SEARCH

SEARCH BY CITATION

References

  • 1
    Eddy DM. Manual for Assessing Health Practices and Designing Practice Guidelines. Philadelphia, PA: American College of Physicians, 1996.
  • 2
    American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement: guidelines for the use of enteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 12801281.
  • 3
    Bruix J, Sherman M, Llovet JM, Beaugrand M, Lencioni R, Burroughs AK, et al. Clinical Management of Hepatocellular carcinoma: conclusions of the Barcelona–2000 EASL Conference. J Hepatol 2001; 35: 421430.
  • 4
    El Serag HB, Mason AC. Rising incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 745750.
  • 5
    Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Estimating the world cancer burden: Globocan 2000. Int J Cancer 2001; 94: 153156.
  • 6
    Deuffic S, Poynard T, Buffat L, Valleron AJ. Trends in primary liver cancer. Lancet 1998; 351: 214215.
  • 7
    Stroffolini T, Andreone P, Andriulli A, Ascione A, Craxi A, Chiaramonte M, et al. Characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma in Italy. J Hepatol 1998; 29: 944952.
  • 8
    Taylor-Robinson SD, Foster GR, Arora S, Hargreaves S, Thomas HC. Increase in primary liver cancer in the UK, 1979-94. Lancet 1997; 350: 11421143.
  • 9
    Bosch FX, Ribes J, Diaz M, Cleries R. Primary liver cancer: worldwide incidence and trends. Gastroenterology 2004; 127(5 Suppl 1 ): S5S16.
  • 10
    Zhang BH, Yang BH, Tang ZY. Randomized controlled trial of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2004; 130: 417422.
  • 11
    Chen JG, Parkin DM, Chen QG, Lu JH, Shen QJ, Zhang BC, et al. Screening for liver cancer: results of a randomised controlled trial in Qidong, China. J Med Screen 2003; 10: 204209.
  • 12
    Welch HG, Schwartz LM, Woloshin S. Are increasing 5-year survival rates evidence of success against cancer? JAMA 2000; 283: 29752978.
  • 13
    McMahon BJ, Bulkow L, Harpster A, Snowball M, Lanier A, Sacco et al. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in Alaska natives infected with chronic hepatitis B: a 16-year population-based study. HEPATOLOGY 2000; 32(4 Pt 1): 842846.
  • 14
    Wong LL, Limm WM, Severino R, Wong LM. Improved survival with screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 2000; 6: 320325.
  • 15
    Oka H, Kurioka N, Kim K, Kanno T, Kuroki T, Mizoguchi Y, et al. Prospective study of early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. HEPATOLOGY 1990; 12(4 Pt 1): 680687.
  • 16
    Bolondi L, Sofia S, Siringo S, Gaiani S, Casali A, Zironi G, et al. Surveillance programme of cirrhotic patients for early diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Gut 2001; 48: 251259.
  • 17
    Llovet JM, Burroughs A, Bruix J. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 2003; 362: 19071917.
  • 18
    Liu JH, Chen PW, Asch SM, Busuttil RW, Ko CY. Surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma: does it improve survival? Ann Surg Oncol 2004; 11: 298303.
  • 19
    Llovet JM, Bru C, Bruix J. Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification. Semin Liver Dis 1999; 19: 329338.
  • 20
    Yamamoto J, Iwatsuki S, Kosuge T, Dvorchik I, Shimada K, Marsh JW, et al. Should hepatomas be treated with hepatic resection or transplantation? Cancer 1999; 86: 11511158.
  • 21
    Molmenti EP, Marsh JW, Dvorchik I, Oliver JH III, Madariaga J, Iwatsuki S. Hepatobiliary malignancies. Primary hepatic malignant neoplasms. Surg Clin North Am 1999; 79: 4357, viii.
  • 22
    Bismuth H, Majno PE, Adam R. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 1999; 19: 311322.
  • 23
    Michel J, Suc B, Montpeyroux F, Hachemanne S, Blanc P, Domergue J, et al. Liver resection or transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma? Retrospective analysis of 215 patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1997; 26: 12741280.
  • 24
    Llovet JM, Bruix J, Gores GJ. Surgical resection versus transplantation for early hepatocellular carcinoma: clues for the best strategy. HEPATOLOGY 2000; 31: 10191021.
  • 25
    Yao FY, Ferrell L, Bass NM, Watson JJ, Bacchetti P, Venook A, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: expansion of the tumor size limits does not adversely impact survival. HEPATOLOGY 2001; 33: 13941403.
  • 26
    Otto G, Heuschen U, Hofmann WJ, Krumm G, Hinz U, Herfarth C. Survival and recurrence after liver transplantation versus liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective analysis. Ann Surg 1998; 227: 424432.
  • 27
    Llovet JM, Fuster J, Bruix J. Intention-to-Treat Analysis of Surgical Treatment for Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Resection Versus Transplantation. HEPATOLOGY 1999; 30: 14341440.
  • 28
    Arii S, Yamaoka Y, Futagawa S, Inoue K, Kobayashi K, Kojiro M, et al. Results of surgical and nonsurgical treatment for small-sized hepatocellular carcinomas: A retrospective and nationwide survey in japan. HEPATOLOGY 2000; 32: 12241229.
  • 29
    Poon RT, Fan ST, Lo CM, Liu CL, Wong J. Long-term survival and pattern of recurrence after resection of small hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with preserved liver function: implications for a strategy of salvage transplantation. Ann Surg 2002; 235: 373382.
  • 30
    Jonas S, Bechstein WO, Steinmuller T, Herrmann M, Radke C, Berg T, et al. Vascular invasion and histopathologic grading determine outcome after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. HEPATOLOGY 2001; 33: 10801086.
  • 31
    Naimark D, Naglie G, Detsky AS. The meaning of life expectancy: what is a clinically significant gain? J Gen Intern Med 1994; 9: 702707.
  • 32
    Laupacis A, Feeny D, Detsky AS, Tugwell PX. How attractive does a new technology have to be to warrant adoption and utilization? Tentative guidelines for using clinical and economic evaluations. CMAJ 1992; 146: 473481.
  • 33
    Sarasin FP, Giostra E, Hadengue A. Cost-effectiveness of screening for detection of small hepatocellular carcinoma in western patients with Child-Pugh class A cirrhosis. Am J Med 1996; 101: 422434.
  • 34
    Arguedas MR, Chen VK, Eloubeidi MA, Fallon MB. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C cirrhosis: a cost-utility analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98679690.
  • 35
    Lin OS, Keeffe EB, Sanders GD, Owens DK. Cost-effectiveness of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis due to chronic hepatitis C. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 19: 11591172.
  • 36
    Beasley RP, Hwang LY, Lin CC, Chien CS. Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus. A prospective study of 22 707 men in Taiwan. Lancet 1981; 2: 11291133.
  • 37
    Koike K, Tsutsumi T, Fujie H, Shintani Y, Kyoji M. Molecular mechanism of viral hepatocarcinogenesis. Oncology 2002; 62(Suppl 1): 2937.
  • 38
    Beasley RP. Hepatitis B virus as the etiologic agent in hepatocellular carcinoma. HEPATOLOGY 1982; 2(Suppl): 21S26S.
  • 39
    Sakuma K, Saitoh N, Kasai M, Jitsukawa H, Yoshino I, Yamaguchi M et al. Relative risks of death due to liver disease among Japanese male adults having various statuses for hepatitis B s and e antigen/antibody in serum: a prospective study. HEPATOLOGY 1988; 8: 16421646.
  • 40
    Villeneuve JP, Desrochers M, Infante-Rivard C, Willems B, Raymond G, Bourcier M et al. A long-term follow-up study of asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen-positive carriers in Montreal. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 10001005.
  • 41
    McMahon BJ, Alberts SR, Wainwright RB, Bulkow L, Lanier AP. Hepatitis B-related sequelae. Prospective study of 1400 hepatitis B surface antigen-positive Alaska native carriers. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 10511054.
  • 42
    Sherman M, Peltekian KM, Lee C. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus: incidence and prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in a North American urban population. HEPATOLOGY 1995; 22: 432438.
  • 43
    Fattovich G, Brollo L, Giustina G, Noventa F, Pontisso P, Alberti A, et al. Natural history and prognostic factors for chronic hepatitis type B. Gut 1991; 32: 294298.
  • 44
    Manno M, Camma C, Schepis F, Bassi F, Gelmini R, Giannini F et al. Natural history of chronic HBV carriers in northern Italy: morbidity and mortality after 30 years. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: 756763.
  • 45
    Hsu YS, Chien RN, Yeh CT, Sheen IS, Chiou HY, Chu CM, et al. Long-term outcome after spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion in patients with chronic hepatitis B. HEPATOLOGY 2002; 35: 15221527.
  • 46
    de Franchis R, Meucci G, Vecchi M, Tatarella M, Colombo M, Del Ninno E, et al. The natural history of asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 191194.
  • 47
    Sanchez-Tapias JM, Costa J, Mas A, Bruguera M, Rodes J. Influence of hepatitis B virus genotype on the long-term outcome of chronic hepatitis B in western patients. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 18481856.
  • 48
    Fattovich G. Natural history of hepatitis B. J Hepatol 2003; 39(Suppl 1): S50S58.
  • 49
    Yang HI, Lu SN, Liaw YF, You SL, Sun CA, Wang LY, et al. Hepatitis B e antigen and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 168174.
  • 50
    Evans AA, Chen G, Ross EA, Shen FM, Lin WY, London WT. Eight-year follow-up of the 90,000-person Haimen City cohort: I. Hepatocellular carcinoma mortality, risk factors, and gender differences. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002; 11: 369376.
  • 51
    Huo TI, Wu JC, Lee PC, Chau GY, Lui WY, Tsay SH, et al. Sero-clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen in chronic carriers does not necessarily imply a good prognosis. HEPATOLOGY 1998; 28: 231236.
  • 52
    Yuen MF, Wong DK, Sablon E, Tse E, Ng IO, Yuan HJ et al. HBsAg seroclearance in chronic hepatitis B in the Chinese: virological, histological, and clinical aspects. HEPATOLOGY 2004; 39: 16941701.
  • 53
    Fattovich G, Giustina G, Realdi G, Corrocher R, Schalm SW. Long-term outcome of hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients with compensated cirrhosis treated with interferon alfa. European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (EUROHEP). HEPATOLOGY 1997; 26: 13381342.
  • 54
    Fattovich G, Giustina G, Sanchez-Tapias J, Quero C, Mas A, Olivotto PG et al. Delayed clearance of serum HBsAg in compensated cirrhosis B: relation to interferon alpha therapy and disease prognosis. European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (EUROHEP) [see comments]. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93: 896900.
    Direct Link:
  • 55
    Yu MW, Chang HC, Liaw YF, Lin SM, Lee SD, Liu CJ, et al. Familial risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among chronic hepatitis B carriers and their relatives. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 11591164.
  • 56
    Kew MC, Marcus R, Geddes EW. Some characteristics of Mozambican Shangaans with primary hepatocellular cancer. S Afr Med J 1977; 51: 306309.
  • 57
    Kew MC, Macerollo P. Effect of age on the etiologic role of the hepatitis B virus in hepatocellular carcinoma in blacks. Gastroenterology 1988; 94: 439442.
  • 58
    Bellentani S, Dal Morin G, Miglioli L, Croce L, Masutti F, Castiglione A. Natural history of HBV infection: a nine year follow-up of the Dionysius cohort. J Hepatology 2002; 36: 228S.
  • 59
    Fattovich G, Giustina G, Degos F, Tremolada F, Diodati G, Almasio P et al. Morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type C: a retrospective follow-up study of 384 patients. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 463472.
  • 60
    Niederau C, Lange S, Heintges T, Erhardt A, Buschkamp M, Hurter D, et al. Prognosis of chronic hepatitis C: results of a large, prospective cohort study. HEPATOLOGY 1998; 28: 16871695.
  • 61
    Niederau C, Heintges T, Lange S, Goldmann G, Niederau CM, Mohr L et al. Long-term follow-up of HBeAg-positive patients treated with interferon alfa for chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 14221427.
  • 62
    Degos F, Christidis C, Ganne-Carrie N, Farmachidi JP, Degott C, Guettier C, et al. Hepatitis C virus related cirrhosis: time to occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma and death. Gut 2000; 47: 131136.
  • 63
    Sun CA, Wu DM, Lin CC, Lu SN, You SL, Wang LY et al. Incidence and cofactors of hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study of 12,008 men in Taiwan. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157: 674682.
  • 64
    Yoshida H, Shiratori Y, Moriyama M, Arakawa Y, Ide T, Sata M, et al. Interferon therapy reduces the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma: national surveillance program of cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C in Japan. IHIT Study Group. Inhibition of Hepatocarcinogenesis by Interferon Therapy. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131: 174181.
  • 65
    Imbert-Bismut F, Ratziu V, Pieroni L, Charlotte F, Benhamou Y, Poynard T. Biochemical markers of liver fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C virus infection: a prospective study. Lancet 2001; 357: 10691075.
  • 66
    Forns X, Ampurdanes S, Llovet JM, Aponte J, Quinto L, Martinez-Bauer E, et al. Identification of chronic hepatitis C patients without hepatic fibrosis by a simple predictive model. HEPATOLOGY 2002; 36(4 Pt 1): 986-992.
  • 67
    Callewaert N, Van Vlierberghe H, Van Hecke A, Laroy W, Delanghe J, Contreras R. Noninvasive diagnosis of liver cirrhosis using DNA sequencer-based total serum protein glycomics. Nat Med 2004; 10: 429434.
  • 68
    Moriyama M, Matsumura H, Aoki H, Shimizu T, Nakai K, Saito T, et al. Long-term outcome, with monitoring of platelet counts, in patients with chronic hepatitis C and liver cirrhosis after interferon therapy. Intervirology 2003; 46: 296307.
  • 69
    Velazquez RF, Rodriguez M, Navascues CA, Linares A, Perez R, Sotorrios NG, et al. Prospective analysis of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with liver cirrhosis. HEPATOLOGY 2003; 37: 520527.
  • 70
    Giannini E, Risso D, Botta F, Chiarbonello B, Fasoli A, Malfatti F, et al. Validity and clinical utility of the aspartate aminotransferase-alanine aminotransferase ratio in assessing disease severity and prognosis in patients with hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 218224.
  • 71
    Pineda JA, Romero-Gomez M, Diaz-Garcia F, Giron-Gonzalez JA, Montero JL, Torre-Cisneros J, et al. HIV coinfection shortens the survival of patients with hepatitis C virus-related decompensated cirrhosis. HEPATOLOGY 2005; 41: 779789.
  • 72
    Giordano TP, Kramer JR, Souchek J, Richardson P, El Serag HB. Cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-infected veterans with and without the hepatitis C virus: a cohort study, 1992-2001. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 23492354.
  • 73
    Rosenthal E, Poiree M, Pradier C, Perronne C, Salmon-Ceron D, Geffray L, et al. Mortality due to hepatitis C-related liver disease in HIV-infected patients in France (Mortavic 2001 study). AIDS 2003; 17: 18031809.
  • 74
    Puoti M, Bruno R, Soriano V, Donato F, Gaeta GB, Quinzan GP, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-infected patients: epidemiological features, clinical presentation and outcome. AIDS 2004; 18: 22852293.
  • 75
    Coelho-Little ME, Jeffers LJ, Bernstein DE, Goodman JJ, Reddy KR, De Medina M, et al. Hepatitis C virus in alcoholic patients with and without clinically apparent liver disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1995; 19: 11731176.
  • 76
    Befrits R, Hedman M, Blomquist L, Allander T, Grillner L, Kinnman N, et al. Chronic hepatitis C in alcoholic patients: prevalence, genotypes, and correlation to liver disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1995; 30: 11131118.
  • 77
    Bode JC, Alscher DM, Wisser H, Bode C. Detection of hepatitis C virus antibodies and hepatitis C virus RNA in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol Alcohol 1995; 30: 97103.
  • 78
    Hassan MM, Hwang LY, Hatten CJ, Swaim M, Li D, Abbruzzese JL et al. Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: synergism of alcohol with viral hepatitis and diabetes mellitus. HEPATOLOGY 2002; 36: 12061213.
  • 79
    Schoniger-Hekele M, Muller C, Kutilek M, Oesterreicher C, Ferenci P, Gangl A. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Austria: aetiological and clinical characteristics at presentation. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000; 12: 941948.
  • 80
    El Serag HB, Mason AC. Risk factors for the rising rates of primary liver cancer in the United States. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 32273230.
  • 81
    Adami HO, Chow WH, Nyren O, Berne C, Linet MS, Ekbom A, et al. Excess risk of primary liver cancer in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88: 14721477.
  • 82
    Bugianesi E, Leone N, Vanni E, Marchesini G, Brunello F, Carucci P et al. Expanding the natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: From cryptogenic cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 134140.
  • 83
    Shimada M, Hashimoto E, Taniai M, Hasegawa K, Okuda H, Hayashi N, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2002; 37: 154160.
  • 84
    Elmberg M, Hultcrantz R, Ekbom A, Brandt L, Olsson S, Olsson R, et al. Cancer risk in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis and in their first-degree relatives. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 17331741.
  • 85
    Hsing AW, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH, Mellemkjar L, Wacholder S, Fraumeni JF Jr. Cancer risk following primary hemochromatosis: a population-based cohort study in Denmark. Int J Cancer 1995; 60: 160162.
  • 86
    Fracanzani AL, Conte D, Fraquelli M, Taioli E, Mattioli M, Losco A, et al. Increased cancer risk in a cohort of 230 patients with hereditary hemochromatosis in comparison to matched control patients with non-iron- related chronic liver disease. HEPATOLOGY 2001; 33: 647651.
  • 87
    Caballeria L, Pares A, Castells A, Gines A, Bru C, Rodes J. Hepatocellular carcinoma in primary biliary cirrhosis: similar incidence to that in hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 11601163.
  • 88
    Elzouki AN, Eriksson S. Risk of hepatobiliary disease in adults with severe alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (PiZZ): is chronic viral hepatitis B or C an additional risk factor for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 8: 989994.
  • 89
    Eriksson S, Carlson J, Velez R. Risk of cirrhosis and primary liver cancer in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 736739.
  • 90
    Fattovich G, Giustina G, Degos F, Diodati G, Tremolada F, Nevens F et al. Effectiveness of interferon alfa on incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and decompensation in cirrhosis type C. European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (EUROHEP). J Hepatol 1997; 27: 201205.
  • 91
    Benvegnu L, Chemello L, Noventa F, Fattovich G, Pontisso P, Alberti A. Retrospective analysis of the effect of interferon therapy on the clinical outcome of patients with viral cirrhosis. Cancer 1998; 83: 901909.
  • 92
    Lin SM, Sheen IS, Chien RN, Chu CM, Liaw YF. Long-term beneficial effect of interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. HEPATOLOGY 1999; 29: 971975.
  • 93
    Yuen MF, Hui CK, Cheng CC, Wu CH, Lai YP, Lai CL. Long-term follow-up of interferon alfa treatment in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B infection: The effect on hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion and the development of cirrhosis-related complications. HEPATOLOGY 2001; 34: 139145.
  • 94
    Liaw YF, Sung JJ, Chow WC, Farrell G, Lee CZ, Yuen H, et al. Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 15211531.
  • 95
    Nishiguchi S, Shiomi S, Nakatani S, Takeda T, Fukuda K, Tamori A, et al. Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic active hepatitis C and cirrhosis. Lancet 2001; 357: 196197.
  • 96
    Valla DC, Chevallier M, Marcellin P, Payen JL, Trepo C, Fonck M, et al. Treatment of hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis: a randomized, controlled trial of interferon alfa-2b versus no treatment. HEPATOLOGY 1999; 29: 18701875.
  • 97
    Camma C, Giunta M, Andreone P, Craxi A. Interferon and prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in viral cirrhosis: an evidence-based approach. J Hepatol 2001; 34: 593602.
  • 98
    HCC-Int.Interferon-alpha StudyGroup. Effect of interferon-alpha on progression of cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective cohort study. International Interferon-alpha Hepatocellular Carcinoma Study Group. Lancet 1998; 351: 15351539.
  • 99
    Hayashi K, Kumada T, Nakano S, Takeda I, Kiriyama S, Sone Y, et al. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C after interferon therapy. Hepatogastroenterology 2002; 49: 508512.
  • 100
    Ikeda K, Saitoh S, Kobayashi M, Suzuki Y, Suzuki F, Tsubota A, et al. Long-term interferon therapy for 1 year or longer reduces the hepatocellular carcinogenesis rate in patients with liver cirrhosis caused by hepatitis C virus: a pilot study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 16: 406415.
  • 101
    Tanaka H, Tsukuma H, Kasahara A, Hayashi N, Yoshihara H, Masuzawa M, et al. Effect of interferon therapy on the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and mortality of patients with chronic hepatitis C: a retrospective cohort study of 738 patients. Int J Cancer 2000; 87: 741749.
  • 102
    Okanoue T, Itoh Y, Minami M, Sakamoto S, Yasui K, Sakamoto M, et al. Interferon therapy lowers the rate of progression to hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C but not significantly in an advanced stage: a retrospective study in 1148 patients. Viral Hepatitis Therapy Study Group. J Hepatol 1999; 30: 653659.
  • 103
    Toyoda H, Kumada T, Nakano S, Takeda I, Sugiyama K, Kiriyama S, et al. Effect of the dose and duration of interferon-alpha therapy on the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in noncirrhotic patients with a nonsustained response to interferon for chronic hepatitis C. Oncology 2001; 61: 134142.
  • 104
    Oka H, Tamori A, Kuroki T, Kobayashi K, Yamamoto S. Prospective study of alpha-fetoprotein in cirrhotic patients monitored for development of hepatocellular carcinoma. HEPATOLOGY 1994; 19: 6166.
  • 105
    Zhang JY, Wang X, Han SG, Zhuang H. A case-control study of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in Henan, China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998; 59: 947951.
  • 106
    Colombo M, de Franchis R, Del Ninno E, Sangiovanni A, De Fazio C, Tommasini M, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Italian patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 675680.
  • 107
    Hytiroglou P, Theise ND, Schwartz M, Mor E, Miller C, Thung SN. Macroregenerative nodules in a series of adult cirrhotic liver explants: issues of classification and nomenclature. HEPATOLOGY 1995; 21: 703708.
  • 108
    Ganne-Carrie N, Chastang C, Chapel F, Munz C, Pateron D, Sibony M, et al. Predictive score for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and additional value of liver large cell dysplasia in Western patients with cirrhosis. HEPATOLOGY 1996; 23: 11121118.
  • 109
    Lee RG, Tsamandas AC, Demetris AJ. Large cell change (liver cell dysplasia) and hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: matched case-control study, pathological analysis, and pathogenetic hypothesis. HEPATOLOGY 1997; 26: 14151422.
  • 110
    Shibata M, Morizane T, Uchida T, Yamagami T, Onozuka Y, Nakano M, et al. Irregular regeneration of hepatocytes and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis with hepatitis-C-virus infection. Lancet 1998; 351: 17731777.
  • 111
    Tiniakos DG, Brunt EM. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67 labeling in hepatocellular nodules: a comparative study. Liver 1999; 19: 5868.
  • 112
    Ballardini G, Groff P, Zoli M, Bianchi G, Giostra F, Francesconi R, et al. Increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma development in patients with cirrhosis and with high hepatocellular proliferation. J Hepatol 1994; 20: 218222.
  • 113
    Dutta U, Kench J, Byth K, Khan MH, Lin R, Liddle C, et al. Hepatocellular proliferation and development of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study in chronic hepatitis C. Hum Pathol 1998; 29: 12791284.
  • 114
    Borzio M, Trere D, Borzio F, Ferrari AR, Bruno S, Roncalli M, et al. Hepatocyte proliferation rate is a powerful parameter for predicting hepatocellular carcinoma development in liver cirrhosis. Mol Pathol 1998; 51: 96101.
  • 115
    Donato MF, Arosio E, Del Ninno E, Ronchi G, Lampertico P, Morabito A, et al. High rates of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients with high liver cell proliferative activity. HEPATOLOGY 2001; 34: 523528.
  • 116
    Saab S, Ly D, Nieto J, Kanwal F, Lu D, Raman S, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma screening in patients waiting for liver transplantation: a decision analytic model. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: 672681.
  • 117
    Llovet JM, Mas X, Aponte JJ, Fuster J, Navasa M, Christensen E, et al. Cost effectiveness of adjuvant therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma during the waiting list for liver transplantation. Gut 2002; 50: 123128.
  • 118
    Trevisani F, D'Intino PE, Morselli-Labate AM, Mazzella G, Accogli E, Caraceni P, et al. Serum alpha-fetoprotein for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease: influence of HBsAg and anti-HCV status. J Hepatol 2001; 34: 570575.
  • 119
    Pateron D, Ganne N, Trinchet JC, Aurousseau MH, Mal F, Meicler C et al. Prospective study of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in Caucasian patients with cirrhosis [see comments]. J Hepatol 1994; 20: 6571.
  • 120
    Zoli M, Magalotti D, Bianchi G, Gueli C, Marchesini G, Pisi E. Efficacy of a surveillance program for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1996; 78: 977985.
  • 121
    Izuno K, Fujiyama S, Yamasaki K, Sato M, Sato T. Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with cirrhosis by combined assay of des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin and alpha-fetoprotein: a prospective study. Hepatogastroenterology 1995; 42: 387393.
  • 122
    Sherman M. Alphafetoprotein: An obituary. J Hepatol 2001; 34: 603605.
  • 123
    Grazi GL, Mazziotti A, Legnani C, Jovine E, Miniero R, Gallucci A, et al. The role of tumor markers in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, with special reference to the des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin. Liver Transpl Surg 1995; 1: 249255.
  • 124
    Tsai SL, Huang GT, Yang PM, Sheu JC, Sung JL, Chen DS. Plasma des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin in the early stage of hepatocellular carcinoma. HEPATOLOGY 1990; 11: 481488.
  • 125
    Suehiro T, Sugimachi K, Matsumata T, Itasaka H, Taketomi A, Maeda T. Protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist II as a prognostic marker in hepatocellular carcinoma. Comparison with alpha-fetoprotein. Cancer 1994; 73: 24642471.
  • 126
    Marrero JA, Su GL, Wei W, Emick D, Conjeevaram HS, Fontana RJ et al. Des-gamma carboxyprothrombin can differentiate hepatocellular carcinoma from nonmalignant chronic liver disease in American patients. HEPATOLOGY 2003; 37: 11141121.
  • 127
    Koike Y, Shiratori Y, Sato S, Obi S, Teratani T, Imamura M, et al. Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin as a useful predisposing factor for the development of portal venous invasion in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective analysis of 227 patients. Cancer 2001; 91: 561569.
  • 128
    Yamashita F, Tanaka M, Satomura S, Tanikawa K. Monitoring of lectin-reactive alpha-fetoproteins in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated using transcatheter arterial embolization. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995; 7: 627633.
  • 129
    Hayashi K, Kumada T, Nakano S, Takeda I, Sugiyama K, Kiriyama S et al. Usefulness of measurement of Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive fraction of alpha-fetoprotein as a marker of prognosis and recurrence of small hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 30283033.
  • 130
    Okuda K, Tanaka M, Kanazawa N, Nagashima J, Satomura S, Kinoshita et al. Evaluation of curability and prediction of prognosis after surgical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma by lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein. Int J Oncol 1999; 14: 265271.
  • 131
    Kumada T, Nakano S, Takeda I, Kiriyama S, Sone Y, Hayashi et al. Clinical utility of Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive alpha- fetoprotein in small hepatocellular carcinoma: special reference to imaging diagnosis. J Hepatol 1999; 30: 125130.
  • 132
    Sato Y, Nakata K, Kato Y, Shima M, Ishii N, Koji T, et al. Early recognition of hepatocellular carcinoma based on altered profiles of alpha-fetoprotein. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 18021806.
  • 133
    Shiraki K, Takase K, Tameda Y, Hamada M, Kosaka Y, Nakano T. A clinical study of lectin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein as an early indicator of hepatocellular carcinoma in the follow-up of cirrhotic patients. HEPATOLOGY 1995; 22: 802807.
  • 134
    Taketa K, Endo Y, Sekiya C, Tanikawa K, Koji T, Taga H, et al. A collaborative study for the evaluation of lectin-reactive alpha- fetoproteins in early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 54195423.
  • 135
    Ishizuka H, Nakayama T, Matsuoka S, Gotoh I, Ogawa M, Suzuki K et al. Prediction of the development of hepato-cellular-carcinoma in patients with liver cirrhosis by the serial determinations of serum alpha-L-fucosidase activity. Intern Med 1999; 38: 927931.
  • 136
    Giardina MG, Matarazzo M, Morante R, Lucariello A, Varriale A, Guardasole V, et al. Serum alpha-L-fucosidase activity and early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study of patients with cirrhosis. Cancer 1998; 83: 24682474.
  • 137
    Capurro M, Wanless IR, Sherman M, Deboer G, Shi W, Miyoshi E, et al. Glypican-3: a novel serum and histochemical marker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 8997.
  • 138
    Nakatsura T, Yoshitake Y, Senju S, Monji M, Komori H, Motomura Y, et al. Glypican-3, overexpressed specifically in human hepatocellular carcinoma, is a novel tumor marker. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 306: 1625.
  • 139
    Paradis V, Degos F, Dargere D, Pham N, Belghiti J, Degott C, et al. Identification of a new marker of hepatocellular carcinoma by serum protein profiling of patients with chronic liver diseases. HEPATOLOGY 2005; 41: 4047.
  • 140
    Sherman M. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 1999; 13: 623635.
  • 141
    Chen TH, Chen CJ, Yen MF, Lu SN, Sun CA, Huang GT, et al. Ultrasound screening and risk factors for death from hepatocellular carcinoma in a high risk group in Taiwan. Int J Cancer 2002; 98: 257261.
  • 142
    Larcos G, Sorokopud H, Berry G, Farrell GC. Sonographic screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis: an evaluation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998; 171: 433435.
  • 143
    Bartolozzi C, Lencioni R. In: BartolozziC, LencioniR, eds. Liver Malignancies. Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1999.
  • 144
    Zhang B, Yang B. Combined alpha fetoprotein testing and ultrasonography as a screening test for primary liver cancer. J Med Screen 1999; 6: 108110.
  • 145
    Kobayashi K, Sugimoto T, Makino H, Kumagai M, Unoura M, Tanaka N, et al. Screening methods for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. HEPATOLOGY 1985; 5: 11001105.
  • 146
    Takayasu K, Moriyama N, Muramatsu Y, Makuuchi M, Hasegawa H, Okazaki N, et al. The diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinomas: efficacy of various imaging procedures in 100 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1990; 155: 4954.
  • 147
    Miller WJ, Baron RL, Dodd GD, III, Federle MP. Malignancies in patients with cirrhosis: CT sensitivity and specificity in 200 consecutive transplant patients. Radiology 1994; 193: 645650.
  • 148
    Trevisani F, De NS, Rapaccini G, Farinati F, Benvegnu L, Zoli M, et al. Semiannual and annual surveillance of cirrhotic patients for hepatocellular carcinoma: effects on cancer stage and patient survival (Italian experience). Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 734744.
    Direct Link:
  • 149
    Santagostino E, Colombo M, Rivi M, Rumi MG, Rocino A, Linari S et al. A 6-month versus a 12-month surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in 559 hemophiliacs infected with the hepatitis C virus. Blood 2003; 102: 7882.
  • 150
    Nakashima T, Kojiro M. Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Tokyo: Springer Verlag, 1987.
  • 151
    Torzilli G, Minagawa M, Takayama T, Inoue K, Hui AM, Kubota K, et al. Accurate preoperative evaluation of liver mass lesions without fine-needle biopsy. HEPATOLOGY 1999; 30: 889893.
  • 152
    Levy I, Greig PD, Gallinger S, Langer B, Sherman M. Resection of hepatocellular carcinoma without preoperative tumor biopsy. Ann Surg 2001; 234: 206209.
  • 153
    Quaia E, Calliada F, Bertolotto M, Rossi S, Garioni L, Rosa L, et al. Characterization of focal liver lesions with contrast-specific US modes and a sulfur hexafluoride-filled microbubble contrast agent: diagnostic performance and confidence. Radiology 2004; 232: 420430.
  • 154
    Nicolau C, Catala V, Vilana R, Gilabert R, Bianchi L, Sole M, et al. Evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma using SonoVue, a second generation ultrasound contrast agent: correlation with cellular differentiation. Eur Radiol 2004; 14: 10921099.
  • 155
    Gaiani S, Celli N, Piscaglia F, Cecilioni L, Losinno F, Giangregorio F, et al. Usefulness of contrast-enhanced perfusional sonography in the assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma hypervascular at spiral computed tomography. J Hepatol 2004; 41: 421426.
  • 156
    Bizollon T, Rode A, Bancel B, Gueripel V, Ducerf C, Baulieux J, et al. Diagnostic value and tolerance of Lipiodol-computed tomography for the detection of small hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation with pathologic examination of explanted livers. J Hepatol 1998; 28: 491496.
  • 157
    Kojiro M. Focus on dysplastic nodules and early hepatocellular carcinoma: an Eastern point of view. Liver Transpl 2004; 10(2 Suppl 1 ): S3S8.
  • 158
    Caturelli E, Solmi L, Anti M, Fusilli S, Roselli P, Andriulli A, et al. Ultrasound guided fine needle biopsy of early hepatocellular carcinoma complicating liver cirrhosis: a multicentre study. Gut 2004; 53: 13561362.
  • 159
    Takayama T, Makuuchi M, Hirohashi S, Sakamoto M, Yamamoto J, Shimada K, et al. Early hepatocellular carcinoma as an entity with a high rate of surgical cure. HEPATOLOGY 1998; 28: 12411246.
  • 160
    Sakamoto M, Hirohashi S. Natural history and prognosis of adenomatous hyperplasia and early hepatocellular carcinoma: multi-institutional analysis of 53 nodules followed up for more than 6 months and 141 patients with single early hepatocellular carcinoma treated by surgical resection or percutaneous ethanol injection. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1998; 28: 604608.
  • 161
    Nakashima Y, Nakashima O, Tanaka M, Okuda K, Nakashima M, Kojiro M. Portal vein invasion and intrahepatic micrometastasis in small hepatocellular carcinoma by gross type. Hepatol Res 2003; 26: 142147.
  • 162
    Mueller GC, Hussain HK, Carlos RC, Nghiem HV, Francis IR. Effectiveness of MR imaging in characterizing small hepatic lesions: routine versus expert interpretation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003; 180: 673680.
  • 163
    Martin J, Puig J, Darnell A, Donoso L. Magnetic resonance of focal liver lesions in hepatic cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2002; 23: 6278.
  • 164
    Yu JS, Kim KW, Kim EK, Lee JT, Yoo HS. Contrast enhancement of small hepatocellular carcinoma: usefulness of three successive early image acquisitions during multiphase dynamic MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999; 173: 597604.
  • 165
    Burrel M, Llovet JM, Ayuso C, Iglesias C, Sala M, Miquel R, et al. MRI angiography is superior to helical CT for detection of HCC prior to liver transplantation: An explant correlation. HEPATOLOGY 2003; 38: 10341042.
  • 166
    Shimizu A, Ito K, Koike S, Fujita T, Shimizu K, Matsunaga N. Cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis: evaluation of small (<or=2-cm) early-enhancing hepatic lesions with serial contrast-enhanced dynamic MR imaging. Radiology 2003; 226: 550555.
  • 167
    Sala M, Llovet JM, Vilana R, Bianchi L, Sole M, Ayuso C, et al. Initial response to percutaneous ablation predicts survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. HEPATOLOGY 2004; 40: 13521360.
  • 168
    Iwasaki M, Furuse J, Yoshino M, Ryu M, Moriyama N, Mukai K. Sonographic appearances of small hepatic nodules without tumor stain on contrast-enhanced computed tomography and angiography. J Clin Ultrasound 1998; 26: 303307.
  • 169
    Jeong YY, Mitchell DG, Kamishima T. Small (<20 mm) enhancing hepatic nodules seen on arterial phase MR imaging of the cirrhotic liver: clinical implications. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002; 178: 13271334.
  • 170
    Fracanzani AL, Burdick L, Borzio M, Roncalli M, Bonelli N, Borzio F, et al. Contrast-enhanced doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma and premalignant lesions in patients with cirrhosis. HEPATOLOGY 2001; 34: 11091112.
  • 171
    Takayama T, Makuuchi M, Hirohashi S, Sakamoto M, Okazaki N, Takayasu K, et al. Malignant transformation of adenomatous hyperplasia to hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 1990; 336: 11501153.
  • 172
    Fleming ID. AJCC/TNM cancer staging, present and future. J Surg Oncol 2001; 77: 233236.
  • 173
    Okuda K, Ohtsuki T, Obata H, Tomimatsu M, Okazaki N, Hasegawa H, et al. Natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma and prognosis in relation to treatment. Study of 850 patients. Cancer 1985; 56: 918928.
  • 174
    GreeneFL, PageDL, FlemingID, FritzAG, BalckCM, HallerDG, MorrowM, eds. AJCC. Cancer Staging Handbook. New York: Springer Verlag, 2002.
  • 175
    Vauthey JN, Lauwers GY, Esnaola NF, Do KA, Belghiti J, Mirza N, et al. Simplified staging for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 15271536.
  • 176
    Pugh RN, Murray-Lyon IM, Dawson JL, Pietroni MC, Williams R. Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices. Br J Surg 1973; 60: 646649.
  • 177
    Kamath PS, Wiesner RH, Malinchoc M, Kremers W, Therneau TM, Kosberg CL, et al. A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. HEPATOLOGY 2001; 33: 464470.
  • 178
    Christensen E. Prognostic models including the Child-Pugh, MELD and Mayo risk scores—where are we and where should we go? J Hepatol 2004; 41: 344350.
  • 179
    Calvet X, Bruix J, Gines P, Bru C, Sole M, Vilana R, et al. Prognostic factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in the west: a multivariate analysis in 206 patients. HEPATOLOGY 1990; 12(4 Pt 1): 753760.
  • 180
    Chevret S, Trinchet JC, Mathieu D, Rached AA, Beaugrand M, Chastang C. A new prognostic classification for predicting survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Groupe d'Etude et de Traitement du Carcinome Hepatocellulaire. J Hepatol 1999; 31: 133141.
  • 181
    The Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) investigators. A new prognostic system for hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study of 435 patients. HEPATOLOGY 1998; 28: 751755.
  • 182
    Schoniger-Hekele M, Muller C, Kutilek M, Oesterreicher C, Ferenci P, Gangl A. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Central Europe: prognostic features and survival. Gut 2001; 48: 103109.
  • 183
    Leung TW, Tang AM, Zee B, Lau WY, Lai PB, Leung KL, et al. Construction of the Chinese University Prognostic Index for hepatocellular carcinoma and comparison with the TNM staging system, the Okuda staging system, and the Cancer of the Liver Italian Program staging system: a study based on 926 patients. Cancer 2002; 94: 17601769.
  • 184
    Kudo M, Chung H, Osaki Y. Prognostic staging system for hepatocellular carcinoma (CLIP score): its value and limitations, and a proposal for a new staging system, the Japan Integrated Staging Score (JIS score). J Gastroenterol 2003; 38: 207215.
  • 185
    Omagari K, Honda S, Kadokawa Y, Isomoto H, Takeshima F, Hayashida K, et al. Preliminary analysis of a newly proposed prognostic scoring system (SLiDe score) for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 19: 805811.
  • 186
    Marrero JA, Fontana RJ, Barrat A, Askari F, Conjeevaram HS, Su GL, et al. Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of 7 staging systems in an American cohort. HEPATOLOGY 2005; 41: 707716.
  • 187
    Grieco A, Pompili M, Caminiti G, Miele L, Covino M, Alfei B, et al. Prognostic factors for survival in patients with early-intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing non-surgical therapy: comparison of Okuda, CLIP, and BCLC staging systems in a single Italian centre. Gut 2005; 54: 411418.
  • 188
    Bruix J, Boix L, Sala M, Llovet JM. Focus on hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Cell 2004; 5: 215219.
  • 189
    Conill C, Verger E, Salamero M. Performance status assessment in cancer patients. Cancer 1990; 65: 18641866.
  • 190
    Verger E, Salamero M, Conill C. Can Karnofsky performance status be transformed to the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group scoring scale and vice versa? Eur J Cancer 1992; 28A: 13281330.
  • 191
    Sorensen JB, Klee M, Palshof T, Hansen HH. Performance status assessment in cancer patients. An inter-observer variability study. Br J Cancer 1993; 67: 773775.
  • 192
    Llovet JM, Bruix J. Systematic review of randomized trials for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Chemoembolization improves survival. HEPATOLOGY 2003; 37: 429442.
  • 193
    Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, Andreola S, Pulvirenti A, Bozzetti F, et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 693699.
  • 194
    Bruix J, Llovet JM, Castells A, Montana X, Bru C, Ayuso MC, et al. Transarterial embolization versus symptomatic treatment in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a randomized, controlled trial in a single institution. HEPATOLOGY 1998; 27: 15781583.
  • 195
    Raoul JL, Guyader D, Bretagne JF, Heautot JF, Duvauferrier R, Bourguet P, et al. Prospective randomized trial of chemoembolization versus intra-arterial injection of 131I-labeled-iodized oil in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. HEPATOLOGY 1997; 26: 11561161.
  • 196
    Nerenstone SR, Ihde DC, Friedman MA. Clinical trials in primary hepatocellular carcinoma: current status and future directions. Cancer Treat Rev 1988; 15: 131.
  • 197
    Okada S, Okazaki N, Nose H, Yoshimori M, Aoki K. Prognostic factors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma receiving systemic chemotherapy. HEPATOLOGY 1992; 16: 112117.
  • 198
    Grimaldi C, Bleiberg H, Gay F, Messner M, Rougier P, Kok TC, et al. Evaluation of antiandrogen therapy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer multicentric double-blind trial. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 411417.
  • 199
    Randomized trial of leuprorelin and flutamide in male patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with tamoxifen. HEPATOLOGY 2004; 40: 13611369.
  • 200
    Yuen MF, Poon RT, Lai CL, Fan ST, Lo CM, Wong KW, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled study of long-acting octreotide for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. HEPATOLOGY 2002; 36: 687691.
  • 201
    Fong Y, Sun RL, Jarnagin W, Blumgart LH. An analysis of 412 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma at a Western center. Ann Surg 1999; 229: 790799.
  • 202
    Grazi GL, Ercolani G, Pierangeli F, Del Gaudio M, Cescon M, Cavallari A, et al. Improved results of liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis give the procedure added value. Ann Surg 2001; 234: 7178.
  • 203
    D'Amico G, Morabito A, Pagliaro L, Marubini E. Survival and prognostic indicators in compensated and decompensated cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 1986; 31: 468475.
  • 204
    Gines P, Quintero E, Arroyo V, Teres J, Bruguera M, Rimola A, et al. Compensated cirrhosis: natural history and prognostic factors. HEPATOLOGY 1987; 7: 122128.
  • 205
    Torzilli G, Makuuchi M, Inoue K, Takayama T, Sakamoto Y, Sugawara Y, et al. No-mortality liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients: is there a way? A prospective analysis of our approach. Arch Surg 1999; 134: 984992.
  • 206
    Bruix J, Castells A, Bosch J, Feu F, Fuster J, Garcia-Pagan JC, et al. Surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients: prognostic value of preoperative portal pressure. Gastroenterology 1996; 111: 10181022.
  • 207
    Rees M, Plant G, Wells J, Bygrave S. One hundred and fifty hepatic resections: evolution of technique towards bloodless surgery. Br J Surg 1996; 83: 15261529.
  • 208
    Poon RT, Fan ST, Ng IO, Wong J. Significance of resection margin in hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma: A critical reappraisal. Ann Surg 2000; 231: 544551.
  • 209
    Okada S, Shimada K, Yamamoto J, Takayama T, Kosuge T, Yamasaki S, et al. Predictive factors for postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 16181624.
  • 210
    Yamasaki S, Hasegawa H, Kinoshita H, Furukawa M, Imaoka S, Takasaki K, et al. A prospective randomized trial of the preventive effect of pre- operative transcatheter arterial embolization against recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Jpn J Cancer Res 1996; 87: 206211.
  • 211
    Tanaka H, Hirohashi K, Kubo S, Shuto T, Higaki I, Kinoshita H. Preoperative portal vein embolization improves prognosis after right hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with impaired hepatic function. Br J Surg 2000; 87: 879882.
  • 212
    Farges O, Belghiti J, Kianmanesh R, Regimbeau JM, Santoro R, Vilgrain V, et al. Portal vein embolization before right hepatectomy: prospective clinical trial. Ann Surg 2003; 237: 208217.
  • 213
    Shirabe K, Kanematsu T, Matsumata T, Adachi E, Akazawa K, Sugimachi K. Factors linked to early recurrence of small hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy: univariate and multivariate analyses. HEPATOLOGY 1991; 14: 802805.
  • 214
    Adachi E, Maeda T, Matsumata T, Shirabe K, Kinukawa N, Sugimachi K, et al. Risk factors for intrahepatic recurrence in human small hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 768775.
  • 215
    Poon RT, Fan ST, Lo CM, Liu CL, Wong J. Intrahepatic recurrence after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term results of treatment and prognostic factors. Ann Surg 1999; 229: 216222.
  • 216
    Minagawa M, Makuuchi M, Takayama T, Kokudo N. Selection criteria for repeat hepatectomy in patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 2003; 238: 703710.
  • 217
    Chen YJ, Yeh SH, Chen JT, Wu CC, Hsu MT, Tsai SF, et al. Chromosomal changes and clonality relationship between primary and recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 431440.
  • 218
    Imamura H, Matsuyama Y, Tanaka E, Ohkubo T, Hasegawa K, Miyagawa S, et al. Risk factors contributing to early and late phase intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy. J Hepatol 2003; 38: 200207.
  • 219
    Nagasue N, Uchida M, Makino Y, Takemoto Y, Yamanoi A, Hayashi T, et al. Incidence and factors associated with intrahepatic recurrence following resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 488494.
  • 220
    Morimoto O, Nagano H, Sakon M, Fujiwara Y, Yamada T, Nakagawa H, et al. Diagnosis of intrahepatic metastasis and multicentric carcinogenesis by microsatellite loss of heterozygosity in patients with multiple and recurrent hepatocellular carcinomas. J Hepatol 2003; 39: 215221.
  • 221
    Schwartz JD, Schwartz M, Mandeli J, Sung M. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: review of the randomised clinical trials. Lancet Oncol 2002; 3: 593603.
  • 222
    Lau WY, Leung TW, Ho SK, Chan M, Machin D, Lau J, et al. Adjuvant intra-arterial iodine-131-labelled lipiodol for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 353: 797801.
  • 223
    Takayama T, Sekine T, Makuuchi M, Yamasaki S, Kosuge T, Yamamoto J, et al. Adoptive immunotherapy to lower postsurgical recurrence rates of hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised trial. Lancet 2000; 356: 802807.
  • 224
    Muto Y, Moriwaki H, Ninomiya M, Adachi S, Saito A, Takasaki KT. Prevention of second primary tumors by an acyclic retinoid, polyprenoic acid, in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 15611567.
  • 225
    Ikeda K, Arase Y, Saitoh S, Kobayashi M, Suzuki Y, Suzuki F, et al. Interferon beta prevents recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after complete resection or ablation of the primary tumor-A prospective randomized study of hepatitis C virus-related liver cancer. HEPATOLOGY 2000; 32: 228232.
  • 226
    Kubo S, Nishiguchi S, Hirohashi K, Tanaka H, Shuto T, Kinoshita H. Randomized clinical trial of long-term outcome after resection of hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma by postoperative interferon therapy. Br J Surg 2002; 89: 418422.
  • 227
    Golub TR, Slonim DK, Tamayo P, Huard C, Gaasenbeek M, Mesirov JP, et al. Molecular classification of cancer: class discovery and class prediction by gene expression monitoring. Science 1999; 286: 531537.
  • 228
    Khan J, Wei JS, Ringner M, Saal LH, Ladanyi M, Westermann F, et al. Classification and diagnostic prediction of cancers using gene expression profiling and artificial neural networks. Nat Med 2001; 7: 673679.
  • 229
    Rosenblatt KP, Bryant-Greenwood P, Killian JK, Mehta A, Geho D, Espina V, et al. Serum proteomics in cancer diagnosis and management. Annu Rev Med 2004; 55: 97112.
  • 230
    Iizuka N, Oka M, Yamada-Okabe H, Nishida M, Maeda Y, Mori N, et al. Oligonucleotide microarray for prediction of early intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection. Lancet 2003; 361: 923929.
  • 231
    Ye QH, Qin LX, Forgues M, He P, Kim JW, Peng AC, et al. Predicting hepatitis B virus-positive metastatic hepatocellular carcinomas using gene expression profiling and supervised machine learning. Nat Med 2003; 9: 416423.
  • 232
    Smith MW, Yue ZN, Geiss GK, Sadovnikova NY, Carter VS, Boix L, et al. Identification of novel tumor markers in hepatitis C virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 859864.
  • 233
    Llovet JM, Wurmbach E. Gene expression profiles in hepatocellular carcinoma: not yet there. J Hepatol 2004; 41: 336339.
  • 234
    Takayasu K, Muramatsu Y, Moriyama N, Hasegawa H, Makuuchi M, Okazaki N, et al. Clinical and radiologic assessments of the results of hepatectomy for small hepatocellular carcinoma and therapeutic arterial embolization for postoperative recurrence. Cancer 1989; 64: 18481852.
  • 235
    Majno PE, Sarasin FP, Mentha G, Hadengue A. Primary liver resection and salvage transplantation or primary liver transplantation in patients with single, small hepatocellular carcinoma and preserved liver function: An outcome-oriented decision analysis. HEPATOLOGY 2000; 31: 899906.
  • 236
    Sala M, Fuster J, Llovet JM, Navasa M, Sole M, Varela M, et al. High pathological risk of recurrence after surgical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: an indication for salvage liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: 12941300.
  • 237
    Ringe B, Pichlmayr R, Wittekind C, Tusch G. Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: experience with liver resection and transplantation in 198 patients. World J Surg 1991; 15: 270285.
  • 238
    Iwatsuki S, Gordon RD, Shaw BW Jr, Starzl TE. Role of liver transplantation in cancer therapy. Ann Surg 1985; 202: 401407.
  • 239
    Bismuth H, Chiche L, Adam R, Castaing D. Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: liver resection or transplantation? Transplant Proc 1993; 25(1 Pt 2): 10661067.
  • 240
    Llovet JM, Bruix J, Fuster J, Castells A, Garcia-Valdecasas JC, Grande L, et al. Liver transplantation for treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma: the tumor-node-metastasis classification does not have prognostic power. HEPATOLOGY 1998; 27: 15721577.
  • 241
    Marsh JW, Dvorchik I, Bonham CA, Iwatsuki S. Is the pathologic TNM staging system for patients with hepatoma predictive of outcome? Cancer 2000; 88: 538543.
  • 242
    Marsh JW, Dvorchick I. Liver organ allocation for hepatocellular carcinoma: are we sure? Liver Transpl 2003; 9: 693696.
  • 243
    Bruix J, Fuster J, Llovet JM. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: Foucault pendulum versus evidence-based decision. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: 700702.
  • 244
    Libbrecht L, Bielen D, Verslype C, Vanbeckevoort D, Pirenne J, Nevens F, et al. Focal lesions in cirrhotic explant livers: pathological evaluation and accuracy of pretransplantation imaging examinations. Liver Transpl 2002; 8: 749761.
  • 245
    Roayaie S, Frischer JS, Emre SH, Fishbein TM, Sheiner PA, Sung M, et al. Long-term results with multimodal adjuvant therapy and liver transplantation for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas larger than 5 centimeters. Ann Surg 2002; 235: 533539.
  • 246
    Neuberger J. Developments in liver transplantation. Gut 2004; 53: 759768.
  • 247
    Plessier A, Codes L, Consigny Y, Sommacale D, Dondero F, Cortes A, et al. Underestimation of the influence of satellite nodules as a risk factor for post-transplantation recurrence in patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 2004; 10(Suppl 2): S86S90.
  • 248
    Hsu HC, Wu TT, Wu MZ, Sheu JC, Lee CS, Chen DS. Tumor invasiveness and prognosis in resected hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinical and pathogenetic implications. Cancer 1988; 61: 20952099.
  • 249
    Wayne JD, Lauwers GY, Ikai I, Doherty DA, Belghiti J, Yamaoka Y, et al. Preoperative predictors of survival after resection of small hepatocellular carcinomas. Ann Surg 2002; 235: 722730.
  • 250
    Cillo U, Vitale A, Bassanello M, Boccagni P, Brolese A, Zanus G, et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of moderately or well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 2004; 239: 150159.
  • 251
    Yao FY, Bass NM, Nikolai B, Davern TJ, Kerlan R, Wu V, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: Analysis of survival according to the intention-to-treat principle and dropout from the waiting list. Liver Transpl 2002; 8: 873883.
  • 252
    Roayaie S, Haim MB, Emre S, Fishbein TM, Sheiner PA, Miller CM, et al. Comparison of surgical outcomes for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis B versus hepatitis C: a western experience. Ann Surg Oncol 2000; 7: 764770.
  • 253
    Freeman RB, Jr., Wiesner RH, Harper A, McDiarmid SV, Lake J, Edwards E, et al. The new liver allocation system: moving toward evidence-based transplantation policy. Liver Transpl 2002; 8: 851858.
  • 254
    Freeman RB, Wiesner RH, Edwards E, Harper A, Merion R, Wolfe R. Results of the first year of the new liver allocation plan. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: 715.
  • 255
    Sharma P, Balan V, Hernandez JL, Harper AM, Edwards EB, Rodriguez-Luna H, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: the MELD impact. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: 3641.
  • 256
    Stone MJ, Klintmalm G, Polter D, Husberg B, Egorin MJ. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and orthotopic liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Transplantation 1989; 48: 344347.
  • 257
    Holman M, Harrison D, Stewart A, Stone M, Goldstein R, Husberg B, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and orthotopic liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. N J Med 1995; 92: 519522.
  • 258
    Pokorny H, Gnant M, Rasoul-Rockenschaub S, Gollackner B, Steiner B, Steger G, et al. Does additional doxorubicin chemotherapy improve outcome in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by liver transplantation? Am J Transplant 2005; 5(4 Pt 1): 788794.
  • 259
    Majno PE, Adam R, Bismuth H, Castaing D, Ariche A, Krissat J, et al. Influence of preoperative transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization on resection and transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Ann Surg 1997; 226: 688701.
  • 260
    Llovet JM, Vilana R, Bru C, Bianchi L, Salmeron JM, Boix L, et al. Increased risk of tumor seeding after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for single hepatocellular carcinoma. HEPATOLOGY 2001; 33: 11241129.
  • 261
    Livraghi T, Solbiati L, Meloni MF, Gazelle GS, Halpern EF, Goldberg SN. Treatment of focal liver tumors with percutaneous radio-frequency ablation: complications encountered in a multicenter study. Radiology 2003; 226: 441451.
  • 262
    Trotter JF, Wachs M, Everson GT, Kam I. Adult-to-adult transplantation of the right hepatic lobe from a living donor. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 10741082.
  • 263
    Strong RW, Lynch SV, Ong TH, Matsunami H, Koido Y, Balderson GA. Successful liver transplantation from a living donor to her son. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 15051507.
  • 264
    Kawasaki S. Living-donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 2002; 49: 5355.
  • 265
    Steinmuller T, Pascher A, Sauer I, Theruvath T, Muller A, Settmacher U, et al. Living-donation liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: time to drop the limitations? Transplant Proc 2002; 34: 22632264.
  • 266
    Gondolesi GE, Roayaie S, Munoz L, Kim-Schluger L, Schiano T, Fishbein TM et al. Adult living donor liver transplantation for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: extending UNOS priority criteria. Ann Surg 2004; 239(2): 142149.
  • 267
    Todo S, Furukawa H. Living donor liver transplantation for adult patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: experience in Japan. Ann Surg 2004; 240(3): 451459.
  • 268
    Gaglio PJ, Malireddy S, Levitt BS, Lapointe–Rudow D, Lefkowitch J, Kinkhabwala M et al. Increased risk of cholestatic hepatitis C in recipients of grafts from living versus cadaveric liver donors. Liver Transpl 2003; 9(10): 10281035.
  • 269
    Forman LM, Trotter JF, Emond J. Living donor liver transplantation and hepatitis C. Liver Transpl 2004; 10(3): 347348.
  • 270
    Garcia-Retortillo M, Forns X, Llovet JM, Navasa M, Feliu A, Massaguer A et al. Hepatitis C recurrence is more severe after living donor compared to cadaveric liver transplantation. HEPATOLOGY 2004; 40(3): 699707.
  • 271
    Forman LM, Lewis JD, Berlin JA, Feldman HI, Lucey MR. The association between hepatitis C infection and survival after orthotopic liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 2002; 122(4): 889896.
  • 272
    Sarasin FP, Majno PE, Llovet JM, Bruix J, Mentha G, Hadengue A. Living donor liver transplantation for early hepatocellular carcinoma: A life-expectancy and cost-effectiveness perspective. HEPATOLOGY 2001; 33(5): 10731079.
  • 273
    Roche B, Samuel D. Liver transplantation for hepatitis B virus-related liver disease: indications, prevention of recurrence and results. J Hepatol 2003; 39 Suppl 1: S181S189.
  • 274
    Forns X, Garcia-Retortillo M, Serrano T, Feliu A, Suarez F, de la MM et al. Antiviral therapy of patients with decompensated cirrhosis to prevent recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2003; 39(3): 389396.
  • 275
    Berenguer M, Lopez-Labrador FX, Wright TL. Hepatitis C and liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2001; 35(5): 666678.
  • 276
    Sato S, Shiratori Y, Imamura M, Teratani T, Obi S, Koike Y et al. Power Doppler signals after percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma predict local recurrence of tumors: a prospective study using 199 consecutive patients. J Hepatol 2001; 35: 225234.
  • 277
    Shiina S, Tagawa K, Unuma T, Terano A. Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1990; 154: 947951.
  • 278
    Livraghi T, Giorgio A, Marin G, Salmi A, de Sio I, Bolondi L, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis in 746 patients: long-term results of percutaneous ethanol injection. Radiology 1995; 197: 101108.
  • 279
    Livraghi T, Bolondi L, Lazzaroni S, Marin G, Morabito A, Rapaccini GL, et al. Percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. A study on 207 patients. Cancer 1992; 69: 925929.
  • 280
    Vilana R, Bruix J, Bru C, Ayuso C, Sole M, Rodes J. Tumor size determines the efficacy of percutaneous ethanol injection for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma. HEPATOLOGY 1992; 16: 353357.
  • 281
    Ishii H, Okada S, Nose H, Okusaka T, Yoshimori M, Takayama T, et al. Local recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after percutaneous ethanol injection. Cancer 1996; 77(9): 17921796.
  • 282
    Okada S. Local ablation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 1999; 19(3): 323328.
  • 283
    Lencioni R, Vignali C, Caramella D, Cioni R, Mazzeo S, Bartolozzi C. Transcatheter arterial embolization followed by percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1994; 17(2): 7075.
  • 284
    Livraghi T, Goldberg SN, Lazzaroni S, Meloni F, Solbiati L, Gazelle GS. Small hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment with radio-frequency ablation versus ethanol injection. Radiology 1999; 210(3): 655661.
  • 285
    Lencioni RA, Allgaier HP, Cioni D, Olschewski M, Deibert P, Crocetti L et al. Small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: randomized comparison of radio-frequency thermal ablation versus percutaneous ethanol injection. Radiology 2003; 228(1): 235240.
  • 286
    Lin SM, Lin CJ, Lin CC, Hsu CW, Chen YC. Radiofrequency ablation improves prognosis compared with ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma </=4 cm. Gastroenterology 2004; 127(6): 17141723.
  • 287
    Shiina S, Teratani T, Obi S, Sato S, Tateishi R, Fujishima T et al. A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency ablation with ethanol injection for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2005; 129(1): 122130.
  • 288
    Giorgio A, Tarantino L, de Stefano G, Coppola C, Ferraioli G. Complications after percutaneous saline-enhanced radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors: 3-year experience with 336 patients at a single center. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 184(1): 207211.
  • 289
    Tateishi R, Shiina S, Teratani T, Obi S, Sato S, Koike Y et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. An analysis of 1000 cases. Cancer 2005; 103: 12011209.
  • 290
    Yamasaki T, Kurokawa F, Shirahashi H, Kusano N, Hironaka K, Okita K. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma during occlusion of hepatic blood flow. Comparison with standard percutaneous radiofrequency ablation therapy. Cancer 2002; 95: 23532360.
  • 291
    Okada S. Chemotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 1998; 45(Suppl 3): 12591263.
  • 292
    Kawai S, Tani M, Okamura J, Ogawa M, Ohashi Y, Monden M, et al. Prospective and randomized trial of lipiodol-transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a comparison of epirubicin and doxorubicin (second cooperative study). The Cooperative Study Group for Liver Cancer Treatment of Japan. Semin Oncol 1997; 24(2 Suppl 6 ): S6.
  • 293
    Raoul JL, Guyader D, Bretagne JF, Duvauferrier R, Bourguet P, Bekhechi D, et al. Randomized controlled trial for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein thrombosis: intra-arterial iodine-131-iodized oil versus medical support. J Nucl Med 1994; 35: 17821787.
  • 294
    Carr BI. Hepatic arterial 90Yttrium glass microspheres (Therasphere) for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: interim safety and survival data on 65 patients. Liver Transpl 2004; 10(2 Suppl 1 ): S107S110.
  • 295
    Kouroumalis E, Skordilis P, Thermos K, Vasilaki A, Moschandrea J, Manousos ON. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with octreotide: a randomised controlled study. Gut 1998; 42: 442447.
  • 296
    Llovet JM, Sala M, Castells L, Suarez Y, Vilana R, Bianchi L, et al. Randomized Controlled Trial of Interferon Treatment for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. HEPATOLOGY 2000; 31: 15.
  • 297
    Seong J, Park HC, Han KH, Chon CY. Clinical results and prognostic factors in radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study of 158 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003; 55: 329336.
  • 298
    Castells A, Bruix J, Bru C, Ayuso C, Roca M, Boix L, et al. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with tamoxifen: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial in 120 patients. Gastroenterology 1995; 109: 917922.
  • 299
    CLIP Group. Tamoxifen in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1998; 352: 1720.
  • 300
    Riestra S, Rodriguez M, Delgado M, Suarez A, Gonzalez N, de la Mata M, et al. Tamoxifen does not improve survival of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol 1998; 26: 200203.
  • 301
    Manesis EK, Giannoulis G, Zoumboulis P, Vafiadou I, Hadziyannis SJ. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with combined suppression and inhibition of sex hormones: a randomized, controlled trial. HEPATOLOGY 1995; 21: 15351542.
  • 302
    Nagasue N, Ito A, Yukaya H, Ogawa Y. Estrogen receptors in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1986; 57: 8791.
  • 303
    Boix L, Bruix J, Castells A, Fuster J, Bru C, Visa J, et al. Sex hormone receptors in hepatocellular carcinoma. Is there a rationale for hormonal treatment? J Hepatol 1993; 17: 187191.
  • 304
    Farinati F, Salvagnini M, De Maria N, Fornasiero A, Chiaramonte M, Rossaro L, et al. Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective controlled trial with tamoxifen. J Hepatol 1990; 11: 297301.
  • 305
    Martinez Cerezo FJ, Tomas A, Donoso L, Enriquez J, Guarner C, Balanzo J, et al. Controlled trial of tamoxifen in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 1994; 20: 702706.
  • 306
    Chow PK, Tai BC, Tan CK, Machin D, Win KM, Johnson PJ, et al. High-dose tamoxifen in the treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. HEPATOLOGY 2002; 36: 12211226.
  • 307
    Villa E, Camellini L, Dugani A, Zucchi F, Grottola A, Merighi A, et al. Variant estrogen receptor messenger RNA species detected in human primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 498500.
  • 308
    Villa E, Dugani A, Fantoni E, Camellini L, Buttafoco P, Grottola A, et al. Type of estrogen receptor determines response to antiestrogen therapy. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 38833885.
  • 309
    Chuang VP, Wallace S, Soo CS, Charnsangavej C, Bowers T. Therapeutic Ivalon embolization of hepatic tumors. AJR 1982; 138: 289294.
  • 310
    Ito K, Kusunoki H, Okamoto E, Ozawa M, Ishikawa A, Matsuura M, et al. Intra-arterial alcoholization of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1994; 33(Suppl): 4247.
  • 311
    Carr BI, Zajko A, Bron K, Orons P, Sammon J, Baron R. Phase II study of Spherex (degradable starch microspheres) injected into the hepatic artery in conjunction with doxorubicin and cisplatin in the treatment of advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: interim analysis. Semin Oncol 1997; 24(2 Suppl 6 ): S6.
  • 312
    Bruix J, Castells A, Montanya X, Calvet X, Bru C, Ayuso C, et al. Phase II study of transarterial embolization in European patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: need for controlled trials. HEPATOLOGY 1994; 20: 643650.
  • 313
    Gunji T, Kawauchi N, Ohnishi S, Ishikawa T, Nakagama H, Kaneko T, et al. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with advanced cirrhosis by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization using autologous blood clot: a preliminary report. HEPATOLOGY 1992; 15: 252257.
  • 314
    Makuuchi M, Sukigara M, Mori T, Kobayashi J, Yamazaki S, Hasegawa H, et al. Bile duct necrosis: complication of transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization. Radiology 1985; 156: 331334.
  • 315
    Bruix J, Sala M, Llovet JM. Chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2004; 127(5 Suppl 1 ): S179S188.
  • 316
    Castells A, Bruix J, Ayuso C, Bru C, Montanya X, Boix L, et al. Transarterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Antibiotic prophylaxis and clinical meaning of postembolization fever. J Hepatol 1995; 22: 410415.
  • 317
    Lin DY, Liaw YF, Lee TY, Lai CM. Hepatic arterial embolization in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma—a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1988; 94: 453456.
  • 318
    GRETCH. A comparison of lipiodol chemoembolization and conservative treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Groupe d'Etude et de Traitement du Carcinome Hepatocellulaire. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 12561261.
  • 319
    Pelletier G, Ducreux M, Gay F, Luboinski M, Hagege H, Dao T, et al. Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with lipiodol chemoembolization: a multicenter randomized trial. J Hepatol 1998; 29: 129134.
  • 320
    Llovet JM, Real MI, Montanya X, Planas R, Coll S, Aponte AJ, et al. Arterial embolization, chemoembolization versus symptomatic treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 17341739.
  • 321
    Lo CM, Ngan H, Tso WK, Liu CL, Lam CM, Poon RT, et al. Randomized controlled trial of transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. HEPATOLOGY 2002; 35: 11641171.
  • 322
    Bruix J, Llovet JM. Prognostic prediction and treatment strategy in HCC. HEPATOLOGY 2002; 35: 519524.