SEARCH

SEARCH BY CITATION

References

  • 1
    International Agency for Research on Cancer. Cancer in five continents. 2000.
  • 2
    Kelsey JL. Breast cancer epidemiology: summary and future directions. Epidemiol Rev 1993; 15: 25663.
  • 3
    Vainio H, Kaaks R, Bianchini F. Weight control and physical activity in cancer prevention: international evaluation of the evidence. Eur J Cancer Prev 2002; 11: S94100.
  • 4
    Hamajima N, Hirose K, Tajima K, Rohan T, Calle EE, Heath CWJr, Coates RJ, Liff JM, Talamini R, Chantarakul N, Koetsawang S, Rachawat D et al. Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer--collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58,515 women with breast cancer and 95,067 women without the disease. Br J Cancer 2002; 87: 123445.
  • 5
    Rockhill B, Weinberg CR, Newman B. Population attributable fraction estimation for established breast cancer risk factors: considering the issues of high prevalence an unmodifiability. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 147: 82633.
  • 6
    Band PR, Le ND, Fang R, Deschamps M. Carcinogenic and endocrine disrupting effects of cigarette smoke and risk of breast cancer. Lancet 2002; 360: 10449.
  • 7
    Terry PD, Miller AB, Rohan TE. Cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk: a long latency period? Int J Cancer 2002; 100: 7238.
  • 8
    Palmer JR, Rosenberg L. Cigarette smoking and the risk of breast cancer. Epidemiol Rev 1993; 15: 14556.
  • 9
    Khuder SA, Simon VJ,Jr. Is there an association between passive smoking and breast cancer? Eur J Epidemiol 2000; 16: 111721.
  • 10
    Morabia A. Smoking (active and passive) and breast cancer: epidemiologic evidence up to June 2001. Environ Mol Mutagen 2002; 39: 8995.
  • 11
    Terry PD, Rohan TE. Cigarette smoking and the risk of breast cancer in women: a review of the literature. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002; 11: 95371.
  • 12
    Wells AJ. Re: “Breast cancer, cigarette smoking, and passive smoking”. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 147: 9912.
  • 13
    Zhao Y, Shi Z, Liu L. [Matched case-control study for detecting risk factors of breast cancer in women living in Chengdu]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 1999; 20: 914.
  • 14
    Wells AJ. Breast cancer, cigarette smoking, and passive smoking. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133: 20810.
  • 15
    Rothman KJ, Greenland S. Modern epidemiology. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1998.
  • 16
    Fontham ET, Correa P, Reynolds P, Wu-Williams A, Buffler PA, Greenberg RS, Chen VW, Alterman T, Boyd P, Austin DF. Environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in nonsmoking women: a multicenter study. JAMA 1994; 271: 17529.
  • 17
    DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 1986; 7: 17788.
  • 18
    Hirayama, T. Lung cancer and other diseases related to passive smoking: a large-scale cohort study. GuptaPC, HamnerIIIJE, eds. and MurtiPR. Control of tobacco related cancers and other diseases, international symposium 1990. Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1992. 129137.
  • 19
    Sandler DP, Everson RB, Wilcox AJ. Passive smoking in adulthood and cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 121: 3748.
  • 20
    Smith SJ, Deacon JM, Chilvers CE. Alcohol, smoking, passive smoking and caffeine in relation to breast cancer risk in young women. UK National Case-Control Study Group. Br J Cancer 1994; 70: 1129.
  • 21
    Morabia A, Bernstein M, Heritier S, Khatchatrian N. Relation of breast cancer with passive and active exposure to tobacco smoke. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143: 91828.
  • 22
    Millikan RC, Pittman GS, Newman B, Tse CK, Selmin O, Rockhill B, Savitz D, Moorman PG, Bell DA. Cigarette smoking, N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2, and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998; 7: 3718.
  • 23
    Lash TL, Aschengrau A. Active and passive cigarette smoking and the occurrence of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149: 512.
  • 24
    Jee SH, Ohrr H, Kim IS. Effects of husbands' smoking on the incidence of lung cancer in Korean women. Int J Epidemiol 1999; 28: 8248.
  • 25
    Delfino RJ, Smith C, West JG, Lin HJ, White E, Liao SY, Gim JS, Ma HL, Butler J, Anton-Culver H. Breast cancer, passive and active cigarette smoking and N-acetyltransferase 2 genotype. Pharmacogenetics 2000; 10: 4619.
  • 26
    Johnson KC, Hu J, Mao Y. Passive and active smoking and breast cancer risk in Canada, 1994–97. The Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group. Cancer Causes Control 2000; 11: 21121.
  • 27
    Wartenberg D, Calle EE, Thun MJ, Heath CW,Jr., Lally C, Woodruff T. Passive smoking exposure and female breast cancer mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 166673.
  • 28
    Nishino Y, Tsubono Y, Tsuji I, Komatsu S, Kanemura S, Nakatsuka H, Fukao A, Satoh H, Hisamichi S. Passive smoking at home and cancer risk: a population-based prospective study in Japanese nonsmoking women. Cancer Causes Control 2001; 12: 797802.
  • 29
    Egan KM, Stampfer MJ, Hunter D, Hankinson S, Rosner BA, Holmes M, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Active and passive smoking in breast cancer: prospective results from the Nurses' Health Study. Epidemiology 2002; 13: 13845.
  • 30
    Lash TL, Aschengrau A. A null association between active or passive cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2002; 75: 1814.
  • 31
    Kropp S, Chang-Claude J. Active and passive smoking and risk of breast cancer by age 50 years among German women. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156: 61626.
  • 32
    Reynolds P, Hurley S, Goldberg DE, Anton-Culver H, Bernstein L, Deapen D, Horn-Ross PL, Peel D, Pinder R, Ross RK, West D, Wright WE et al. Active smoking, household passive smoking, and breast cancer: evidence from the California Teachers Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 2937.
  • 33
    Shrubsole MJ, Gao YT, Dai Q, Shu XO, Ruan ZX, Jin F, Zheng W. Passive smoking and breast cancer risk among non-smoking Chinese women. Int J Cancer 2004; 110: 6059.
  • 34
    Gammon MD, Eng SM, Teitelbaum SL, Britton JA, Kabat GC, Hatch M, Paykin AB, Neugut AI, Santella RM. Environmental tobacco smoke and breast cancer incidence. Environ Res 2004; 96: 17685.
  • 35
    Hanaoka T, Yamamoto S, Sobue T, Sasaki S, Tsugane S. Active and passive smoking and breast cancer risk in middle-aged Japanese women. Int J Cancer 2004; 114: 31722.
  • 36
    Liu L, Wu K, Lin X, Yin W, Zheng X, Tang X, Mu L, Hu Z, Wang J. Passive smoking and other factors at different periods of life and breast cancer risk in Chinese women who have never smoked: a case-control study in Chongqing, People's Republic of China. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2000; 1: 1317.
  • 37
    Petrakis NL, Maack CA, Lee RE, Lyon M. Mutagenic activity in nipple aspirates of human breast fluid. (Letter). Cancer Res 1980; 40: 1889.
  • 38
    Petrakis NL. Nipple aspirate fluid in epidemiologic studies of breast disease. Epidemiol Rev 1993; 15: 18895.
  • 39
    Petrakis NL, Gruenke LD, Beelen TC, Castagnoli N,Jr., Craig JC. Nicotine in breast fluid of nonlactating women. Science 1978; 199: 3034.
  • 40
    International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs Volume 38, 1990.
  • 41
    Office of Research and Development UE. Respiratory health effects of passive smoking: lung cancer and other disorders. Washington, D.C.: US EPA, 2002.
  • 42
    National Toxicology Program: 10th Annual Report on Carcinogens, 2002.
  • 43
    Pirkle JL, Flegal KM, Bernert JT, Brody DJ, Etzel RA, Maurer KR. Exposure of the US population to environmental tobacco smoke: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1991. JAMA 1996; 275: 123340.
  • 44
    Morabia A, Lash TL, Aschengrau A. Passive cigarette smoking and breast cancer: environmental tobacco smoke. In: WatsonRR, WittenML, eds. Environmental tobacco smoke. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2001. 17793.
  • 45
    Vineis P, Bartsch H, Caporaso N, Harrington AM, Kadlubar FF, Landi MT, Malaveille C, Shields PG, Skipper P, Talaska G. Genetically based N-acetyltransferase metabolic polymorphism and low-level environmental exposure to carcinogens. Nature 1994; 369: 1546.
  • 46
    Vineis P, McMichael A. Interplay between heterocyclic amines in cooked meat and metabolic phenotype in the etiology of colon cancer. Cancer Causes Control 1996; 7: 47986.
  • 47
    Baron JA, La Vecchia C, Levi F. The antiestrogenic effect of cigarette smoking in women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 162: 50214.
  • 48
    Hoffman M, Hecht SS. Advances in tobacco carcinogenisis. In: GroverP, ed. Hanbook of experimental pharmacology, 1988. Springer-Verlag, 1989.
  • 49
    Hackshaw AK, Law MR, Wald NJ. The accumulated evidence on lung cancer and environmental tobacco smoke. Br Med J 1997; 315: 9808.
  • 50
    Anderson KE, Carmella SG, Ye M, Bliss RL, Le C, Murphy L, Hecht SS. Metabolites of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen in nonsmoking women exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93: 37881.
  • 51
    Hammond SK. Exposure of U.S. workers to environmental tobacco smoke. Environ Health Perspect 1999; 107: 32940.
  • 52
    Johnson KC. Re: Passive smoking exposure and female breast cancer mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93: 71920.
  • 53
    Johnson KC, Wells AJ. Active and passive smoking in breast cancer. Epidemiology 2002; 13: 7456.
  • 54
    Becker DM, Conner HF, Waranch HR, Stillman F, Pennington L, Lees PS, Oski F. The impact of a total ban on smoking in the Johns Hopkins Children's Center. JAMA 1989; 262: 799802.
  • 55
    Stillman FA, Becker DM, Swank RT, Hantula D, Moses H, Glantz SA, Waranch H.R. Ending smoking at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions: an evaluation of smoking prevalence and indoor air pollution. JAMA 1990; 264: 15659.
  • 56
    National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, and Environmental Protection Agency. Respiratory health effects of passive smoking: lung cancer and other disorders: the report of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 933605. ( 4). 1993. Washington, DC: NIH. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph.
  • 57
    National Health and Medical Research Council. The health effects of passive smoking, 1997. Australia.
  • 58
    National Institutes of Health. Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Report of the California Environmental Protection Agency. 1999. Washington, DC: NIH. Publication Number 994645. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph Number 10.
  • 59
    World Health Organization. International Consultation on Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) and Child Health: Consultation Report. WHO Technical Document. 1–1– 1999.
  • 60
    U.S.Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service National Toxicology Program. 9th Report on Carcinogens. 2000. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
  • 61
    Thun M, Henley J, Apicella L. Epidemiologic studies of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular disease and ETS exposure from spousal smoking. Environ Health Perspect 1999; 107: 8416.
  • 62
    Rothman KJ. Modern epidemiology. New York: Lippincott-Raven, 1986.