SEARCH

SEARCH BY CITATION

References

  • 1
    Crabb C. Is breast cancer linked to smoking? Bull World Health Organ 2003; 81: 744.
  • 2
    Wells AJ. Breast cancer, cigarette smoking, and passive smoking. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133: 20810.
  • 3
    Smith SJ, Deacon JM, Chilvers CE. Alcohol, smoking, passive smoking and caffeine in relation to breast cancer risk in young women: UK National Case-Control Study Group. Br J Cancer 1994; 70: 1129.
  • 4
    Morabia A, Bernstein M, Heritier S, Khatchatrian N. Relation of breast cancer with passive and active exposure to tobacco smoke. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143: 91828.
  • 5
    Millikan RC, Pittman GS, Newman B, Tse CK, Selmin O, Rockhill B, Savitz D, Moorman PG, Bell DA. Cigarette smoking, N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2, and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998; 7: 3718.
  • 6
    Lash TL, Aschengrau A. Active and passive cigarette smoking and the occurrence of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149: 512.
  • 7
    Johnson KC, Hu J, Mao Y. Passive and active smoking and breast cancer risk in Canada, 1994–97. The Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group. Cancer Causes Control 2000; 11: 21121.
  • 8
    London SJ, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Rosner BA, Speizer FE. Prospective study of smoking and the risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989; 81: 162531.
  • 9
    Jee SH, Ohrr H, Kim IS. Effects of husbands' smoking on the incidence of lung cancer in Korean women. Int J Epidemiol 1999; 28: 8248.
  • 10
    Wartenberg D, Calle EE, Thun MJ, Heath CW, Jr., Lally C, Woodruff T. Passive smoking exposure and female breast cancer mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 166673.
  • 11
    Egan KM, Stampfer MJ, Hunter D, Hankinson S, Rosner BA, Holmes M, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Active and passive smoking in breast cancer: prospective results from the Nurses' Health Study. Epidemiology 2002; 13: 13845.
  • 12
    Morabia A. Active and passive smoking in breast cancer. Epidemiol 2000; 13: 7445.
  • 13
    Johnson KC, Wells AJ. Active and passive smoking in breast cancer. Epidemiol 2000; 13: 7456.
  • 14
    Wells AJ. Re: Passive smoking exposure and female breast cancer mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93: 7179; author reply 20–1.
  • 15
    Johnson KC. Re: Passive smoking exposure and female breast cancer mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93: 71920; author reply 20–1.
  • 16
    International Agency for Research on Cancer. Tobacco smoking. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans, vol. 38. Lyon: IARC, 1986.
  • 17
    Petrakis NL, Maack CA, Lee RE, Lyon M. Mutagenic activity in nipple aspirates of human breast fluid. Cancer Res 1980; 40: 1889.
  • 18
    Li D, Wang M, Firozi PF, Chang P, Zhang W, Baer-Dubowska W, Moorthy B, Vulimiri SV, Goth-Goldstein R, Weyand EH, DiGiovanni J. Characterization of a major aromatic DNA adduct detected in human breast tissues. Environ Mol Mutagen 2002; 39: 193200.
  • 19
    Firozi PF, Bondy ML, Sahin AA, Chang P, Lukmanji F, Singletary ES, Hassan MM, Li D. Aromatic DNA adducts and polymorphisms of CYP1A1, NAT2, and GSTM1 in breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 2002; 23: 3016.
  • 20
    McKinlay SM, Bifano NL, McKinlay JB. Smoking and age at menopause in women. Ann Intern Med 1985; 103: 3506.
  • 21
    Ross RK, Pike MC, Vessey MP, Bull D, Yeates D, Casagrande JT. Risk factors for uterine fibroids: reduced risk associated with oral contraceptives. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986; 293: 35962.
  • 22
    Parazzini F, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Cecchetti G, Fedele L. Epidemiologic characteristics of women with uterine fibroids: a case-control study. Obstet Gynecol 1988; 72: 8537.
  • 23
    Brinton LA, Barrett RJ, Berman ML, Mortel R, Twiggs LB, Wilbanks GD. Cigarette smoking and the risk of endometrial cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 137: 28191.
  • 24
    MacMahon B, Trichopoulos D, Cole P, Brown J. Cigarette smoking and urinary estrogens. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 10625.
  • 25
    Baron JA, La Vecchia C, Levi F. The antiestrogenic effect of cigarette smoking in women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 162: 50214.
  • 26
    Sasazuki S, Sasaki S, Tsugane S. Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and subsequent gastric cancer risk by subsite and histologic type. Int J Cancer 2002; 101: 5606.
  • 27
    Yamamoto S, Sobue T, Kobayashi M, Sasaki S, Tsugane S. Soy, isoflavones, and breast cancer risk in Japan. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 90613.
  • 28
    Parlkin D, Chen V, Ferlay J, Galceran J, Storm H, Whelan S. Comparability and quality control in cancer registration. IARC Technical Report No.19. Lyon: IARC, 1994.
  • 29
    International Agency for Research on Cancer. Cancer incidence in five continents, vol. VIII, IARC Scientific Publications vol. 155. Lyon: IARC, 2002.
  • 30
    Key TJ, Verkasalo PK, Banks E. Epidemiology of breast cancer. Lancet Oncol 2001; 2: 13340.
  • 31
    Adami HO, Persson I, Ekbom A, Wolk A, Ponten J, Trichopoulos D. The aetiology and pathogenesis of human breast cancer. Mutat Res 1995; 333: 2935.
  • 32
    Nishino Y, Tsubono Y, Tsuji I, Komatsu S, Kanemura S, Nakatsuka H, Fukao A, Satoh H, Hisamichi S. Passive smoking at home and cancer risk: a population-based prospective study in Japanese nonsmoking women. Cancer Causes Control 2001; 12: 797802.
  • 33
    Tseng M, Yeatts K, Millikan R, Newman B. Area-level characteristics and smoking in women. Am J Public Health 2001; 91: 184750.
  • 34
    Stamatakis KA, Brownson RC, Luke DA. Risk factors for exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among ethnically diverse women in the United States. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2002; 11: 4551.
  • 35
    Hirayama T. Cancer mortality in nonsmoking women with smoking husbands based on a large-scale cohort study in Japan. Prev Med 1984; 13: 68090.
  • 36
    Band P, Le N, Fang R, Deschamps M. Carcinogenic and endocrine disrupting effects of cigarette smoke and risk of breast cancer. Lancet 2002; 360: 1044.
  • 37
    Garte S, Gaspari L, Alexandrie AK, Ambrosone C, Autrup H, Autrup JL, Baranova H, Bathum L, Benhamou S, Boffetta P, Bouchardy C, Breskvar K, et al. Metabolic gene polymorphism frequencies in control populations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 123948.
  • 38
    Shimizu H, Ross RK, Bernstein L, Pike MC, Henderson BE. Serum oestrogen levels in postmenopausal women: comparison of American whites and Japanese in Japan. Br J Cancer 1990; 62: 4513.
  • 39
    Nomura Y, Kobayashi S, Takatani O, Sugano H, Matsumoto K, McGuire WL. Estrogen receptor and endocrine responsiveness in Japanese versus American breast cancer patients. Cancer Res 1977; 37: 10610.