Review
You have free access to this content
Overweight, appetite control, and the role of glutamate and excess nutritional protein during child development
Article first published online: 20 DEC 2007
DOI: 10.1002/huon.200700004
Copyright © 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Additional Information
How to Cite
Hermanussen, M. and Tresguerres, J. A. F. (2007), Overweight, appetite control, and the role of glutamate and excess nutritional protein during child development. Hum Ontogenet, 1: 23–35. doi: 10.1002/huon.200700004
Publication History
- Issue published online: 20 DEC 2007
- Article first published online: 20 DEC 2007
- Manuscript Accepted: 24 DEC 2007
- Manuscript Revised: 13 NOV 2007
- Manuscript Received: 1 OCT 2007
REFERENCES
- , , , , , , 2005. How much protein is safe? Int J Obes 29, 2, S8–13.
- , 1993. Dietary composition, substrate balances and body fat in subjects with a predisposition to obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 17, 3, S32–36, discussion S41–42.
- , , 1998. Protein requirements of infants: a reexamination of concepts and approaches. Am J Clin Nutr 48, 1403–1412.
- , , , , , , 1991. Monosodium glutamate as a palatability enhancer in the European diet. Physiol Behav 49, 869–873.
- , , , 1990. Effect of a test meal, without and with protein, on muscle and plasma free amino acids. Clin Sci 79, 331–337.
- , , , , 2001. Longitudinal trends in and tracking of energy and nutrient intake over 20 years in a Dutch cohort of men and women between 13 and 33 years of age: The Amsterdam growth and health longitudinal study. Br J Nutr 85, 375–385.
- , , , , , , et al., 2007. Consensus meeting: monosodium glutamate – an update. Eur J Clin Nutr 61, 304–313 and 928.
- , , , , , 1984. Specifi c depletion of immunoreactive growth hormone-releasing factor by monosodium glutamate in rat median eminence. Nature 307, 272–273.
- , , , , 1996. Control of human appetite: implications for the intake of dietary fat. Annu Rev Nutr 16, 285–319.
- , 1998. Milk and human development: an essay on the ‘milk hypothesis’. Anthropologia Portuguesa 15, 23–46.
- , , , , 2002. Glycemic index and obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 76, 281S–285S.
- , , , 2004. Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in bever ages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 79, 537–543.
- , 2005. Brain regulation of food intake and appetite: molecules and networks. Intern Med 258, 301–327. Direct Link:
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2004. Trends in intake of energy and macronutrients-United States, 1971–2000. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 53, 80–82.
- , , 2005. Astrocytes in the arcuate nucleus and median eminence that take up a fl uorescent dye from the circulation express leptin receptors and neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors. Glia 52, 228–233. Direct Link:
- , , , , 2005. Diseases of comfort: primary cause of death in the 22nd century. Epidemiol Community Health 59, 1030–1034.
- , , 1993. Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep. 6. The effect of monosodium glutamate on the palatability of straw diets by sham-fed and normal animals. Br J Nutr 69, 37–47.
- , , , , , , , 2006. Hypothalamic mTOR signaling regulates food intake. Science 312, 927–930.
- , , , 1978. Environmental factors associated with preschool obesity. III. Dietary intakes, eating patterns, and anthropometric measurements. Am Diet Assoc 72, 589–596.
- , , , , 1998. The infl uence of thermic effect of food on satiety. Eur J Clin Nutr 52, 482–488.
- , , , 2006. Normal-weight adults consume more fi ber and fruit than their age- and height-matched overweight/obese counterparts. Am Diet Assoc 106, 833–840.
- , 1994. Family and friends produce greater social facilitation of food intake than other companions. Physiol Behav 56, 445–455.
- , 2004. The time of day of food intake infl uences overall intake in humans. Nutr 134, 104–111.
- , , , 2005. Childhood obesity, prevalence and prevention. Nutr J 4, 24.
- , , 1985. Do we fatten our children at the television set? Obesity and television viewing in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 75, 807–812.
- , , , , , , , 2002. Regional differences in feeding and other behaviors elicited by N-methyl-D-aspartic acid in the rodent hypothalamus: a reverse microdialysis mapping study. Brain Res 925, 141–147.
- , , 2005. The effect of low carbohydrate on energy metabolism. Int J Obes (Lond) 29, 2, S26–30.
- Ernährungsbericht (nutrition report) 1969. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung. Frankfurt: 37.
- Ernährungsbericht (nutrition report) 2000. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung. Frankfurt: 24.
- , , 2007. Tyrosine, phenylalanine, and catecholamine synthesis and function in the brain. Nutr 137, 6 1, , 1539S–1547S.
- , , , , 2002. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000. JAMA 288, 1723–1727.
- , , , 2002. International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002. Am J Clin Nutr 76, 5–56.
- , , , , , , , 1982. Studies on protein nutrition of Papua New Guinea highlanders: nitrogen balance and hematological studies. Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 28, 431–440.
- , , , , , 1999. Dietary intake of modernizing Samoans: implications for risk of cardiovascular disease. Am Diet Assoc 99, 184–190.
- , 2001. Assessment of the safety of glutamine and other amino acids. Nutr 131, 9, 2556S–2561S.
- , , , 2005. Food-based recommendations to reduce fat intake: an evidence-based approach to the development of a family-focused child weight management programme. Paediatr Child Health 41, 112–118. Direct Link:
- , , , , 2000 Glutamate ingestion: the plasma and muscle free amino acid pools of resting humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 278, E83–89.
- , 1998. Multifactorial causation of obesity: implications for prevention. Am J Clin Nutr 67, 3, 563S–572S.
- , , 2003. Relationship between growth and feeding in infancy and body mass index at the age of 6 years. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 27, 1523–1527.
- , 2004. Diet and obesity. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 20, 119–124.
- , , , 1995. Stature and stature distribution in recent West German and historic samples of Italian and Dutch conscripts. Am J Hum Biol 7, 507–515. Direct Link:
- , 1997. Catch-up in fi nal height after unifi cation of Germany. Acta Med Auxol 29, 135–141.
- , , 2005. A new anti-obesity drug treatment: First clinical evidence that antagonising glutamate-gated Ca2+ ion channels with memantine normalises binge-eating disorders. Econ Hum Biol 3, 329–337.
- , , , , , , 2006. Obesity, voracity and short stature: The impact of glutamate on the regulation of appetite. Eur J Clin Nutr 60, 25–31.
- , 2007. No consensus on glutamte. Eur J Clin Nutr, 30th May epub ahead of print.
- , , 1998. Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic. Science 280, 1371–1374.
- , , , , , , 2004. Animal protein intake, serum insulin-like growth factor I, and growth in healthy 2.5-y-old Danish children. Am J Clin Nutr 80, 447–452.
- , , , 2006. Cow's Milk and Linear Growth in Industrialized and Developing Countries. Annu Rev Nutr 21, 131–173.
- , , , 2002. Postprandial thermogenesis is increased 100% on a high-protein, low-fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in healthy, young women. Am Coll Nutr 21, 55–61.
- , , , , , , 2006. Ketogenic lowcarbohydrate diets have no metabolic advantage over nonketogenic low-carbohydrate diets. Am J Clin Nutr 83, 1055–1061.
- , , , , 1999. Lifestyle and obesity in adolescence and young adulthood: results from the Amsterdam Growth And Health Longitudinal Study (AGAHLS). Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 23, 3, S34–40.
- Klinke, R., Pape, H.C., Silbernagel, S.: 2005. Physiologie. Thieme. Stuttgart, New York.
- , , 2004. From the tallest to (one of) the fattest: the enigmatic fate of the American population in the 20th century. Econ Hum Biol 2, 57–74.
- , , , , 2001. Prevalence and trends in overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Thessaloniki, Greece. Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 14, 5, 1319–132.
- , , , , , , , 2004. The DONALD Study. History, current status and future perspectives. Eur J Nutr 43, 45–54.
- , , 2007. Die Verbreitung von Übergewicht und Adipositas bei Kinder und Jugendlichen in Deutschland. Ergebnisse des bundesweiten Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurveys (KiGGS). Bundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz 50, 736–743.
- , , , , , 2006. Secular change in adult stature has come to a halt in northern Europe and Italy. Acta Paediatr 95, 754–755.
- , , , , , , , 2003. A reduced ratio of dietary carbohydrate to protein improves body composition and blood lipid profi les during weight loss in adult women. Nutr 133, 411–417.
- , , 2004. Dietary protein impact on glycemic control during weight loss. Nutr 134, 968S–973S.
- , , , 2005. Portion sizes and the obesity epidemic. Nutr 135, 905–909.
- , , 2004. The more food young adults are served, the more they overeat. Nutr 134, 2546–2549.
- , , , 2003. Increasing levels of excess weight among children in England. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 27, 1136–1138.
- , , , , , 2002. Effects of energy-restricted diets containing increased protein on weight loss, resting energy expenditure, and the thermic effect of feeding in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 25, 652–657.
- , , , , 1999. Isolation of peptides from an enzymatic hydrolysate of food proteins and characterization of their taste properties. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 63, 555–559.
- , , , 1997. Genetic and environmental factors in relative body weight and human adiposity. Behav Genet 27, 325–351.
- , , , 1996. Fat intake and adiposity in 8 to 11-year-old obese children. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 20, 170–174.
- , , , , , 2004. Relationships between media use, body fatness and physical activity in children and youth: a meta-analysis. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 28, 1238–1246.
- , , , , 2004. Portion size of common foods predicts energy intake among preschoolaged children. Am Diet Assoc 104, 975–979.
- , , 2004. Amino acid signalling and the integration of metabolism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 313, 397–403.
- , , , , , 1999. Blood glucose patterns and appetite in time-blinded humans: carbohydrate versus fat. Am J Physiol 277, (2 Pt 2), R337–345.
- , , , 2005. Overweight exceeds underweight among women in most developing countries. Am J Clin Nutr 81, 714–721.
- , , 2005. Development of body weight in the Norwegian population. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 73, 3–7.
- , 2001. Protein and amino acid requirements of adults: current controversies. Can J Appl Physiol 26, S130–140.
- , , 2004. Protein/energy ratios of current diets in developed and developing countries compared with a safe protein/energy ratio: implications for recommended protein and amino acid intakes. Public Health Nutr 7, 387–405.
- , , , 2004. Memantine hydrochloride. Pharmacological and clinical profi le. Drugs of Today 40, 685–695.
- , , 1996. Diet composition related to body fat in a multivariate study of 203 men. Am Diet Assoc 96, 771–777.
- , , , 2006. Prevalence of obesity in Sweden. Obes Rev 7, 1–3. Direct Link:
- , , , 2002. Trends in energy intake in U.S. between 1977 and 1996: similar shifts seen across age groups. Obes Res 10, 370–378.
- , , 2003. Patterns and trends in food portion sizes, 1977-1998. JAMA 289, 450–453.
- , , 2004. Changes in beverage intake between 1977 and 2001. Am J Prev Med 27, 205–210.
- , 1969. Brain lesions, obesity, and other disturbances in mice treated with monosodium glutamate. Science 164, 719–721.
- , , , , , , , 1999. Distribution and heritability of BMI in Finnish adolescents aged 16y and 17y: a study of 4884 twins and 2509 singletons. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 23, 107–115.
- , , , , 2002. Advice on low-fat diets for obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. CD003640.
- , , , , , 2005. Changes in intake of key nutrients over 17 years during adult life of a British birth cohort. Br J Nutr 94, 368–376.
- , , , , , , 2003. Use of supermarket receipts to estimate energy and fat content of food purchased by lean and overweight families. Appetite 41, 141–148.
- , , , , , , 1996. Enteral glutamate is almost completely metabolized in first pass by the gastrointestinal tract of infant pigs. Am J Physiol 270,(3 Pt 1), E413–418.
- , , , , 2000. Intestinal glutamate metabolism. Nutr 130, 4S, 978S–982S.
- , , 2003. Protein and amino acid requirements and the composition of complementary foods. Nutr 133 , 2953S–2961S.
- , 2005. Commentary: International Journal of Epidemiology – counterpoint to Campos et al. Int J Epidemiol. Doi: 10.1091/ije/dyi261.
- , , 1979. Nutrient intakes in an urbanized Micronesian population with a high diabetes prevalence. Am J Clin Nutr 32, 1334–1341.
- , , , , , , , 1990. Relationship between adiposity and food intake: an example of pseudo-contradictory results obtained in case-control versus between-populations studies. Int J Epidemiol 19, 571–577.
- , , , , 1995. Infl uence of macronutrients on adiposity development: a follow up study of nutrition and growth from 10 months to 8 years of age. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 19, 573–578.
- , 2003. High-versus low-fat diets in human diseases. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 6, 151–155.
- , , , , , , 2006. Methionine restriction decreases mitochondrial oxygen radical generation and leak as well as oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA and proteins. FASEB J 20, 1064–1073.
- , 2003. Sugars, energy metabolism, and body weight control. Am J Clin Nutr 78, 850S–857S.
- , , , , , , , , 2000. Early macronutrient intake and overweight at five years of age. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24, 777–781.
- , , 2000. The role of high-fat diets and physical activity in the regulation of body weight. Br J Nutr 84, 417–427.
- , , , 2000. Adoption study of environmental modifi cations of the genetic infl uences on obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 22, 73–81.
- , , 1983. Energy source, protein metabolism, and hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies. Anthropol Archaeol 2, 1–31.
- , , , , , 1996. Lateral hypothalamic NMDA receptors and glutamate as physiological mediators of eating and weight control. Am J Physiol 270, (2 Pt 2), R443–449.
- , , , 1983. Plasma amino acid concentrations in normal adults fed meals with added monosodium L-glutamate and aspartame. Nutr 113, 1851–1860.
- , , , , , , et al., 1992. Dietary intake, exercise, obesity and noncommunicable disease in rural and urban populations of three Pacifi c Island countries. Am Coll Nutr 11, 283–293.
- , , , 2002. Temporal trends in overweight and obesity in Canada, 1981-1996. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26, 538–543.
- , , 2003. Is the Canadian childhood obesity epidemic related to physical inactivity? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 27, 1100–1105.
- , , , , , , 2002. Lipid, protein and carbohydrate intake in relation to body mass index. Eur J Clin Nutr 56, 37–43.
- , , , 1997. Body fat percentage of children varies according to their diet composition. Am Diet Assoc 97, 981–986.
- , 2003. Trends in body size, diet and food availability in the Cook Islands in the second half of the 20th century. Econ Hum Biol 1, 123–137.
- , , , , 1997. Penetration of glutamate into brain of 7-day-old rats. Metab Brain Dis 12, 219–227.
- , , 2005. Television viewing in early childhood predicts adult body mass index. Pediatr 147, 429–435.
- , , , , , , et al., 2004. Comparison of energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight loss and body composition in overweight men and women. Nutr Metab 1, 13.
- , 2006. Popular weight reduction diets. Cardiovasc Nurs 21, 34–39.
- , , 2000. The safety evaluation of monosodium glutamate. Nutr 130, 4S, 1049S–1052S.
- , , , , , , , 2005. A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 82, 41–48.
- , , , , 1999. Satiety related to 24 h diet-induced thermogenesis during high protein/carbohydrate vs high fat diets measured in a respiration chamber. Eur J Clin Nutr 53, 495–502.
- , , , , , 2004. High protein intake sustains weight maintenance after body weight loss in humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 28, 57–64.
- , 2002. Dietary fat plays a major role in obesity: no. Obes Rev 3, 59–68. Direct Link:
- , , 2002. Dietary fat is not a major determinant of body fat. Am J Med 113, 9B, 47S–59S.

1863-9526/asset/2741_centre.gif?v=1&s=74378327268ab8c438a1b28df46e7621d7597b49)
1863-9526/asset/cover.gif?v=1&s=65c13fcd9e4fb6ffddc9361043728a8ceb19b4a2)