1536-4844/asset/IBD_left.gif?v=1&s=9aca2b5041534c51cac4bb66560294c77a457a07)
1536-4844/asset/IBD_right.gif?v=1&s=402e3e241083497ae622916e85e47f64138255a4)
Pediatric Review
You have full text access to this OnlineOpen article
Bones in pediatric Crohn's disease: A review of fracture risk in children and adults
Article first published online: 7 SEP 2010
DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21471
Copyright © 2010 Crohn's & Colitis Foundation of America, Inc.
Additional Information
How to Cite
Hill, R. J., Brookes, D. S.K. and Davies, P. S.W. (2011), Bones in pediatric Crohn's disease: A review of fracture risk in children and adults. Inflamm Bowel Dis, 17: 1223–1228. doi: 10.1002/ibd.21471
Publication History
- Issue published online: 11 APR 2011
- Article first published online: 7 SEP 2010
- Manuscript Accepted: 30 JUL 2010
- Manuscript Received: 27 JUL 2010
REFERENCES
- 1, , , et al. Nutrition support for pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a clinical report of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004; 39: 15–27.
- 2, , , et al. Nutritional support for pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1989; 8: 8–12.
- 3, , , et al. Nutritional basis of growth failure in children and adolescents with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 1979; 76: 720–727.
- 4. The Saskatchewan Pediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study: bone mineral acquisition during the growing years. Int J Sports Med. 1997; 18 Suppl 3: S191–194.
- 5, , , et al. The differing tempo of growth in bone size, mass, and density in girls is region-specific. J Clin Invest. 1999; 104: 795–804.
- 6, , , et al. Heterogeneity in the growth of the axial and appendicular skeleton in boys: implications for the pathogenesis of bone fragility in men. J Bone Miner Res. 2000; 15: 1871–1878.
- 7, . Juvenile onset of Crohn's disease: a risk factor for reduced lumbar bone mass in premenopausal women. Bone. 2007; 40: 1290–1293.
- 8, , , et al. Corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: does it occur in patients with Crohn's disease?. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002; 97: 2011–2015.
- 9, , , et al. Longitudinal study of bone mineral density in patients with Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2003; 48: 1355–1359.
- 10, , , etal. Femoral neck osteopenia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998; 93: 1483–1490.Direct Link:
- 11, , , etal. Bone density reduction in patients with Crohn disease and associations with demographic and disease variables: cross-sectional data from a population-based study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2001; 36: 759–765.
- 12, , . Evaluation of bone mineral density among patients with inflammatory bowel disease in a tertiary care setting in India. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2008; 27: 103–106.
- 13, , , et al. High prevalence of osteoporotic vertebral fractures in patients with Crohn's disease. Gut. 2002; 51: 654–658.
- 14, , , et al. Osteoporosis and determinants of bone density in patients with Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1998; 43: 2500–2506.
- 15, , , etal. Vertebral fractures and role of low bone mineral density in Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007; 5: 721–728.
- 16, , , et al. A controlled study of bone mineral density in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 1995; 37: 71–76.
- 17, , , et al. Lumbar spine bone mineral density at diagnosis and during follow-up in children with IBD. J Clin Densitom. 2004; 7: 290–295.
- 18, , , et al. Use of quantitative ultrasound to assess osteopenia in children with Crohn disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002; 35: 169–172.
- 19, , , et al. Bone mineral density in children and young adults with Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 1999; 5: 161–166.
- 20, , , et al. Natural history of bone metabolism and bone mineral density in children with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007; 13: 42–50.
- 21, , , et al. Osteoporosis in pediatric patients suffering from chronic inflammatory bowel disease with and without steroid treatment. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006; 43: 42–51.
- 22. Bone “mass” and the “mechanostat”: a proposal. Anat Rec. 1987; 219: 1–9.
- 23, , , et al. Whole body BMC in pediatric Crohn disease: independent effects of altered growth, maturation, and body composition. J Bone Miner Res. 2004; 19: 1961–1968.
- 24, . Evaluation of densitometric bone-muscle relationships in Crohn's disease. Bone. 2007; 40: 1610–1614.
- 25, , , et al. Osteoporosis and Crohn's disease. Joint Bone Spine. 2005; 72: 403–407.
- 26, , , et al. Bone mineral density in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population based prospective two year follow up study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2004; 39: 145–153.
- 27, , , et al. Body mass and composition affect bone density in recently diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease: the Manitoba IBD cohort study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009; 15: 39–46.
- 28, , , et al. The diagnosis of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 1994; 9: 1137–1141.
- 29, . Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999; 94: 878–883.Direct Link:
- 30
- 31, , . The epidemiology of vertebral fractures. European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study Group. Bone. 1993; 14( suppl 1): S89–97.
- 32, , , et al. Vertebral compression fractures in pediatric patients with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 1997; 112: 1710–1713.
- 33, , , et al. Epidemiology of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures. Epidemiol Rev. 1985; 7: 178–208.
- 34, , , et al. The incidence of fracture among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. A population-based cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2000; 133: 795–799.
- 35, , , et al. Hip fractures in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and their relationship to corticosteroid use: a population based cohort study. Gut. 2004; 53: 251–255.
- 36, , , et al. High prevalence of morphometric vertebral deformities in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008; 20: 740–747.
- 37, , , etal. Long-term fracture risk in patients with Crohn's disease: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Gastroenterology. 2002; 123: 468–475.
- 38, , , etal. Discordance between the degree of osteopenia and the prevalence of spontaneous vertebral fractures in Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002; 16: 1519–1527.
- 39, , , et al. Inflammatory bowel disease and the risk of fracture. Gastroenterology. 2003; 125: 1591–1597.
- 40, , , et al. Fracture risk is increased in Crohn's disease, but not in ulcerative colitis. Gut. 2000; 46: 176–181.
- 41, , , et al. An atypical initial presentation of Crohn's disease. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2008; 19: 292–293.
- 42, , , et al. Proinflammatory cytokines and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB-ligand/osteoprotegerin associated with bone deterioration in patients with Crohn's disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009; 21: 159–166.
- 43, . Fracture risk in patients with celiac disease, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis: a nationwide follow-up study of 16,416 patients in Denmark. Am J Epidemiol. 2002; 156: 1–10.
- 44, , . Osteopenia in Crohn's disease. Arch Dis Child. 1995; 73: 255–256.
- 45, , , et al. Gut, inflammation and osteoporosis: basic and clinical concepts. Gut. 2008; 57: 684–694.
- 46, , . The prevalence of long bone fractures in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006; 43: 597–602.
- 47, , , et al. A case-control study on risk factors of osteoporosis in patients with Crohn's disease. Arch Iranian Med. 2009; 12: 570–575.
- 48, , , et al. Discriminatory ability of calcaneal quantitative ultrasound in the assessment of bone status in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007; 33: 863–869.
- 49, , , et al. Growth and clinical course of children with Crohn's disease. Gut. 1993; 34: 939–943.
- 50, . Bone mass and bone metabolism in pediatric gastrointestinal disorders. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004; 39: 129–140.
- 51. IBD and skeletal health: children are not small adults!. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005; 11: 1020–1023.
- 52, . Inaccuracies inherent in dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in vivo bone mineral density can seriously mislead diagnostic/prognostic interpretations of patient-specific bone fragility. J Bone Miner Res. 2001; 16: 799–805.
- 53
- 54, . Biomechanics of bone. In: FavusMJ, editor. Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of bone metabolism. Washington DC: American Society for Bone and Mineral Research; 2003: 58–64.
- 55, , , et al. The bone mass concept: problems in short stature. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004; 151: S87–S91.
- 56. Growth in bone strength, body size, and muscle size in a juvenile longitudinal sample. Bone. 2003; 33: 317–329.
- 57, , , et al. Reduced muscle mass and bone size in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010; 16: 216–225.
- 58, , , et al. Longitudinal assessment of bone density and structure in an incident cohort of children with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2009; 136: 123–130.
- 59, , , et al. Tibial geometry is associated with failure load ex vivo: a MRI, pQCT and DXA study. Osteoporos Int. 2007; 18: 991–997.