Both authors contributed equally to this work.
AASLD Practice Guideline
You have full text access to this OnlineOpen article
Management of hepatocellular carcinoma†
Article first published online: 25 OCT 2005
DOI: 10.1002/hep.20933
Copyright © 2005 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases
Additional Information
How to Cite
Bruix, J. and Sherman, M. (2005), Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology, 42: 1208–1236. doi: 10.1002/hep.20933
- †
Potential conflict of interest: Nothing to report.All AASLD Practice Guidelines are updated annually. If you are viewing a Practice Guideline that is more than 12 months old, please visit www.aasld.org for an update in the material.
Publication History
- Issue published online: 25 OCT 2005
- Article first published online: 25 OCT 2005
References
- 1. Manual for Assessing Health Practices and Designing Practice Guidelines. Philadelphia, PA: American College of Physicians, 1996.
- 2American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement: guidelines for the use of enteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 1280–1281.
- 3, , , , , , et al. Clinical Management of Hepatocellular carcinoma: conclusions of the Barcelona–2000 EASL Conference. J Hepatol 2001; 35: 421–430.
- 4, . Rising incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 745–750.
- 5, , , . Estimating the world cancer burden: Globocan 2000. Int J Cancer 2001; 94: 153–156.Direct Link:
- 6, , , . Trends in primary liver cancer. Lancet 1998; 351: 214–215.
- 7, , , , , , et al. Characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma in Italy. J Hepatol 1998; 29: 944–952.
- 8, , , , . Increase in primary liver cancer in the UK, 1979-94. Lancet 1997; 350: 1142–1143.
- 9, , , . Primary liver cancer: worldwide incidence and trends. Gastroenterology 2004; 127(5 Suppl 1 ): S5–S16.
- 10, , . Randomized controlled trial of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2004; 130: 417–422.
- 11, , , , , , et al. Screening for liver cancer: results of a randomised controlled trial in Qidong, China. J Med Screen 2003; 10: 204–209.
- 12, , . Are increasing 5-year survival rates evidence of success against cancer? JAMA 2000; 283: 2975–2978.
- 13, , , , , et al. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in Alaska natives infected with chronic hepatitis B: a 16-year population-based study. HEPATOLOGY 2000; 32(4 Pt 1): 842–846.Direct Link:
- 14, , , . Improved survival with screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 2000; 6: 320–325.Direct Link:
- 15, , , , , , et al. Prospective study of early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. HEPATOLOGY 1990; 12(4 Pt 1): 680–687.Direct Link:
- 16, , , , , , et al. Surveillance programme of cirrhotic patients for early diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Gut 2001; 48: 251–259.
- 17, , . Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 2003; 362: 1907–1917.
- 18, , , , . Surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma: does it improve survival? Ann Surg Oncol 2004; 11: 298–303.
- 19, , . Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification. Semin Liver Dis 1999; 19: 329–338.
- 20, , , , , , et al. Should hepatomas be treated with hepatic resection or transplantation? Cancer 1999; 86: 1151–1158.Direct Link:
- 21, , , , , . Hepatobiliary malignancies. Primary hepatic malignant neoplasms. Surg Clin North Am 1999; 79: 43–57, viii.
- 22, , . Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 1999; 19: 311–322.
- 23, , , , , , et al. Liver resection or transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma? Retrospective analysis of 215 patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1997; 26: 1274–1280.
- 24, , . Surgical resection versus transplantation for early hepatocellular carcinoma: clues for the best strategy. HEPATOLOGY 2000; 31: 1019–1021.Direct Link:
- 25, , , , , , et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: expansion of the tumor size limits does not adversely impact survival. HEPATOLOGY 2001; 33: 1394–1403.Direct Link:
- 26, , , , , . Survival and recurrence after liver transplantation versus liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective analysis. Ann Surg 1998; 227: 424–432.
- 27, , . Intention-to-Treat Analysis of Surgical Treatment for Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Resection Versus Transplantation. HEPATOLOGY 1999; 30: 1434–1440.Direct Link:
- 28, , , , , , et al. Results of surgical and nonsurgical treatment for small-sized hepatocellular carcinomas: A retrospective and nationwide survey in japan. HEPATOLOGY 2000; 32: 1224–1229.Direct Link:
- 29, , , , . Long-term survival and pattern of recurrence after resection of small hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with preserved liver function: implications for a strategy of salvage transplantation. Ann Surg 2002; 235: 373–382.
- 30, , , , , , et al. Vascular invasion and histopathologic grading determine outcome after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. HEPATOLOGY 2001; 33: 1080–1086.Direct Link:
- 31, , . The meaning of life expectancy: what is a clinically significant gain? J Gen Intern Med 1994; 9: 702–707.
- 32, , , . How attractive does a new technology have to be to warrant adoption and utilization? Tentative guidelines for using clinical and economic evaluations. CMAJ 1992; 146: 473–481.
- 33, , . Cost-effectiveness of screening for detection of small hepatocellular carcinoma in western patients with Child-Pugh class A cirrhosis. Am J Med 1996; 101: 422–434.
- 34, , , . Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C cirrhosis: a cost-utility analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98679–690.
- 35, , , . Cost-effectiveness of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis due to chronic hepatitis C. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 19: 1159–1172.Direct Link:
- 36, , , . Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus. A prospective study of 22 707 men in Taiwan. Lancet 1981; 2: 1129–1133.
- 37, , , , . Molecular mechanism of viral hepatocarcinogenesis. Oncology 2002; 62(Suppl 1): 29–37.
- 38. Hepatitis B virus as the etiologic agent in hepatocellular carcinoma. HEPATOLOGY 1982; 2(Suppl): 21S–26S.
- 39, , , , , et al. Relative risks of death due to liver disease among Japanese male adults having various statuses for hepatitis B s and e antigen/antibody in serum: a prospective study. HEPATOLOGY 1988; 8: 1642–1646.Direct Link:
- 40, , , , , et al. A long-term follow-up study of asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen-positive carriers in Montreal. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 1000–1005.
- 41, , , , . Hepatitis B-related sequelae. Prospective study of 1400 hepatitis B surface antigen-positive Alaska native carriers. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 1051–1054.
- 42, , . Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus: incidence and prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in a North American urban population. HEPATOLOGY 1995; 22: 432–438.
- 43, , , , , , et al. Natural history and prognostic factors for chronic hepatitis type B. Gut 1991; 32: 294–298.
- 44, , , , , et al. Natural history of chronic HBV carriers in northern Italy: morbidity and mortality after 30 years. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: 756–763.
- 45, , , , , , et al. Long-term outcome after spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion in patients with chronic hepatitis B. HEPATOLOGY 2002; 35: 1522–1527.Direct Link:
- 46, , , , , , et al. The natural history of asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 191–194.
- 47, , , , . Influence of hepatitis B virus genotype on the long-term outcome of chronic hepatitis B in western patients. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 1848–1856.
- 48. Natural history of hepatitis B. J Hepatol 2003; 39(Suppl 1): S50–S58.
- 49, , , , , , et al. Hepatitis B e antigen and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 168–174.
- 50, , , , , . Eight-year follow-up of the 90,000-person Haimen City cohort: I. Hepatocellular carcinoma mortality, risk factors, and gender differences. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002; 11: 369–376.
- 51, , , , , , et al. Sero-clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen in chronic carriers does not necessarily imply a good prognosis. HEPATOLOGY 1998; 28: 231–236.Direct Link:
- 52, , , , , et al. HBsAg seroclearance in chronic hepatitis B in the Chinese: virological, histological, and clinical aspects. HEPATOLOGY 2004; 39: 1694–1701.Direct Link:
- 53, , , , . Long-term outcome of hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients with compensated cirrhosis treated with interferon alfa. European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (EUROHEP). HEPATOLOGY 1997; 26: 1338–1342.Direct Link:
- 54, , , , , et al. Delayed clearance of serum HBsAg in compensated cirrhosis B: relation to interferon alpha therapy and disease prognosis. European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (EUROHEP) [see comments]. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93: 896–900.Direct Link:
- 55, , , , , , et al. Familial risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among chronic hepatitis B carriers and their relatives. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 1159–1164.
- 56, , . Some characteristics of Mozambican Shangaans with primary hepatocellular cancer. S Afr Med J 1977; 51: 306–309.
- 57, . Effect of age on the etiologic role of the hepatitis B virus in hepatocellular carcinoma in blacks. Gastroenterology 1988; 94: 439–442.
- 58, , , , , . Natural history of HBV infection: a nine year follow-up of the Dionysius cohort. J Hepatology 2002; 36: 228S.
- 59, , , , , et al. Morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type C: a retrospective follow-up study of 384 patients. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 463–472.
- 60, , , , , , et al. Prognosis of chronic hepatitis C: results of a large, prospective cohort study. HEPATOLOGY 1998; 28: 1687–1695.Direct Link:
- 61, , , , , et al. Long-term follow-up of HBeAg-positive patients treated with interferon alfa for chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1422–1427.
- 62, , , , , , et al. Hepatitis C virus related cirrhosis: time to occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma and death. Gut 2000; 47: 131–136.
- 63, , , , , et al. Incidence and cofactors of hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study of 12,008 men in Taiwan. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157: 674–682.
- 64, , , , , , et al. Interferon therapy reduces the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma: national surveillance program of cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C in Japan. IHIT Study Group. Inhibition of Hepatocarcinogenesis by Interferon Therapy. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131: 174–181.
- 65, , , , , . Biochemical markers of liver fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C virus infection: a prospective study. Lancet 2001; 357: 1069–1075.
- 66, , , , , , et al. Identification of chronic hepatitis C patients without hepatic fibrosis by a simple predictive model. HEPATOLOGY 2002; 36(4 Pt 1): 986-992.
- 67, , , , , . Noninvasive diagnosis of liver cirrhosis using DNA sequencer-based total serum protein glycomics. Nat Med 2004; 10: 429–434.
- 68, , , , , , et al. Long-term outcome, with monitoring of platelet counts, in patients with chronic hepatitis C and liver cirrhosis after interferon therapy. Intervirology 2003; 46: 296–307.
- 69, , , , , , et al. Prospective analysis of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with liver cirrhosis. HEPATOLOGY 2003; 37: 520–527.Direct Link:
- 70, , , , , , et al. Validity and clinical utility of the aspartate aminotransferase-alanine aminotransferase ratio in assessing disease severity and prognosis in patients with hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 218–224.
- 71, , , , , , et al. HIV coinfection shortens the survival of patients with hepatitis C virus-related decompensated cirrhosis. HEPATOLOGY 2005; 41: 779–789.Direct Link:
- 72, , , , . Cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-infected veterans with and without the hepatitis C virus: a cohort study, 1992-2001. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 2349–2354.
- 73, , , , , , et al. Mortality due to hepatitis C-related liver disease in HIV-infected patients in France (Mortavic 2001 study). AIDS 2003; 17: 1803–1809.
- 74, , , , , , et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-infected patients: epidemiological features, clinical presentation and outcome. AIDS 2004; 18: 2285–2293.
- 75, , , , , , et al. Hepatitis C virus in alcoholic patients with and without clinically apparent liver disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1995; 19: 1173–1176.Direct Link:
- 76, , , , , , et al. Chronic hepatitis C in alcoholic patients: prevalence, genotypes, and correlation to liver disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1995; 30: 1113–1118.
- 77, , , . Detection of hepatitis C virus antibodies and hepatitis C virus RNA in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol Alcohol 1995; 30: 97–103.
- 78, , , , , et al. Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: synergism of alcohol with viral hepatitis and diabetes mellitus. HEPATOLOGY 2002; 36: 1206–1213.Direct Link:
- 79, , , , , . Hepatocellular carcinoma in Austria: aetiological and clinical characteristics at presentation. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000; 12: 941–948.
- 80, . Risk factors for the rising rates of primary liver cancer in the United States. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 3227–3230.
- 81, , , , , , et al. Excess risk of primary liver cancer in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88: 1472–1477.
- 82, , , , , et al. Expanding the natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: From cryptogenic cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 134–140.
- 83, , , , , , et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2002; 37: 154–160.
- 84, , , , , , et al. Cancer risk in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis and in their first-degree relatives. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 1733–1741.
- 85, , , , , Cancer risk following primary hemochromatosis: a population-based cohort study in Denmark. Int J Cancer 1995; 60: 160–162.Direct Link:
- 86, , , , , , et al. Increased cancer risk in a cohort of 230 patients with hereditary hemochromatosis in comparison to matched control patients with non-iron- related chronic liver disease. HEPATOLOGY 2001; 33: 647–651.Direct Link:
- 87, , , , , . Hepatocellular carcinoma in primary biliary cirrhosis: similar incidence to that in hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 1160–1163.
- 88, . Risk of hepatobiliary disease in adults with severe alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (PiZZ): is chronic viral hepatitis B or C an additional risk factor for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 8: 989–994.
- 89, , . Risk of cirrhosis and primary liver cancer in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 736–739.
- 90, , , , , et al. Effectiveness of interferon alfa on incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and decompensation in cirrhosis type C. European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (EUROHEP). J Hepatol 1997; 27: 201–205.
- 91, , , , , . Retrospective analysis of the effect of interferon therapy on the clinical outcome of patients with viral cirrhosis. Cancer 1998; 83: 901–909.Direct Link:
- 92, , , , . Long-term beneficial effect of interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. HEPATOLOGY 1999; 29: 971–975.Direct Link:
- 93, , , , , . Long-term follow-up of interferon alfa treatment in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B infection: The effect on hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion and the development of cirrhosis-related complications. HEPATOLOGY 2001; 34: 139–145.Direct Link:
- 94, , , , , , et al. Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1521–1531.
- 95, , , , , , et al. Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic active hepatitis C and cirrhosis. Lancet 2001; 357: 196–197.
- 96, , , , , , et al. Treatment of hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis: a randomized, controlled trial of interferon alfa-2b versus no treatment. HEPATOLOGY 1999; 29: 1870–1875.Direct Link:
- 97, , , . Interferon and prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in viral cirrhosis: an evidence-based approach. J Hepatol 2001; 34: 593–602.
- 98
- 99, , , , , , et al. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C after interferon therapy. Hepatogastroenterology 2002; 49: 508–512.
- 100, , , , , , et al. Long-term interferon therapy for 1 year or longer reduces the hepatocellular carcinogenesis rate in patients with liver cirrhosis caused by hepatitis C virus: a pilot study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 16: 406–415.Direct Link:
- 101, , , , , , et al. Effect of interferon therapy on the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and mortality of patients with chronic hepatitis C: a retrospective cohort study of 738 patients. Int J Cancer 2000; 87: 741–749.Direct Link:
- 102, , , , , , et al. Interferon therapy lowers the rate of progression to hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C but not significantly in an advanced stage: a retrospective study in 1148 patients. Viral Hepatitis Therapy Study Group. J Hepatol 1999; 30: 653–659.
- 103, , , , , , et al. Effect of the dose and duration of interferon-alpha therapy on the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in noncirrhotic patients with a nonsustained response to interferon for chronic hepatitis C. Oncology 2001; 61: 134–142.
- 104, , , , . Prospective study of alpha-fetoprotein in cirrhotic patients monitored for development of hepatocellular carcinoma. HEPATOLOGY 1994; 19: 61–66.Direct Link:
- 105, , , . A case-control study of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in Henan, China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998; 59: 947–951.
- 106, , , , , , et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Italian patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 675–680.
- 107, , , , , . Macroregenerative nodules in a series of adult cirrhotic liver explants: issues of classification and nomenclature. HEPATOLOGY 1995; 21: 703–708.
- 108, , , , , , et al. Predictive score for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and additional value of liver large cell dysplasia in Western patients with cirrhosis. HEPATOLOGY 1996; 23: 1112–1118.Direct Link:
- 109, , . Large cell change (liver cell dysplasia) and hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: matched case-control study, pathological analysis, and pathogenetic hypothesis. HEPATOLOGY 1997; 26: 1415–1422.Direct Link:
- 110, , , , , , et al. Irregular regeneration of hepatocytes and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis with hepatitis-C-virus infection. Lancet 1998; 351: 1773–1777.
- 111, . Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67 labeling in hepatocellular nodules: a comparative study. Liver 1999; 19: 58–68.Direct Link:
- 112, , , , , , et al. Increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma development in patients with cirrhosis and with high hepatocellular proliferation. J Hepatol 1994; 20: 218–222.
- 113, , , , , , et al. Hepatocellular proliferation and development of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study in chronic hepatitis C. Hum Pathol 1998; 29: 1279–1284.
- 114, , , , , , et al. Hepatocyte proliferation rate is a powerful parameter for predicting hepatocellular carcinoma development in liver cirrhosis. Mol Pathol 1998; 51: 96–101.
- 115, , , , , , et al. High rates of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients with high liver cell proliferative activity. HEPATOLOGY 2001; 34: 523–528.Direct Link:
- 116, , , , , , et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma screening in patients waiting for liver transplantation: a decision analytic model. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: 672–681.Direct Link:
- 117, , , , , , et al. Cost effectiveness of adjuvant therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma during the waiting list for liver transplantation. Gut 2002; 50: 123–128.
- 118, , , , , , et al. Serum alpha-fetoprotein for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease: influence of HBsAg and anti-HCV status. J Hepatol 2001; 34: 570–575.
- 119, , , , , et al. Prospective study of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in Caucasian patients with cirrhosis [see comments]. J Hepatol 1994; 20: 65–71.
- 120, , , , , . Efficacy of a surveillance program for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1996; 78: 977–985.Direct Link:
- 121, , , , . Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with cirrhosis by combined assay of des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin and alpha-fetoprotein: a prospective study. Hepatogastroenterology 1995; 42: 387–393.
- 122. Alphafetoprotein: An obituary. J Hepatol 2001; 34: 603–605.
- 123, , , , , , et al. The role of tumor markers in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, with special reference to the des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin. Liver Transpl Surg 1995; 1: 249–255.Direct Link:
- 124, , , , , . Plasma des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin in the early stage of hepatocellular carcinoma. HEPATOLOGY 1990; 11: 481–488.Direct Link:
- 125, , , , , . Protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist II as a prognostic marker in hepatocellular carcinoma. Comparison with alpha-fetoprotein. Cancer 1994; 73: 2464–2471.Direct Link:
- 126, , , , , et al. Des-gamma carboxyprothrombin can differentiate hepatocellular carcinoma from nonmalignant chronic liver disease in American patients. HEPATOLOGY 2003; 37: 1114–1121.Direct Link:
- 127, , , , , , et al. Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin as a useful predisposing factor for the development of portal venous invasion in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective analysis of 227 patients. Cancer 2001; 91: 561–569.Direct Link:
- 128, , , . Monitoring of lectin-reactive alpha-fetoproteins in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated using transcatheter arterial embolization. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995; 7: 627–633.
- 129, , , , , et al. Usefulness of measurement of Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive fraction of alpha-fetoprotein as a marker of prognosis and recurrence of small hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 3028–3033.
- 130, , , , , et al. Evaluation of curability and prediction of prognosis after surgical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma by lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein. Int J Oncol 1999; 14: 265–271.
- 131, , , , , et al. Clinical utility of Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive alpha- fetoprotein in small hepatocellular carcinoma: special reference to imaging diagnosis. J Hepatol 1999; 30: 125–130.
- 132, , , , , , et al. Early recognition of hepatocellular carcinoma based on altered profiles of alpha-fetoprotein. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1802–1806.
- 133, , , , , . A clinical study of lectin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein as an early indicator of hepatocellular carcinoma in the follow-up of cirrhotic patients. HEPATOLOGY 1995; 22: 802–807.Direct Link:
- 134, , , , , , et al. A collaborative study for the evaluation of lectin-reactive alpha- fetoproteins in early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 5419–5423.
- 135, , , , , et al. Prediction of the development of hepato-cellular-carcinoma in patients with liver cirrhosis by the serial determinations of serum alpha-L-fucosidase activity. Intern Med 1999; 38: 927–931.
- 136, , , , , , et al. Serum alpha-L-fucosidase activity and early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study of patients with cirrhosis. Cancer 1998; 83: 2468–2474.Direct Link:
- 137, , , , , , et al. Glypican-3: a novel serum and histochemical marker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 89–97.
- 138, , , , , , et al. Glypican-3, overexpressed specifically in human hepatocellular carcinoma, is a novel tumor marker. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 306: 16–25.
- 139, , , , , , et al. Identification of a new marker of hepatocellular carcinoma by serum protein profiling of patients with chronic liver diseases. HEPATOLOGY 2005; 41: 40–47.Direct Link:
- 140. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 1999; 13: 623–635.
- 141, , , , , , et al. Ultrasound screening and risk factors for death from hepatocellular carcinoma in a high risk group in Taiwan. Int J Cancer 2002; 98: 257–261.Direct Link:
- 142, , , . Sonographic screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis: an evaluation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998; 171: 433–435.
- 143, . In: BartolozziC, LencioniR, eds. Liver Malignancies. Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1999.
- 144, . Combined alpha fetoprotein testing and ultrasonography as a screening test for primary liver cancer. J Med Screen 1999; 6: 108–110.
- 145, , , , , , et al. Screening methods for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. HEPATOLOGY 1985; 5: 1100–1105.Direct Link:
- 146, , , , , , et al. The diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinomas: efficacy of various imaging procedures in 100 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1990; 155: 49–54.
- 147, , , . Malignancies in patients with cirrhosis: CT sensitivity and specificity in 200 consecutive transplant patients. Radiology 1994; 193: 645–650.
- 148, , , , , , et al. Semiannual and annual surveillance of cirrhotic patients for hepatocellular carcinoma: effects on cancer stage and patient survival (Italian experience). Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 734–744.Direct Link:
- 149, , , , , et al. A 6-month versus a 12-month surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in 559 hemophiliacs infected with the hepatitis C virus. Blood 2003; 102: 78–82.
- 150, . Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Tokyo: Springer Verlag, 1987.
- 151, , , , , , et al. Accurate preoperative evaluation of liver mass lesions without fine-needle biopsy. HEPATOLOGY 1999; 30: 889–893.Direct Link:
- 152, , , , . Resection of hepatocellular carcinoma without preoperative tumor biopsy. Ann Surg 2001; 234: 206–209.
- 153, , , , , , et al. Characterization of focal liver lesions with contrast-specific US modes and a sulfur hexafluoride-filled microbubble contrast agent: diagnostic performance and confidence. Radiology 2004; 232: 420–430.
- 154, , , , , , et al. Evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma using SonoVue, a second generation ultrasound contrast agent: correlation with cellular differentiation. Eur Radiol 2004; 14: 1092–1099.
- 155, , , , , , et al. Usefulness of contrast-enhanced perfusional sonography in the assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma hypervascular at spiral computed tomography. J Hepatol 2004; 41: 421–426.
- 156, , , , , , et al. Diagnostic value and tolerance of Lipiodol-computed tomography for the detection of small hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation with pathologic examination of explanted livers. J Hepatol 1998; 28: 491–496.
- 157. Focus on dysplastic nodules and early hepatocellular carcinoma: an Eastern point of view. Liver Transpl 2004; 10(2 Suppl 1 ): S3–S8.Direct Link:
- 158, , , , , , et al. Ultrasound guided fine needle biopsy of early hepatocellular carcinoma complicating liver cirrhosis: a multicentre study. Gut 2004; 53: 1356–1362.
- 159, , , , , , et al. Early hepatocellular carcinoma as an entity with a high rate of surgical cure. HEPATOLOGY 1998; 28: 1241–1246.Direct Link:
- 160, . Natural history and prognosis of adenomatous hyperplasia and early hepatocellular carcinoma: multi-institutional analysis of 53 nodules followed up for more than 6 months and 141 patients with single early hepatocellular carcinoma treated by surgical resection or percutaneous ethanol injection. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1998; 28: 604–608.
- 161, , , , , . Portal vein invasion and intrahepatic micrometastasis in small hepatocellular carcinoma by gross type. Hepatol Res 2003; 26: 142–147.
- 162, , , , . Effectiveness of MR imaging in characterizing small hepatic lesions: routine versus expert interpretation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003; 180: 673–680.
- 163, , , . Magnetic resonance of focal liver lesions in hepatic cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2002; 23: 62–78.
- 164, , , , . Contrast enhancement of small hepatocellular carcinoma: usefulness of three successive early image acquisitions during multiphase dynamic MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999; 173: 597–604.
- 165, , , , , , et al. MRI angiography is superior to helical CT for detection of HCC prior to liver transplantation: An explant correlation. HEPATOLOGY 2003; 38: 1034–1042.
- 166, , , , , . Cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis: evaluation of small (<or=2-cm) early-enhancing hepatic lesions with serial contrast-enhanced dynamic MR imaging. Radiology 2003; 226: 550–555.
- 167, , , , , , et al. Initial response to percutaneous ablation predicts survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. HEPATOLOGY 2004; 40: 1352–1360.Direct Link:
- 168, , , , , . Sonographic appearances of small hepatic nodules without tumor stain on contrast-enhanced computed tomography and angiography. J Clin Ultrasound 1998; 26: 303–307.Direct Link:
- 169, , . Small (<20 mm) enhancing hepatic nodules seen on arterial phase MR imaging of the cirrhotic liver: clinical implications. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002; 178: 1327–1334.
- 170, , , , , , et al. Contrast-enhanced doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma and premalignant lesions in patients with cirrhosis. HEPATOLOGY 2001; 34: 1109–1112.Direct Link:
- 171, , , , , , et al. Malignant transformation of adenomatous hyperplasia to hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 1990; 336: 1150–1153.
- 172. AJCC/TNM cancer staging, present and future. J Surg Oncol 2001; 77: 233–236.Direct Link:
- 173, , , , , , et al. Natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma and prognosis in relation to treatment. Study of 850 patients. Cancer 1985; 56: 918–928.
- 174GreeneFL, PageDL, FlemingID, FritzAG, BalckCM, HallerDG, MorrowM, eds. AJCC. Cancer Staging Handbook. New York: Springer Verlag, 2002.
- 175, , , , , , et al. Simplified staging for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 1527–1536.
- 176, , , , . Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices. Br J Surg 1973; 60: 646–649.Direct Link:
- 177, , , , , , et al. A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. HEPATOLOGY 2001; 33: 464–470.Direct Link:
- 178. Prognostic models including the Child-Pugh, MELD and Mayo risk scores—where are we and where should we go? J Hepatol 2004; 41: 344–350.
- 179, , , , , , et al. Prognostic factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in the west: a multivariate analysis in 206 patients. HEPATOLOGY 1990; 12(4 Pt 1): 753–760.Direct Link:
- 180, , , , , . A new prognostic classification for predicting survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Groupe d'Etude et de Traitement du Carcinome Hepatocellulaire. J Hepatol 1999; 31: 133–141.
- 181The Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) investigators. A new prognostic system for hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study of 435 patients. HEPATOLOGY 1998; 28: 751–755.Direct Link:
- 182, , , , , . Hepatocellular carcinoma in Central Europe: prognostic features and survival. Gut 2001; 48: 103–109.
- 183, , , , , , et al. Construction of the Chinese University Prognostic Index for hepatocellular carcinoma and comparison with the TNM staging system, the Okuda staging system, and the Cancer of the Liver Italian Program staging system: a study based on 926 patients. Cancer 2002; 94: 1760–1769.Direct Link:
- 184, , . Prognostic staging system for hepatocellular carcinoma (CLIP score): its value and limitations, and a proposal for a new staging system, the Japan Integrated Staging Score (JIS score). J Gastroenterol 2003; 38: 207–215.
- 185, , , , , , et al. Preliminary analysis of a newly proposed prognostic scoring system (SLiDe score) for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 19: 805–811.Direct Link:
- 186, , , , , , et al. Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of 7 staging systems in an American cohort. HEPATOLOGY 2005; 41: 707–716.Direct Link:
- 187, , , , , , et al. Prognostic factors for survival in patients with early-intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing non-surgical therapy: comparison of Okuda, CLIP, and BCLC staging systems in a single Italian centre. Gut 2005; 54: 411–418.
- 188, , , . Focus on hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Cell 2004; 5: 215–219.
- 189, , . Performance status assessment in cancer patients. Cancer 1990; 65: 1864–1866.Direct Link:
- 190, , . Can Karnofsky performance status be transformed to the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group scoring scale and vice versa? Eur J Cancer 1992; 28A: 1328–1330.
- 191, , , . Performance status assessment in cancer patients. An inter-observer variability study. Br J Cancer 1993; 67: 773–775.
- 192, . Systematic review of randomized trials for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Chemoembolization improves survival. HEPATOLOGY 2003; 37: 429–442.Direct Link:
- 193, , , , , , et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 693–699.
- 194, , , , , , et al. Transarterial embolization versus symptomatic treatment in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a randomized, controlled trial in a single institution. HEPATOLOGY 1998; 27: 1578–1583.Direct Link:
- 195, , , , , , et al. Prospective randomized trial of chemoembolization versus intra-arterial injection of 131I-labeled-iodized oil in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. HEPATOLOGY 1997; 26: 1156–1161.
- 196, , . Clinical trials in primary hepatocellular carcinoma: current status and future directions. Cancer Treat Rev 1988; 15: 1–31.
- 197, , , , . Prognostic factors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma receiving systemic chemotherapy. HEPATOLOGY 1992; 16: 112–117.Direct Link:
- 198, , , , , , et al. Evaluation of antiandrogen therapy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer multicentric double-blind trial. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 411–417.
- 199Randomized trial of leuprorelin and flutamide in male patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with tamoxifen. HEPATOLOGY 2004; 40: 1361–1369.Direct Link:
- 200, , , , , , et al. A randomized placebo-controlled study of long-acting octreotide for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. HEPATOLOGY 2002; 36: 687–691.Direct Link:
- 201, , , . An analysis of 412 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma at a Western center. Ann Surg 1999; 229: 790–799.
- 202, , , , , , et al. Improved results of liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis give the procedure added value. Ann Surg 2001; 234: 71–78.
- 203, , , . Survival and prognostic indicators in compensated and decompensated cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 1986; 31: 468–475.
- 204, , , , , , et al. Compensated cirrhosis: natural history and prognostic factors. HEPATOLOGY 1987; 7: 122–128.Direct Link:
- 205, , , , , , et al. No-mortality liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients: is there a way? A prospective analysis of our approach. Arch Surg 1999; 134: 984–992.
- 206, , , , , , et al. Surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients: prognostic value of preoperative portal pressure. Gastroenterology 1996; 111: 1018–1022.
- 207, , , . One hundred and fifty hepatic resections: evolution of technique towards bloodless surgery. Br J Surg 1996; 83: 1526–1529.Direct Link:
- 208, , , . Significance of resection margin in hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma: A critical reappraisal. Ann Surg 2000; 231: 544–551.
- 209, , , , , , et al. Predictive factors for postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 1618–1624.
- 210, , , , , , et al. A prospective randomized trial of the preventive effect of pre- operative transcatheter arterial embolization against recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Jpn J Cancer Res 1996; 87: 206–211.
- 211, , , , , . Preoperative portal vein embolization improves prognosis after right hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with impaired hepatic function. Br J Surg 2000; 87: 879–882.Direct Link:
- 212, , , , , , et al. Portal vein embolization before right hepatectomy: prospective clinical trial. Ann Surg 2003; 237: 208–217.
- 213, , , , , . Factors linked to early recurrence of small hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy: univariate and multivariate analyses. HEPATOLOGY 1991; 14: 802–805.Direct Link:
- 214, , , , , , et al. Risk factors for intrahepatic recurrence in human small hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 768–775.
- 215, , , , . Intrahepatic recurrence after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term results of treatment and prognostic factors. Ann Surg 1999; 229: 216–222.
- 216, , , . Selection criteria for repeat hepatectomy in patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 2003; 238: 703–710.
- 217, , , , , , et al. Chromosomal changes and clonality relationship between primary and recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 431–440.
- 218, , , , , , et al. Risk factors contributing to early and late phase intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy. J Hepatol 2003; 38: 200–207.
- 219, , , , , , et al. Incidence and factors associated with intrahepatic recurrence following resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 488–494.
- 220, , , , , , et al. Diagnosis of intrahepatic metastasis and multicentric carcinogenesis by microsatellite loss of heterozygosity in patients with multiple and recurrent hepatocellular carcinomas. J Hepatol 2003; 39: 215–221.
- 221, , , . Neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: review of the randomised clinical trials. Lancet Oncol 2002; 3: 593–603.
- 222, , , , , , et al. Adjuvant intra-arterial iodine-131-labelled lipiodol for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 353: 797–801.
- 223, , , , , , et al. Adoptive immunotherapy to lower postsurgical recurrence rates of hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised trial. Lancet 2000; 356: 802–807.
- 224, , , , , . Prevention of second primary tumors by an acyclic retinoid, polyprenoic acid, in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1561–1567.
- 225, , , , , , et al. Interferon beta prevents recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after complete resection or ablation of the primary tumor-A prospective randomized study of hepatitis C virus-related liver cancer. HEPATOLOGY 2000; 32: 228–232.Direct Link:
- 226, , , , , . Randomized clinical trial of long-term outcome after resection of hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma by postoperative interferon therapy. Br J Surg 2002; 89: 418–422.Direct Link:
- 227, , , , , , et al. Molecular classification of cancer: class discovery and class prediction by gene expression monitoring. Science 1999; 286: 531–537.
- 228, , , , , , et al. Classification and diagnostic prediction of cancers using gene expression profiling and artificial neural networks. Nat Med 2001; 7: 673–679.
- 229, , , , , , et al. Serum proteomics in cancer diagnosis and management. Annu Rev Med 2004; 55: 97–112.
- 230, , , , , , et al. Oligonucleotide microarray for prediction of early intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection. Lancet 2003; 361: 923–929.
- 231, , , , , , et al. Predicting hepatitis B virus-positive metastatic hepatocellular carcinomas using gene expression profiling and supervised machine learning. Nat Med 2003; 9: 416–423.
- 232, , , , , , et al. Identification of novel tumor markers in hepatitis C virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 859–864.
- 233, . Gene expression profiles in hepatocellular carcinoma: not yet there. J Hepatol 2004; 41: 336–339.
- 234, , , , , , et al. Clinical and radiologic assessments of the results of hepatectomy for small hepatocellular carcinoma and therapeutic arterial embolization for postoperative recurrence. Cancer 1989; 64: 1848–1852.Direct Link:
- 235, , , . Primary liver resection and salvage transplantation or primary liver transplantation in patients with single, small hepatocellular carcinoma and preserved liver function: An outcome-oriented decision analysis. HEPATOLOGY 2000; 31: 899–906.Direct Link:
- 236, , , , , , et al. High pathological risk of recurrence after surgical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: an indication for salvage liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: 1294–1300.Direct Link:
- 237, , , . Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: experience with liver resection and transplantation in 198 patients. World J Surg 1991; 15: 270–285.
- 238, , , . Role of liver transplantation in cancer therapy. Ann Surg 1985; 202: 401–407.
- 239, , , . Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: liver resection or transplantation? Transplant Proc 1993; 25(1 Pt 2): 1066–1067.
- 240, , , , , , et al. Liver transplantation for treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma: the tumor-node-metastasis classification does not have prognostic power. HEPATOLOGY 1998; 27: 1572–1577.Direct Link:
- 241, , , . Is the pathologic TNM staging system for patients with hepatoma predictive of outcome? Cancer 2000; 88: 538–543.Direct Link:
- 242, . Liver organ allocation for hepatocellular carcinoma: are we sure? Liver Transpl 2003; 9: 693–696.Direct Link:
- 243, , . Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: Foucault pendulum versus evidence-based decision. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: 700–702.Direct Link:
- 244, , , , , , et al. Focal lesions in cirrhotic explant livers: pathological evaluation and accuracy of pretransplantation imaging examinations. Liver Transpl 2002; 8: 749–761.Direct Link:
- 245, , , , , , et al. Long-term results with multimodal adjuvant therapy and liver transplantation for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas larger than 5 centimeters. Ann Surg 2002; 235: 533–539.
- 246. Developments in liver transplantation. Gut 2004; 53: 759–768.
- 247, , , , , , et al. Underestimation of the influence of satellite nodules as a risk factor for post-transplantation recurrence in patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 2004; 10(Suppl 2): S86–S90.Direct Link:
- 248, , , , , . Tumor invasiveness and prognosis in resected hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinical and pathogenetic implications. Cancer 1988; 61: 2095–2099.Direct Link:
- 249, , , , , , et al. Preoperative predictors of survival after resection of small hepatocellular carcinomas. Ann Surg 2002; 235: 722–730.
- 250, , , , , , et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of moderately or well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 2004; 239: 150–159.
- 251, , , , , , et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: Analysis of survival according to the intention-to-treat principle and dropout from the waiting list. Liver Transpl 2002; 8: 873–883.Direct Link:
- 252, , , , , , et al. Comparison of surgical outcomes for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis B versus hepatitis C: a western experience. Ann Surg Oncol 2000; 7: 764–770.
- 253, , , , , , et al. The new liver allocation system: moving toward evidence-based transplantation policy. Liver Transpl 2002; 8: 851–858.Direct Link:
- 254, , , , , . Results of the first year of the new liver allocation plan. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: 7–15.Direct Link:
- 255, , , , , , et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: the MELD impact. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: 36–41.Direct Link:
- 256, , , , . Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and orthotopic liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Transplantation 1989; 48: 344–347.
- 257
- 258, , , , , , et al. Does additional doxorubicin chemotherapy improve outcome in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by liver transplantation? Am J Transplant 2005; 5(4 Pt 1): 788–794.Direct Link:
- 259, , , , , , et al. Influence of preoperative transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization on resection and transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Ann Surg 1997; 226: 688–701.
- 260, , , , , , et al. Increased risk of tumor seeding after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for single hepatocellular carcinoma. HEPATOLOGY 2001; 33: 1124–1129.Direct Link:
- 261, , , , , . Treatment of focal liver tumors with percutaneous radio-frequency ablation: complications encountered in a multicenter study. Radiology 2003; 226: 441–451.
- 262, , , . Adult-to-adult transplantation of the right hepatic lobe from a living donor. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1074–1082.
- 263, , , , , . Successful liver transplantation from a living donor to her son. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1505–1507.
- 264. Living-donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 2002; 49: 53–55.
- 265, , , , , , et al. Living-donation liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: time to drop the limitations? Transplant Proc 2002; 34: 2263–2264.
- 266, , , , , et al. Adult living donor liver transplantation for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: extending UNOS priority criteria. Ann Surg 2004; 239(2): 142–149.
- 267, . Living donor liver transplantation for adult patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: experience in Japan. Ann Surg 2004; 240(3): 451–459.
- 268, , , , , et al. Increased risk of cholestatic hepatitis C in recipients of grafts from living versus cadaveric liver donors. Liver Transpl 2003; 9(10): 1028–1035.Direct Link:
- 269, , . Living donor liver transplantation and hepatitis C. Liver Transpl 2004; 10(3): 347–348.Direct Link:
- 270, , , , , et al. Hepatitis C recurrence is more severe after living donor compared to cadaveric liver transplantation. HEPATOLOGY 2004; 40(3): 699–707.Direct Link:
- 271, , , , . The association between hepatitis C infection and survival after orthotopic liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 2002; 122(4): 889–896.
- 272, , , , , . Living donor liver transplantation for early hepatocellular carcinoma: A life-expectancy and cost-effectiveness perspective. HEPATOLOGY 2001; 33(5): 1073–1079.Direct Link:
- 273, . Liver transplantation for hepatitis B virus-related liver disease: indications, prevention of recurrence and results. J Hepatol 2003; 39 Suppl 1: S181–S189.
- 274, , , , , . Antiviral therapy of patients with decompensated cirrhosis to prevent recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2003; 39(3): 389–396.
- 275, , . Hepatitis C and liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2001; 35(5): 666–678.
- 276, , , , , et al. Power Doppler signals after percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma predict local recurrence of tumors: a prospective study using 199 consecutive patients. J Hepatol 2001; 35: 225–234.
- 277, , , . Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1990; 154: 947–951.
- 278, , , , , , et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis in 746 patients: long-term results of percutaneous ethanol injection. Radiology 1995; 197: 101–108.
- 279, , , , , , et al. Percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. A study on 207 patients. Cancer 1992; 69: 925–929.Direct Link:
- 280, , , , , . Tumor size determines the efficacy of percutaneous ethanol injection for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma. HEPATOLOGY 1992; 16: 353–357.Direct Link:
- 281, , , , , , et al. Local recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after percutaneous ethanol injection. Cancer 1996; 77(9): 1792–1796.Direct Link:
- 282. Local ablation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 1999; 19(3): 323–328.
- 283, , , , , . Transcatheter arterial embolization followed by percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1994; 17(2): 70–75.
- 284, , , , , . Small hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment with radio-frequency ablation versus ethanol injection. Radiology 1999; 210(3): 655–661.
- 285, , , , , et al. Small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: randomized comparison of radio-frequency thermal ablation versus percutaneous ethanol injection. Radiology 2003; 228(1): 235–240.
- 286, , , , . Radiofrequency ablation improves prognosis compared with ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma </=4 cm. Gastroenterology 2004; 127(6): 1714–1723.
- 287, , , , , et al. A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency ablation with ethanol injection for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2005; 129(1): 122–130.
- 288, , , , . Complications after percutaneous saline-enhanced radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors: 3-year experience with 336 patients at a single center. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 184(1): 207–211.
- 289, , , , , et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. An analysis of 1000 cases. Cancer 2005; 103: 1201–1209.Direct Link:
- 290, , , , , . Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma during occlusion of hepatic blood flow. Comparison with standard percutaneous radiofrequency ablation therapy. Cancer 2002; 95: 2353–2360.Direct Link:
- 291. Chemotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 1998; 45(Suppl 3): 1259–1263.
- 292, , , , , , et al. Prospective and randomized trial of lipiodol-transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a comparison of epirubicin and doxorubicin (second cooperative study). The Cooperative Study Group for Liver Cancer Treatment of Japan. Semin Oncol 1997; 24(2 Suppl 6 ): S6.
- 293, , , , , , et al. Randomized controlled trial for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein thrombosis: intra-arterial iodine-131-iodized oil versus medical support. J Nucl Med 1994; 35: 1782–1787.
- 294. Hepatic arterial 90Yttrium glass microspheres (Therasphere) for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: interim safety and survival data on 65 patients. Liver Transpl 2004; 10(2 Suppl 1 ): S107–S110.Direct Link:
- 295, , , , , . Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with octreotide: a randomised controlled study. Gut 1998; 42: 442–447.
- 296, , , , , , et al. Randomized Controlled Trial of Interferon Treatment for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. HEPATOLOGY 2000; 31: 1–5.Direct Link:
- 297, , , . Clinical results and prognostic factors in radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study of 158 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003; 55: 329–336.
- 298, , , , , , et al. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with tamoxifen: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial in 120 patients. Gastroenterology 1995; 109: 917–922.
- 299
- 300, , , , , , et al. Tamoxifen does not improve survival of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol 1998; 26: 200–203.
- 301, , , , . Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with combined suppression and inhibition of sex hormones: a randomized, controlled trial. HEPATOLOGY 1995; 21: 1535–1542.
- 302, , , . Estrogen receptors in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1986; 57: 87–91.Direct Link:
- 303, , , , , , et al. Sex hormone receptors in hepatocellular carcinoma. Is there a rationale for hormonal treatment? J Hepatol 1993; 17: 187–191.
- 304, , , , , , et al. Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective controlled trial with tamoxifen. J Hepatol 1990; 11: 297–301.
- 305
- 306, , , , , , et al. High-dose tamoxifen in the treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. HEPATOLOGY 2002; 36: 1221–1226.Direct Link:
- 307, , , , , , et al. Variant estrogen receptor messenger RNA species detected in human primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 498–500.
- 308, , , , , , et al. Type of estrogen receptor determines response to antiestrogen therapy. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 3883–3885.
- 309, , , , . Therapeutic Ivalon embolization of hepatic tumors. AJR 1982; 138: 289–294.
- 310, , , , , , et al. Intra-arterial alcoholization of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1994; 33(Suppl): 42–47.
- 311
- 312, , , , , , et al. Phase II study of transarterial embolization in European patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: need for controlled trials. HEPATOLOGY 1994; 20: 643–650.Direct Link:
- 313, , , , , , et al. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with advanced cirrhosis by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization using autologous blood clot: a preliminary report. HEPATOLOGY 1992; 15: 252–257.Direct Link:
- 314, , , , , , et al. Bile duct necrosis: complication of transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization. Radiology 1985; 156: 331–334.
- 315, , . Chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2004; 127(5 Suppl 1 ): S179–S188.
- 316, , , , , , et al. Transarterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Antibiotic prophylaxis and clinical meaning of postembolization fever. J Hepatol 1995; 22: 410–415.
- 317, , , . Hepatic arterial embolization in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma—a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1988; 94: 453–456.
- 318
- 319, , , , , , et al. Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with lipiodol chemoembolization: a multicenter randomized trial. J Hepatol 1998; 29: 129–134.
- 320, , , , , , et al. Arterial embolization, chemoembolization versus symptomatic treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 1734–1739.
- 321, , , , , , et al. Randomized controlled trial of transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. HEPATOLOGY 2002; 35: 1164–1171.Direct Link:
- 322, . Prognostic prediction and treatment strategy in HCC. HEPATOLOGY 2002; 35: 519–524.Direct Link:

1527-3350/asset/olbannerleft.gif?v=1&s=4b2409f9534ed500d3c8da1940a23842e2b9932d)
1527-3350/asset/olbannerright.gif?v=1&s=141b9a8485298533c3e2016e937b0404f7d933e1)
1527-3350/asset/cover.gif?v=1&s=3cd983af6575c8dbfd6b47a63ffa95415ace15f8)