has low amplitude
  When the IPO is in a negative phase the TBO has high amplitude
3. Increasing frequency, intensity and duration of observed global heatwaves and warm spells
  S. E. Perkins, L. V. Alexander and J. R. Nairn
  Article first published online: 27 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053361
  Key Points
  Global heatwaves have increased in frequency, intensity and duration
  Non-summer events are driving annual changes
  Nighttime heatwaves have increased faster than daytime and daily-average events
4. Spatial and glacial-interglacial variations in provenance of the Chinese Loess Plateau
  Guoqiao Xiao, Keqing Zong, Gaojun Li, Zhaochu Hu, Guillaume Dupont-Nivet, Shuzhen Peng and Kexin Zhang
  Article first published online: 27 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053304
  Key Points
  The provenance of Chinese loess is studied by detrital zircon ages
  The provenance of Chinese Loess Plateau is heterogeneous and spatially variable
  Glacial-interglacial provenance changes are coupled with the wind patterns
5. Evaluation of monsoon seasonality and the tropospheric biennial oscillation transitions in the CMIP models
  Yue Li, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Andréa S. Taschetto, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Karumuri Ashok and Alexander Sen Gupta
  Article first published online: 26 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053322
  Key Points
  The Indian-Australian monsoon predictability to TBO is assessed in CMIP models
  CMIP5 models show improved simulation of Indian-Australian monsoon system
  Observations & CMIP show enhanced predictability of India-Australia transition
6. The decadal modulation of coupled bred vectors
  Yoo-Geun Ham, Michele M. Rienecker, Siegfried Schubert, Jelena Marshak, Sang-Wook Yeh and Shu-Chih Yang
  Article first published online: 25 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053719
  Key Points
  The nature of a decadal modulation in the coupled bred vectors (BVs) is examined
  The decadal location shift of BV is consistent with El Nino action center shift
  This shift is due to the strengthening of the mean zonal temperature gradient
7. Clouds and Snowball Earth deglaciation
  Dorian S. Abbot, Aiko Voigt, Mark Branson, Raymond T. Pierrehumbert, David Pollard, Guillaume Le Hir and Daniel D. B. Koll
  Article first published online: 25 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL052861
  Key Points
  We run a suite of GCMs with Snowball Earth boundary conditions
  We find that clouds can reduce the CO2 needed to deglaciate by 10-100
  Snowball deglaciation no longer seems a serious problem for the hypothesis
8. Can aerosol loading explain the solar dimming over the Tibetan Plateau?
  Kun Yang, Baohong Ding, Jun Qin, Wenjun Tang, Ning Lu and Changgui Lin
  Article first published online: 24 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053733
  Key Points
  Solar dimming and total cloud cover decreasing co-existed
  Aerosol impact on solar dimming was not significant over TP
  Deep cloud cover and water vapor content increased
9. Stability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation: A model intercomparison
  Andrew J. Weaver, Jan Sedláček, Michael Eby, Kaitlin Alexander, Elisabeth Crespin, Thierry Fichefet, Gwenaëlle Philippon-Berthier, Fortunat Joos, Michio Kawamiya, Katsumi Matsumoto, Marco Steinacher, Kaoru Tachiiri, Kathy Tokos, Masakazu Yoshimori and Kirsten Zickfeld
  Article first published online: 24 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053763
  Key Points
  All climate models project very similar behavior during the 21st century
  No model exhibits an abrupt change of the MOC
  More than 1/2 of the models are in the bistable regime ==> not overly stable
10. Evidence for external forcing on 20th-century climate from combined ocean-atmosphere warming patterns
  Jan Sedláček and Reto Knutti
  Article first published online: 23 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053262
  Key Points
  Ocean warming of the last century cannot be explained by natural variability
  The warming signal is visible throughout the whole ocean
  Forced patterns are smooth and patterns of natural variability are heterogeneous
11. Trends in the global tropopause thickness revealed by radiosondes
  Sha Feng, Yunfei Fu and Qingnong Xiao
  Article first published online: 20 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053460
  Key Points
  Tropopause layer has been thickening in recent decades for the entire globe
  Remarkable rising trends are observed in the top of TL
  The entire TL may be raised for positive trends in both the bottom and top of it
12. Arctic sea ice reduction and European cold winters in CMIP5 climate change experiments
  Shuting Yang and Jens H. Christensen
  Article first published online: 20 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053338
  Key Points
  Probability of European cold winters in the future
  Linkage between European cold winters and the Barents-Kara Sea ice reduction
  CMIP5 analysis
13. Antarctic climate response to stratospheric ozone depletion in a fine resolution ocean climate model
  C. M. Bitz and L. M. Polvani
  Article first published online: 19 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053393
  Key Points
  It is unlikely that ozone depletion caused recent Antarctic sea ice expansion
  The sea ice response is similar with resolved and parameterized eddies
  The ocean warming is more moderate when eddies are resolved
14. Impact of solar-induced stratospheric ozone decline on Southern Hemisphere westerlies during the Late Maunder Minimum
  V. Varma, M. Prange, T. Spangehl, F. Lamy, U. Cubasch and M. Schulz
  Article first published online: 19 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053403
  Key Points
  Southern westerlies and stratospheric ozone during Late Maunder Minimum
  Application of coupled climate modeling
  Support for model evidence from reconstructed data
15. Uncertainty in the ENSO amplitude change from the past to the future
  Masahiro Watanabe, Jong-Seong Kug, Fei-Fei Jin, Mat Collins, Masamichi Ohba and Andrew T. Wittenberg
  Article first published online: 17 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053305
  Key Points
  We constructed perturbed physics ensembles (PPEs) to examine ENSO changes
  Nino3 mean precip gives a good metric of ENSO amplitude in PPEs and also in MME
  Detectable ENSO amplification from the past to present, explained by #2
16. The impact of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation on maximum temperature extremes
  Julie M. Arblaster and Lisa V. Alexander
  Article first published online: 16 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053409
  Key Points
  Marked contrasts in observed maximum temperature extremes during ENSO phases
  Two coupled models show ENSO fidelity crucial for impact on temperature extremes
  Similar relationships found in a simulation of future climate change
17. Mitigation of 21st century Antarctic sea ice loss by stratospheric ozone recovery
  Karen L. Smith, Lorenzo M. Polvani and Daniel R. Marsh
  Article first published online: 16 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053325
  Key Points
  Stratospheric ozone recovery will mitigate Antarctic projected sea ice loss
  Ocean temperatures affect Antarctic sea ice on longer time scales, not the SAM
  Regulation of CFCs has climate impacts beyond the reduction of UV radiation
Hydrology and Land Surface Studies
1. Linking fluvial bed sediment transport across scales
  Yong Zhang, Mark M. Meerschaert and Aaron I. Packman
  Article first published online: 23 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053476
  Key Points
  Quantify sediment transport across scales using a unified stochastic model
  Explain the variance scaling of bed-load transport
  Test the random-walk model using well-known experiments
2. Mixing, entropy and reactive solute transport
  Gabriele Chiogna, David L. Hochstetler, Alberto Bellin, Peter K. Kitanidis and Massimo Rolle
  Article first published online: 23 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053295
  Key Points
  Application of information entropy to reactive solute transport problems
  Metrics for mixing: flux-related dilution index and its rate of change
  Quantification of complex interplay between dilution and reaction processes
3. Interception of the Fukushima reactor accident-derived¹³⁷Cs, ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³¹I by coniferous forest canopies
  Hiroaki Kato, Yuichi Onda and Takashi Gomi
  Article first published online: 19 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL052928
  Key Points
  Initial behavior of deposited radionuclides is examined in a forest environment
  Contrastive canopy interception was found between radiocesium and I-131
  Marked penetration of I-131 through forest canopy was observed
4. Has the Three-Gorges Dam made the Poyang Lake wetlands wetter and drier?
  Q. Zhang, L. Li, Y.-G. Wang, A. D. Werner, P. Xin, T. Jiang and D. A. Barry
  Article first published online: 18 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053431
  Key Points
  The 3GD induces major changes in the downstream river discharge near the dam
  The 3GD causes considerable effects on the Poyang Lake water level
  The lake behavior is controlled by local factors modulated by the dam
5. Two dimensional bias correction of temperature and precipitation copulas in climate models
  C. Piani and J. O. Haerter
  Article first published online: 16 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053839
  Key Points
  A full 2D bias correction was developed
  Tested using temperature and precipitation copulas
  Results are positive for all observation stations used
Oceans
1. Autonomous underwater gliders monitoring variability at “choke points” in our ocean system: A case study in the Western Mediterranean Sea
  Emma E. Heslop, Simón Ruiz, John Allen, José Luís López-Jurado, Lionel Renault and Joaquín Tintoré
  Article first published online: 31 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053717
  Key Points
  New glider monitoring reveals hidden high variability in inter basin exchanges
  Glider flight parameters are ideal for monitoring critical ocean choke points
2. Haline hurricane wake in the Amazon/Orinoco plume: AQUARIUS/SACD and SMOS observations
  Semyon A. Grodsky, Nicolas Reul, Gary Lagerloef, Gilles Reverdin, James A. Carton, Bertrand Chapron, Yves Quilfen, Vladimir N. Kudryavtsev and Hsun-Ying Kao
  Article first published online: 18 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053335
  Key Points
  Hurricane passage produces a high salinity wake in areas of barrier layer
  Destruction of this barrier layer decreases SST cooling
  Decreased SST cooling results in less negative feedback on a hurricane
3. Deep mesoscale eddies in the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean
  J. R. Carpenter and M.-L. Timmermans
  Article first published online: 17 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053025
  Key Points
  An active deep eddy field is observed in the Arctic Ocean
  The eddy field is spatially localized and derives from the same source
  We identify an outflow mechanism for eddy formation and vertical structure
4. The reduction of storm surge by vegetation canopies: Three-dimensional simulations
  Y. Peter Sheng, Andrew Lapetina and Gangfeng Ma
  Article first published online: 16 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053577
  Key Points
  Vegetation reduces coastal surge flooding 5-40%
  Vegetation dissipation increases with hurricane intensity and forward speed
  Vegetation dissipation increases with canopy height, density, and width
Planets
1. First observation of the Venus UV dayglow at limb from SPICAV/VEX
  Jean-Yves Chaufray, Jean-Loup Bertaux and Francois Leblanc
  Article first published online: 31 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053626
  Key Points
  First observations of the brightest UV airglow emissions on Venus
  First vertical profiles of a dayglow emission associated to CO2
  Comparison between Mars and Venus UV dayglow
Solid Earth
1. Electrical conductivity of magnetite-bearing serpentinite during shear deformation
  Seiya Kawano, Takashi Yoshino and Ikuo Katayama
  Article first published online: 30 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053652
  Key Points
  Percolation threshold for magnetite in serpentinite is 25 vol.%
  Shear deformation does not induce establishment of magnetite connectivity
  Magnetite-bearing serpentinite is not a cause of the conductivity anomaly
2. Complex characteristics of slow slip events in subduction zones reproduced in multi-cycle simulations
  Harmony V. Colella, James H. Dieterich, Keith Richards-Dinger and Allan M. Rubin
  Article first published online: 27 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053276
  Key Points
  Simulations of SSEs reproduce complex tremor migration patterns remarkably well
  Analytical solutions support results from our numerical modeling method
  Results suggest rapid back propagation is a consequence of frictional healing
3. Singing-sand avalanches without dunes
  S. Dagois-Bohy, S. Courrech du Pont and S. Douady
  Article first published online: 26 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL052540
  Key Points
  Singing sand can emit sound during avalanches like in the field without a dune
  By sieving the grains, one can separate the frequencies emitted
  Frequency peaks correspond to the peaks in the grain size distribution
4. How do volcanic rift zones relate to flank instability? Evidence from collapsing rifts at Etna
  Joel Ruch, Susi Pepe, Francesco Casu, Valerio Acocella, Marco Neri, Giuseppe Solaro and Eugenio Sansosti
  Article first published online: 24 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053683
  Key Points
  First evidence of steady-state volcano rift instability at basaltic volcanoes
  New insights between magmatism and flank instability relationships at volcanoes
  Increase InSAR coherence on the summit of seasonally snow-capped volcanoes
5. P-V-T equation of state for ε-iron up to 80 GPa and 1900 K using the Kawai-type high pressure apparatus equipped with sintered diamond anvils
  Daisuke Yamazaki, Eiji Ito, Takashi Yoshino, Akira Yoneda, Xinzhuan Guo, Baohua Zhang, Wei Sun, Akira Shimojuku, Noriyoshi Tsujino, Takehiro Kunimoto, Yuji Higo and Ken-ichi Funakoshi
  Article first published online: 23 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053540
  Key Points
  Precise determination of volume at high temperature under pressure
  Newly developed pressure generation technique enable us to do this research
  Density deficit of inner core of ~3% is largely smaller than that of outer core
6. The great escape: An intra-Messinian gas system in the eastern Mediterranean
  Michael Lazar, Uri Schattner and Moshe Reshef
  Article first published online: 23 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053484
  Key Points
  Unique exposure of deep basin sea floor destabilized sub-sea floor gas systems
  Lowering sea levels allow gas to escape to water column and atmosphere
  Tectonic driven Mediterranean desiccation induced Mid-Messinian climatic shift
7. Out-of-sequence thrusting in experimental Coulomb wedges: Implications for the structural development of mega-splay faults and forearc basins
  Saad S. B. Haq
  Article first published online: 20 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053176
  Key Points
  Small variations in strength cause reorganization of deformation in a wedge
  Out-of-sequence faulting is inevitable in frontally accreting wedges
  Out-of-sequence backthrusting may be as common as forethrusting
8. You have full text access to this OnlineOpen article
  Long period seismic source characterization at Popocatépetl volcano, Mexico
  Alejandra Arciniega-Ceballos, Phillip Dawson and Bernard A. Chouet
  Article first published online: 20 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053494
  Key Points
  Source properties quantification of long-period signals at Popocatepetl volcano
  Imagining seismic source mechanism associated with LP and VLP seismicity
  LP and VLP seismicity obey interaction of magmatic and hydrothermal processes
9. Decade-scale decrease inb value prior to the M9-class 2011 Tohoku and 2004 Sumatra quakes
  K. Z. Nanjo, N. Hirata, K. Obara and K. Kasahara
  Article first published online: 18 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL052997
  Key Points
  Decrease in b value is a precursor to the M9-class Tohoku and Sumatra quakes
  The b value is an important indicator of an impending great earthquake
  The first report on M9-class quakes to confirm a change in b value
10. New detection of tremor triggered in Hokkaido, northern Japan by the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake
  Kazushige Obara
  Article first published online: 18 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053339
  Key Points
  Triggered tremor was detected where tectonic tremor has not been detected
  One tremor activity is close to source of volcanic low-frequency earthquake
  Another tremor activity correlates with compressional strain by surface wave
11. Challenging the rate-state asperity model: Afterslip following the 2011 M9 Tohoku-oki, Japan, earthquake
  Kaj M. Johnson, Jun'ichi Fukuda and Paul Segall
  Article first published online: 17 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL052901
  Key Points
  Postseismic deformation is inconsistent with the rate-state asperity model
  Afterslip occurred on asperities or stress accumulated between asperities
  The simple asperity model for subduction zone coupling needs modification
12. Seismic-afterslip characterization of the 2010 M_W 8.8 Maule, Chile, earthquake based on moment tensor inversion
  Hans Agurto, Andreas Rietbrock, Isabelle Ryder and Matthew Miller
  Article first published online: 17 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053434
  Key Points
  Seismic afterslip occurs mostly offshore in between patches of co-seismic slip
  Major aftershocks occur on the megathrust, in areas of medium coseismic slip
  High co-seismic slip areas are dominated by small aftershocks
13. Experimental craters formed by single and multiple buried explosions and implications for volcanic craters with emphasis on maars
  Greg A. Valentine, James D. L. White, Pierre-Simon Ross, Jamal Amin, Jacopo Taddeucci, Ingo Sonder and Peter J. Johnson
  Article first published online: 16 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053716
  Key Points
  Craters from multiple buried explosions compared with single-explosion crater
  Diameter is a poor gauge of individual explosion energy for multi-explosion craters
  Crater shape and ejecta emplacement differ in multi- vs single-explosion
Space Sciences
1. Consequences of negative ions for Titan's plasma interaction
  Stephen A. Ledvina and Stephen H. Brecht
  Article first published online: 31 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053835
  Key Points
  Negative ions in Titan's ionosphere can effect Titan's plasma interaction
  Detectable levels of negative ions can be lost to Saturn's magnetosphere
  More work is needed to characterize the negative ions at Titan
2. Enhancement of thermospheric mass density by soft electron precipitation
  B. Zhang, W. Lotko, O. Brambles, M. Wiltberger, W. Wang, P. Schmitt and J. Lyon
  Article first published online: 26 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053519
  Key Points
  Soft electron precipitation models are implemented in global simulations
  Soft electrons affect the F-region plasma state and Pedersen conductivity
  Soft electrons can cause thermospheric mass density enhancement at 400 km
3. Monoenergetic high-energy electron precipitation in thin auroral filaments
  H. Dahlgren, N. Ivchenko and B. S. Lanchester
  Article first published online: 19 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053466
  Key Points
  Observations of monoenergetic, high energy precipitation in auroral filaments
  High resolution, multispectral observations are crucial to advance the field
  There is currently no existing consistent theory to explain the observations
The Cryosphere
1. Effects of more extreme precipitation regimes on maximum seasonal snow water equivalent
  Mukesh Kumar, Rui Wang and Timothy E. Link
  Article first published online: 31 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL052972
  Key Points
  More intense snowfalls generally result in larger SWEmax
  More extreme precipitation may alleviate the decrease in SWEmax due to warming
  Sensitivity of SWEmax changes for a range of air temperature and seasonal snow
2. Recent changes in the dynamic properties of declining Arctic sea ice: A model study
  Jinlun Zhang, Ron Lindsay, Axel Schweiger and Ignatius Rigor
  Article first published online: 30 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053545
  Key Points
  Arctic sea ice volume during 2007-2011 is reduced by 33%
  Sea ice speed and deformation increase by 13% and 17%
  Ice volume export is reduced
3. The extreme melt across the Greenland ice sheet in 2012
  S. V. Nghiem, D. K. Hall, T. L. Mote, M. Tedesco, M. R. Albert, K. Keegan, C. A. Shuman, N. E. DiGirolamo and G. Neumann
  Article first published online: 27 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053611
  Key Points
  Satellites reveal the 2012 extreme melt across most of the Greenland ice sheet
  In-situ temperature data and field observations confirm the melt event
  Extreme melt is rare: last one in 1889, and next previous ~7 centuries earlier
4. Automated mapping of Earth's annual minimum exposed snow and ice with MODIS
  Thomas H. Painter, Mary J. Brodzik, Adina Racoviteanu and Richard Armstrong
  Article first published online: 24 OCT 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053340
  Key Points
  We must systematically determine Earth's current total glacier cover
  MODICE provides annual, consistently derived map of the world's glaciers
  MODICE data support assessments of sea level rise and impacts of global warming

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