Epidemiology

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Renal cell carcinoma in relation to cigarette smoking: Meta-analysis of 24 studies

  1. Jay D. Hunt1,2,
  2. Olga L. van der Hel2,
  3. Garnett P. McMillan2,
  4. Paolo Boffetta2,†,*,
  5. Paul Brennan2

Article first published online: 2 NOV 2004

DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20618

Issue

International Journal of Cancer

International Journal of Cancer

Volume 114, Issue 1, pages 101–108, 10 March 2005

Additional Information

How to Cite

Hunt, J. D., van der Hel, O. L., McMillan, G. P., Boffetta, P. and Brennan, P. (2005), Renal cell carcinoma in relation to cigarette smoking: Meta-analysis of 24 studies. Int. J. Cancer, 114: 101–108. doi: 10.1002/ijc.20618

Author Information

  1. 1

    Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA

  2. 2

    International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France

  1. †

    Fax: +33-4-72738320.

*Gene-Environment Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France

Publication History

  1. Issue published online: 18 JAN 2005
  2. Article first published online: 2 NOV 2004
  3. Manuscript Accepted: 8 JUL 2004
  4. Manuscript Received: 18 MAY 2004

Funded by

  • National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Grant Number: K01 ES00358
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer

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Keywords:

  • kidney cancer;
  • RCC;
  • tobacco;
  • primary tobacco smoke;
  • tobacco dose-response;
  • smoking cessation

Abstract

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 3% of adult deaths from cancer. The risk factors for its development are still under intense investigation. Although tobacco smoke is a risk factor, the data are inconsistent and the extent of the increased risk is unclear. Estimates from 19 case-control and 5 cohort studies were used. The case-control reports included 8,032 cases and 13,800 controls; the cohort estimates were based on 1,457,754 participants with 1,326 cases of RCC. The relative risk (RR) for RCC for ever smokers as compared to lifetime never smokers was 1.38 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.27–1.50). The RR for male smokers was 1.54 (95% CI = 1.42–1.68) and for female smokers was 1.22 (95% CI = 1.09–1.36). For men and women there was a strong dose-dependent increase in risk. Ever smoker men who had smoked 1–9, 10–20 or 21 or more cigarettes/day had a RR of 1.60 (95% CI = 1.21–2.12), 1.83 (95% CI = 1.30–2.57), or 2.03 (95% CI = 1.51–2.74), respectively. For women, the relative risks were 0.98 (95% CI = 0.71–1.35), 1.38 (95% CI = 0.90–2.11), or 1.58 (95% CI = 1.14–2.20), respectively. The advantages of smoking cessation were confirmed by a reduction in RR for those who had quit smoking for >10 years as compared to those who had quit for 1–10 years. Inhaled tobacco smoke is clearly implicated in the etiology of RCC, with a strong dose-dependent increase in risk associated with numbers of cigarettes smoked per day and a substantial reduction in risk for long-term former smokers. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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