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Geophysical Research Letters

© 2013 American Geophysical Union

Cover image for Geophysical Research Letters

16 December 2012

Volume 39, Issue 23

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Atmospheric Science
1. 3D direct impacts of urban aerosols on dynamics during the CAPITOUL field experiment
  B. Aouizerats, P. Tulet and L. Gomes
  Article first published online: 14 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053781
  Key Points
  How do urban aerosols impact the dynamics
  Does the radiative impact of aerosols imply a local or a regional effect
2. On the robustness of tropospheric adjustment in CMIP5 models
  Youichi Kamae and Masahiro Watanabe
  Article first published online: 14 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL054275
  Key Points
  Several features of TA are found robust among the models
  Reduced cloud and shortwave cloud radiative effect over the oceans
  Change in specific humidity contributes to the inter-model spread
3. Assessment of error in aerosol optical depth measured by AERONET due to aerosol forward scattering
  Alexander Sinyuk, Brent N. Holben, Alexander Smirnov, Thomas F. Eck, Ilya Slutsker, Joel S. Schafer, David M. Giles and Mikhail Sorokin
  Article first published online: 13 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053894
  Key Points
  Assessment of AERONET AOD errors due to aerosol forward scattering
4. Long-term variation of atmospheric methyl iodide and its link to global environmental change
  Yoko Yokouchi, Yukihiro Nojiri, Desiree Toom-Sauntry, Paul Fraser, Yoko Inuzuka, Hiroshi Tanimoto, Hideki Nara, Ryuichi Murakami and Hitoshi Mukai
  Article first published online: 7 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053695
  Key Points
  First observation of long-term trend of marine-derived VOC on a global scale
  Strong inter-annual change of CH3I, linked to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation
  Suggestion for high sensitivity of the marine gas emissions to climate change
5. A combined statistical and dynamical approach for downscaling large-scale footprints of European windstorms
  R. Haas and J. G. Pinto
  Article first published online: 5 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL054014
  Key Points
  We introduce a new statistical downscaling tool for high-resolution wind gusts
  The statistical tool is able to reproduce dynamically downscaled wind signatures
  Statistical and dynamical downscaling have comparable skills
6. You have full text access to this OnlineOpen article
  Effects of stratospheric sulfate aerosol geo-engineering on cirrus clouds
  Miriam Kuebbeler, Ulrike Lohmann and Johann Feichter
  Article first published online: 4 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053797
  Key Points
  Global climate simulation of geo-engineering and its interactions with cirrus
  Stratospheric geo-engineering can affect cirrus clouds globally
  Optically thinner cirrus clouds can affect effectiveness of geo-engineering
7. Strong evidence of surface tension reduction in microscopic aqueous droplets
  C. R. Ruehl, P. Y. Chuang, A. Nenes, C. D. Cappa, K. R. Kolesar and A. H. Goldstein
  Article first published online: 1 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053706
  Key Points
  The surface tension of microscopic droplets can be reduced by 50-75%
  This requires an SOA film at least 0.8 nm thick to cover the droplet surface
  Particles composed of >80% surfactant could have increased CCN activity
8. Angular anisotropy of satellite observations of land surface temperature
  Konstantin Y. Vinnikov, Yunyue Yu, Mitchell D. Goldberg, Dan Tarpley, Peter Romanov, Istvan Laszlo and Ming Chen
  Article first published online: 1 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL054059
  Key Points
  Introduced and assessed statistical model of directional anisotropy of LST
  Proposed technique for angular adjustment of satellite observed LST
  Proposed technique for temporal adjustment of satellite observed LST
Climate
1. Quantifying uncertainty in future Southern Hemisphere circulation trends
  Peter A. G. Watson, David J. Karoly, Myles R. Allen, Nicholas Faull and David S. Lee
  Article first published online: 15 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL054158
  Key Points
  SH climate change projections are sensitive to the physics parameterization
  Uncertainty in the DJF tropospheric response to ozone recovery alone is ~25%
  The SAM trend and response to ozone is correlated with modelled global warming
2. Human influence on extratropical Southern Hemisphere summer precipitation
  J. C. Fyfe, N. P. Gillett and G. J. Marshall
  Article first published online: 15 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL054199
  Key Points
  Observed precipitation trends inconsistent with simulated internal variability
  Observed precipitation trends mainly due to anthropogenic and natural forcings
  Specifically from GHG and ozone changes, with opposing influence from aerosols
3. Faint young Sun problem more severe due to ice-albedo feedback and higher rotation rate of the early Earth
  Hendrik Kienert, Georg Feulner and Vladimir Petoukhov
  Article first published online: 15 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL054381
  Key Points
  Climate of the Archean Earth simulated with 3-D model
  More CO2 required to prevent early Earth from freezing than previously thought
  CO2/CH4 greenhouse could be in conflict with middle and late Archean constraints
4. Skill of ENSEMBLES seasonal re-forecasts for malaria prediction in West Africa
  A. E. Jones and A. P. Morse
  Article first published online: 15 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL054040
  Key Points
  Seasonal re-forecasts of epidemic malaria in West Africa are tier-2 skilful
  Skill is found in the highlands of Cameroon, associated with temperature
  Skill is also found in Nigeria/southern Niger, associated with rainfall
5. The great Arctic cyclone of August 2012
  Ian Simmonds and Irina Rudeva
  Article first published online: 15 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL054259
  Key Points
  Analysis and diagnosis is performed on the dramatic Arctic storm of August 2012
  Storm's evolution and longevity tied to baroclinicity and a tropopause vortex
  Storm is the most intense Arctic August system in the record (since 1979)
6. Multidecadal climate variability in Brazil's Nordeste during the last 3000 years based on speleothem isotope records
  Valdir F. Novello, Francisco W. Cruz, Ivo Karmann, Stephen J. Burns, Nicolás M. Stríkis, Mathias Vuille, Hai Cheng, R. Lawrence Edwards, Roberto V. Santos, Everton Frigo and Eline A. S. Barreto
  Article first published online: 12 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053936
  Key Points
  The SAMSs activity on multidecadal timescale
  Climate during LIA, MCA and CWP and their possible forcings
  Abrupt events of precipitation in NE Brazil during last 3k
7. You have full text access to this OnlineOpen article
  On the statistical significance of surface air temperature trends in the Eurasian Arctic region
  C. Franzke
  Article first published online: 11 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL054244
  Key Points
  I am using a novel method to test the significance of temperature trends
  In the Eurasian Arctic region only 17 stations show a significant trend
  I find that in Siberia the trend signal has not yet emerged
8. Improvements in the CMIP5 simulations of ENSO-SSTA meridional width
  Wenjun Zhang and Fei-Fei Jin
  Article first published online: 6 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053588
  Key Points
  The CMIP5 models show an improvement in ENSO width compared to the CMIP3 models
  The improvement is attributed to better simulation in trade wind and ENSO period
  Models with wider ENSO favors better simulation in ENSO-precipitation response
9. Do Climate Forecast System (CFSv2) forecasts improve seasonal soil moisture prediction?
  Kingtse C. Mo, Shraddhanand Shukla, Dennis P. Lettenmaier and Li-Chuan Chen
  Article first published online: 4 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053598
  Key Points
  ESP as the benchmark for evaluation of soil moisture forecast
  Over the western region, ESP is a good forecast tool
  Climate forcing will add skill if precipitation forecasts are skillful
10. You have free access to this content
  Correction to “Mode shift in the Indian Ocean climate under global warming stress”
  Nobuko Nakamura, Hajime Kayanne, Hiroko Iijima, Timothy R. McClanahan, Swadhin K. Behera and Toshio Yamagata
  Article first published online: 1 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL054261
  This article corrects:
  Mode shift in the Indian Ocean climate under global warming stress
  Vol. 36, Issue 23, Article first published online: 8 DEC 2009
11. Changes in wave energy resources around Japan
  Wataru Sasaki
  Article first published online: 1 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053845
  Key Points
  The climatology and long-term trend of wave energy around Japan are estimated
  There is a marked increasing trend in wave energy along the east coast of Japan
  The increasing trend is due to the increased occurrence of swells
Hydrology and Land Surface Studies
1. Spectral scaling of heat fluxes in streambed sediments
  A. Wörman, J. Riml, N. Schmadel, B. T. Neilson, A. Bottacin-Busolin and J. E. Heavilin
  Article first published online: 7 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053922
  Key Points
  Temperature spectra in streams and stream sediments can be exactly related
  Spectral solution provides key insight into scaling of heat fluxes in streams
  The significance of the diurnal heat signal decays rapidly with sediment depth
2. A scaling law for impact force of a granular avalanche flowing past a wall
  T. Faug, P. Caccamo and B. Chanut
  Article first published online: 4 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL054112
  Key Points
  Scaling law describing the force from finite-sized granular avalanches on walls
  Model validation on small-scale laboratory and numerical data on granular flows
  Model applicability for full-scale data on snow avalanches
Oceans
1. Is the trend in chlorophyll-a in the Arabian Sea decreasing?
  Prince Prakash, Satya Prakash, Hasibur Rahaman, M. Ravichandran and Shailesh Nayak
  Article first published online: 14 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL054187
  Key Points
  A change of trend in Arabian Sea
  Sea level anomaly plays important role
  Arabian Sea productivity has changed during past decade
2. Turbulent viscosity in natural surf zones
  F. Grasso and B. G. Ruessink
  Article first published online: 4 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL054135
  Key Points
  A new formulation for turbulence production is derived from field observations
  Observed Reynolds-stress based production is reproduced very accurately
  The new formulation can be embedded in one-equation turbulent-viscosity models
3. Strong correlation between the drag coefficient and the shape of the wind sea spectrum over a broad range of wind speeds
  Naohisa Takagaki, Satoru Komori, Naoya Suzuki, Koji Iwano, Takenori Kuramoto, Satoshi Shimada, Ryoichi Kurose and Keiko Takahashi
  Article first published online: 4 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053988
  Key Points
  New model of the drag coefficient at extremely high wind speeds is proposed
  Drag coefficient is uniquely determined at all wind speeds by wind wave's shape
  Drag coefficient is saturated at extremely high wind speeds higher than 35 m/s
4. The effect of windstress change on future sea level change in the Southern Ocean
  N. Bouttes, J. M. Gregory, T. Kuhlbrodt and T. Suzuki
  Article first published online: 1 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL054207
  Key Points
  The model mean pattern of sea level change is very similar in CMIP3 and CMIP5
  The sea level spread in the Southern Ocean is mainly due to windstress change
  Windstress change is influential in some other regions but not the only factor
5. Low-frequency spiciness variations in the tropical Pacific Ocean observed during 2003–2012
  Yuanlong Li, Fan Wang and Yan Sun
  Article first published online: 1 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053971
  Key Points
  Observed subtropical variations are more powerful in the North Pacific
  Off-equatorial tropical anomalies approach the equatorial ocean
  Anomaly arrivals lead to thermal variations in the central Pacific
Planets
1. Experimental simulations of CH₄ evaporation on Titan
  A. Luspay-Kuti, V. F. Chevrier, F. C. Wasiak, L. A. Roe, W. D. D. P. Welivitiya, T. Cornet, S. Singh and E. G. Rivera-Valentin
  Article first published online: 14 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL054003
  Key Points
  First simulation of liquid hydrocarbons under Titan conditions
  The evaporation rate of liquid methane has been experimentally determined
  Methane can form transient ponds during equatorial storms
2. The influence of radiatively active water ice clouds on the Martian climate
  J.-B. Madeleine, F. Forget, E. Millour, T. Navarro and A. Spiga
  Article first published online: 12 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053564
  Key Points
  Radiatively active clouds (RAC) are implemented in the LMD global climate model
  Whatever the season, including RAC is required to fit the observed temperatures
  Renewed attention on the polar regions, where cold biases remain, is needed
3. Hydrated minerals on Endeavour Crater's rim and interior, and surrounding plains: New insights from CRISM data
  E. Z. Noe Dobrea, J. J. Wray, F. J. Calef III, T. J. Parker and S. L. Murchie
  Article first published online: 8 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053180
  Key Points
  Mineralogical diversity at Endeavour Crater is greater than previously realized
  A Ca-sulfate component is identified near the rim of the crater
  Phyllosilicates are identified on the rim, interior and surrounding plains
Solid Earth
1. Chaos and irregularity in karst percolation
  Gregoire Mariethoz, Andy Baker, Bellie Sivakumar, Adam Hartland and Peter Graham
  Article first published online: 14 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL054270
  Key Points
  Observation of chaotic behavior on drips
  Identification of processes that explain chaos
  Potential implications for paleoclimate studies and understanding fracture flow
2. You have free access to this content
  Correction to “Mechanoradical H₂generation during simulated faulting: Implications for an earthquake-driven subsurface biosphere”
  Takehiro Hirose, Shinsuke Kawagucci and Katsuhiko Suzuki
  Article first published online: 11 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL054539
  This article corrects:
  Mechanoradical H₂ generation during simulated faulting: Implications for an earthquake-driven subsurface biosphere
  Vol. 38, Issue 17, Article first published online: 3 SEP 2011
3. Stability of the regional stress field in central Japan during the late Quaternary inferred from the stress inversion of the active fault data
  Hiroyuki Tsutsumi, Katsushi Sato and Atsushi Yamaji
  Article first published online: 5 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL054094
  Key Points
  We inverted regional stress field in central Japan based on active fault data
  The optimal single state of stress accounts for almost all the active faults
  The stress state has been uniform and stable for the past ~10^5 years
4. Intracrystalline nucleation during the post-garnet transformation under large overpressure conditions in deep subducting slabs
  Masayuki Nishi, Tetsuo Irifune, Hiroaki Ohfuji and Yoshinori Tange
  Article first published online: 5 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053915
  Key Points
  Intracrystalline post-garnet transformation occurs under large overpressure
  Transformation rate would be enhanced by the intracrystalline nucleation
5. Elevated pore pressure and anomalously low stress in regions of low frequency earthquakes along the Nankai Trough subduction megathrust
  Hiroko Kitajima and Demian M. Saffer
  Article first published online: 1 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053793
  Key Points
  High pore fluid pressure and low effective stress develop in low velocity zones
  Low effective stresses lead to a mechanically weak and aseismic plate boundary
  The location of VLFEs coincides with the region of lowest effective stress
Space Sciences
1. Giant flux ropes observed in the magnetized ionosphere at Venus
  T. L. Zhang, W. Baumjohann, W. L. Teh, R. Nakamura, C. T. Russell, J. G. Luhmann, K. H. Glassmeier, E. Dubinin, H. Y. Wei, A. M. Du, Q. M. Lu, S. Wang and M. Balikhin
  Article first published online: 14 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL054236
  Key Points
  First observation of giant flux ropes at Venus
  A new Venus ionosphere magnetic state
  Magnetic shear or velocity shear are required to produce flux ropes
2. Very low latitude (L = 1.08) whistlers
  Rajesh Singh, Morris B Cohen, Ajeet K. Maurya, B. Veenadhari, Sushil Kumar, P. Pant, Ryan K. Said and Umran S. Inan
  Article first published online: 8 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL054122
  Key Points
  One-to-one correlation of low latitude whistlers with its lightning location
  Results show, path of propagation is ducted and through low latitude ionosphere
  Results establishes whistlers can be used for low latitude ionosphere studies
3. Ionospheric outflow and cross polar cap potential: What is the role of magnetospheric inflation?
  D. T. Welling and S. G. Zaharia
  Article first published online: 5 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL054228
  Key Points
  Magnetospheric shape is not the cause of outflow-related CPCP reductions
  Outflow related CPCP reductions differ from ring current related drops
  Research into outflow related CPCP drops must look away from magnetopause shape
The Cryosphere
1. Quantifying the seasonal “breathing” of the Antarctic ice sheet
  S. R. M. Ligtenberg, M. Horwath, M. R. van den Broeke and B. Legrésy
  Article first published online: 13 DEC 2012 | DOI: 10.1029/2012GL053628
  Key Points
  Seasonal surface elevation changes on the Antarctic ice sheet are quantified
  The modeled amplitude explains 31% of the satellite observed seasonal variations

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