Epidemiology

You have full text access to this OnlineOpen article

The association of use of sunbeds with cutaneous malignant melanoma and other skin cancers: A systematic review

  1. The International Agency for Research on Cancer Working Group on artificial ultraviolet (UV) light and skin cancer †,‡,*

Article first published online: 27 NOV 2006

DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22453

Issue

International Journal of Cancer

International Journal of Cancer

Volume 120, Issue 5, pages 1116–1122, 1 March 2007

Additional Information

How to Cite

The International Agency for Research on Cancer Working Group on artificial ultraviolet (UV) light and skin cancer (2007), The association of use of sunbeds with cutaneous malignant melanoma and other skin cancers: A systematic review. Int. J. Cancer, 120: 1116–1122. doi: 10.1002/ijc.22453

Author Information

  1. †

    Members of the Working Group: Adele Green (Chair), Queensland Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia; Philippe Autier, Unit of Epidemiology, Prevention and Screening, Jules Bordet Institute, Brussels, Belgium (current address is: International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France); Mathieu Boniol and Peter Boyle, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Jean-Francois Doré, INSERM U590, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Sara Gandini, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; Julia Newton-Bishop, Cancer Research UK Genetic Epidemiology Division, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK; Béatrice Secretan,* International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Stephen J Walter, Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada; Martin A. Weinstock, Dermatoepidemiology Unit, VA Medical Center, Providence, and Departments of Dermatology and Community Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and Johan Westerdahl, Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.

  2. ‡

    Fax: +33-4-72738319 or +33-4-72738351.

*International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, F-69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France

Publication History

  1. Issue published online: 19 JAN 2007
  2. Article first published online: 27 NOV 2006
  3. Manuscript Accepted: 27 SEP 2006
  4. Manuscript Received: 8 JUN 2006

SEARCH

SEARCH BY CITATION

ARTICLE TOOLS

View Full Article (HTML) Get PDF (109K)

References

  • 1
    IARC. Solar and ultraviolet radiation. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1992. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, vol. 55.
  • 2
    National Toxicology Program. 10th Report on Carcinogens: substances profiles. Research Triangle Park, US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 2002.
  • 3
    de Gruijl FR, van Kranen HJ, Mullenders LH. UV-induced DNA damage, repair, mutations and oncogenic pathways in skin cancer. J Photochem Photobiol B 2001; 63: 19–27.
  • 4
    de Gruijl FR. Photocarcinogenesis: UVA vs. UVB radiation. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 2002; 15: 316–20.
  • 5
    Paul CL, Girgis A, Tzelepis F, Walsh RA. Solaria use by minors in Australia: is there a cause for concern? Aust N Z J Public Health 2004; 28: 90.
    Direct Link:
  • 6
    Paul CL, Stacy F, Girgis A, Brozek I, Baird H, Hughes J. Solaria compliance in an unregulated environment: the Australian experience. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41: 1178–84.
  • 7
    Wester U, Boldemann C, Jansson B, Ullén H. Population UV-dose and skin area—do sunbeds rival the sun? Health Phys 1999; 77: 436–40.
  • 8
    Gerber B, Mathys P, Moser M, Bressoud D, Braun-Fahrlander C. Ultraviolet emission spectra of sunbeds. Photochem Photobiol 2002; 76: 664–8.
  • 9
    Miller SA, Hamilton SL, Wester UG, Cyr WH. An analysis of UVA emissions from sunlamps and the potential importance for melanoma. Photochem Photobiol 1998; 68: 63–70.
    Direct Link:
  • 10
    MacGintley J, Martin CJ, MacKie RM. Sunbeds in current use in Scotland: a survey of their output and patterns of use. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139: 428–38.
    Direct Link:
  • 11
    Wright AL, Hart GC, Kernohan E, Twentyman G. Survey of the variation in ultraviolet outputs from ultraviolet A sunbeds in Bradford. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1996; 12: 12–16.
  • 12
    Pfeifer GP, You YH, Besaratinia A. Mutations induced by ultraviolet light. Mutat Res 2005; 571: 19–31.
  • 13
    Griffiths HR, Mistry P, Herbert KE, Lunec J. Molecular and cellular effects of ultraviolet light-induced genotoxicity. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1998; 35: 189–237.
  • 14
    Robert C, Muel B, Benoit A, Dubertret L, Sarasin A, Stary A. Cell survival and shuttle vector mutagenesis induced by UVA and UVB radiation in a human cell line. J Invest Dermatol 1996; 106: 721–8.
  • 15
    Halliday G. Inflammation, gene mutation and photoimmunosuppression in response to UVR-induced oxidative damage contributes to photocarcinogenesis. Mut Res 2005; 571: 107–20.
  • 16
    Woollons A, Clingen PH, Price ML, Arlett CF, Green MH. Induction of mutagenic DNA damage in human fibroblasts after exposure to artificial tanning lamps. Br J Dermatol 1997; 137: 687–92.
  • 17
    Whitmore SE, Morison WL, Potten CS, Chadwick C. Tanning salon exposure and molecular alterations. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 44: 775–80.
  • 18
    Persson AE, Edstrom DW, Backvall H, Lundeberg J, Ponten F, Ros AM, Williams C. The mutagenic effect of ultraviolet-A1 on human skin demonstrated by sequencing the p53 gene in single keratinocytes. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2002; 18: 287–93.
    Direct Link:
  • 19
    Kripke ML. Antigenicity of murine skin tumors induced by UV light. J Natl Cancer Inst 1974; 53: 1333–6.
  • 20
    Singh RK, Gutman M, Reich R, Bar-Eli M. Ultraviolet B irradiation promotes tumorigenic and metastatic properties in primary cutaneous melanoma via induction of interleukin-8. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 3669–74.
  • 21
    Phan TA, Halliday GM, Barnetson RS, Damian DL. Spectral and dose dependence of ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression. Front Biosci 2006; 11: 394–411.
  • 22
    Aboutalebi S, Strickland FM. Immune protection, natural products, and skin cancer: is there anything new under the sun? J Drugs Dermatol 2006; 5: 512–7.
  • 23
    Ullrich SE. Mechanisms underlying UV-induced immune suppression. Mutat Res 2005; 571: 185–205.
  • 24
    Autier P, Joarlette M, Lejeune F, Lienard D, Andre J, Achten G. Cutaneous malignant melanoma and exposure to sunlamps and sunbeds: a descriptive study in Belgium. Melanoma Res 1991; 1: 69–74.
  • 25
    Autier P. Perspectives in melanoma prevention: the case of sunbeds. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40: 2367–76.
  • 26
    Pedeux R, Al-Irani N, Marteau C, Pellicier F, Branche R, Ozturk M, Franchi J, Dore JF. Thymidine dinucleotides induce S phase cell cycle arrest in addition to increased melanogenesis in human melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111: 472–7.
  • 27
    Black G, Matzinger E, Gange RW. Lack of photoprotection against UVB-induced erythema by immediate pigmentation induced by 382 nm radiation. J Invest Dermatol 1985; 85: 448–9.
  • 28
    Gange RW, Blackett AD, Matzinger EA, Sutherland BM, Kochevar IE. Comparative protection efficiency of UVA- and UVB-induced tans against erythema and formation of endonuclease-sensitive sites in DNA by UVB in human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1985; 85: 362–4.
  • 29
    Rivers JK, Norris PG, Murphy GM, Chu AC, Midgley G, Morris J, Morris RW, Young AR, Hawk JL. UVA sunbeds: tanning, photoprotection, acute adverse effects and immunological changes. Br J Dermatol 1989; 120: 767–77.
    Direct Link:
  • 30
    Sheehan JM, Potten CS, Young AR. Tanning in human skin types II and III offers modest photoprotection against erythema. Photochem Photobiol 1998; 68: 588–92.
    Direct Link:
  • 31
    Hemminki K, Bykov VJ, Marcusson JA. Re: Sunscreen use and duration of sun exposure: a double-blind, randomised trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91: 2046–7.
  • 32
    Bykov VJ, Marcusson JA, Hemminki K. Protective effects of tanning on cutaneous DNA damage in situ melanoma. Dermatology 2001; 202: 22–6.
  • 33
    Ruegemer J, Schuetz B, Hermann K, Hein R, Ring J, Abeck D. UV-induced skin changes due to regular use of commercial sunbeds. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2002; 18: 223–7.
    Direct Link:
  • 34
    Bataille V, Boniol M, De Vries E, Severi G, Brandberg Y, Sasieni P, Cuzick J, Eggermont A, Ringborg U, Grivegnee AR, Coebergh JW, Chignol MC, et al. A multicentre epidemiological study on sunbed use and cutaneous melanoma in Europe. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41: 2141–9.
  • 35
    Mermelstein RJ, Riesenberg LA. Changing knowledge and attitudes about skin cancer risk factors in adolescents. Health Psychol 1992; 11: 371–6.
  • 36
    Boldeman C, Beitner H, Jansson B, Nilsson B, Ullen H. Sunbed use in relation to phenotype, erythema, sunscreen use and skin diseases. A questionnaire survey among Swedish adolescents. Br J Dermatol 1996; 135: 712–6.
  • 37
    Robinson JK, Rademaker AW, Sylvester JA, Cook B. Summer sun exposure: knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of Midwest adolescents. Prev Med 1997; 26: 364–72.
  • 38
    Cokkinides VE, Weinstock M, O'Connell MC, Thun MJ. Use of indoor tanning sunlamps by US youth, ages 11–18 years, and by their parent or guardian caregivers: prevalence and correlates. Pediatrics 2002; 109: 1124–30.
  • 39
    Demko CA, Borawski EA, Debanne SM, Cooper KD, Stange KC. Use of indoor tanning facilities by white adolescents in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003; 157: 854–60.
  • 40
    Geller AC, Colditz GA, Oliveria S, Emmons K, Jorgensen C, Aweh GN, Frazier AL. Use of sunscreen, sunburning rates, and tanning bed use among more than 10,000 US children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2002; 109: 1009–14.
  • 41
    Oliphant JA, Forster JL, McBride CM. The use of commercial tanning facilities by suburban Minnesota adolescents. Am J Public Health 1994; 84: 476–8.
  • 42
    Culley CA, Mayer JA, Eckhardt L, Busic AJ, Eichenfield LF, Sallis JF, Quintana PJ, Woodruff SI. Compliance with federal and state legislation by indoor tanning facilities in San Diego. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 44: 53–60.
  • 43
    Rhainds M, De Guire L, Claveau J. A population-based survey on the use of artificial tanning devices in the province of Quebec, Canada. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 40: 572–6.
  • 44
    Kwon HT, Mayer JA, Walker KK, Yu H, Lewis EC, Belch GE. Promotion of frequent tanning sessions by indoor tanning facilities: two studies. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46: 700–5.
  • 45
    Hornung RL, Magee KH, Lee WJ, Hansen LA, Hsieh YC. Tanning facility use: are we exceeding Food and Drug Administration limits? J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 49: 655–61.
  • 46
    Lazovich D, Forster JL, Sorensen G, Emmons K, Stryker JE, Demierre MF, Hickle A, Remba N. Characteristics associated with use or intention to use indoor tanning among adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004; 158: 918–24.
  • 47
    Lazovich D, Forster J. Indoor tanning by adolescents: prevalence, practices and policies. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41: 20–7.
  • 48
    Hamlet N, Kennedy K. Reconnaissance study of sunbed use by primary school children in Lanarkshire. J Public Health 2004; 26: 31–3.
  • 49
    Kaskel P, Sander S, Kron M, Kind P, Peter RU, Krahn G. Outdoor activities in childhood: a protective factor for cutaneous melanoma? Results of a case-control study in 271 matched pairs. Br J Dermatol 2001; 145: 602–9.
    Direct Link:
  • 50
    Veierød MB, Weiderpass E, Thorn M, Hansson J, Lund E, Armstrong B, Adami HO. A prospective study of pigmentation, sun exposure, and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1530–8.
  • 51
    Greenland S. Quantitative methods in the review of epidemiologic literature. Epidemiol Rev 1987; 9: 1–30.
  • 52
    Macaskill P, Walter SD, Irwig L. A comparison of methods to detect publication bias in meta-analysis. Stat Med 2001; 20: 641–54.
    Direct Link:
  • 53
    Klepp O, Magnus K. Some environmental and bodily characteristics of melanoma patients. A case-control study. Int J Cancer 1979; 23: 482–6.
    Direct Link:
  • 54
    Adam SA, Sheaves JK, Wright NH, Mosser G, Harris RW, Vessey MP. A case-control study of the possible association between oral contraceptives and malignant melanoma. Br J Cancer 1981; 44: 45– 50.
  • 55
    Gallagher RP, Elwood JM, Hill GB. Risk factors for cutaneous malignant melanoma: the Western Canada Melanoma Study. Recent Results Cancer Res 1986; 102: 38–55.
  • 56
    Holman CD, Armstrong BK, Heenan PJ, Blackwell JB, Cumming FJ, English DR, Holland S, Kelsall GR, Matz LR, Rouse IL, Singh A, Ten Seldam REJ et al. The causes of malignant melanoma: results from the West Australian Lions Melanoma Research Project. Recent Results Cancer Res 1986; 102: 18–37.
  • 57
    Holly EA, Kelly JW, Shpall SN, Chiu SH. Number of melanocytic nevi as a major risk factor for malignant melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987; 17: 459–68.
  • 58
    Swerdlow AJ, English JS, MacKie RM, O'Doherty CJ, Hunter JA, Clark J, Hole DJ. Fluorescent lights, ultraviolet lamps, and risk of cutaneous melanoma. Br Med J 1988; 297: 647–50.
  • 59
    Osterlind A, Tucker MA, Stone BJ, Jensen OM. The Danish case-control study of cutaneous malignant melanoma. II. Importance of UV-light exposure. Int J Cancer 1988; 42: 319–24.
    Direct Link:
  • 60
    Zanetti R, Rosso S, Faggiano F, Roffino R, Colonna S, Martina G. A case-control study on cutaneous malignant melanoma in the province of Torino, Italy. Rev Epidemiol Santé Publique 1988; 36: 309–17 [in French].
  • 61
    MacKie RM, Freudenberger T, Aitchison TC. Personal risk-factor chart for cutaneous melanoma. Lancet 1989; 2: 487–90.
  • 62
    Beitner H, Norell SE, Ringborg U, Wennersten G, Mattson B. Malignant melanoma: aetiological importance of individual pigmentation and sun exposure. Br J Dermatol 1990; 122: 43–51.
    Direct Link:
  • 63
    Walter SD, Marrett LD, From L, Hertzman C, Shannon HS, Roy P. The association of cutaneous malignant melanoma with the use of sunbeds and sunlamps. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 131: 232–43.
  • 64
    Walter SD, King WD, Marrett LD. Association of cutaneous malignant melanoma with intermittent exposure to ultraviolet radiation: results of a case-control study in Ontario, Canada. Int J Epidemiol 1999; 28: 418–27.
  • 65
    Dunn-Lane J, Herity B, Moriarty MJ, Conroy R. A case control study of malignant melanoma. Ir Med J 1993; 86: 57–59. Erratum in: Ir Med J 1993; 86: 135.
  • 66
    Garbe C, Weiss J, Kruger S, Garbe E, Buttner P, Bertz J, Hoffmeister H, Guggenmoos-Holzmann I, Jung EG, Orfanos CE. The German melanoma registry and environmental risk factors implied. Recent Results Cancer Res 1993; 128: 69–89.
  • 67
    Autier P, Dore JF, Lejeune F, Koelmel KF, Geffeler O, Hille P, Cesarini JP, Lienard D, Liabeuf A, Joarlette M, Chemaly P, Hakim K, et al., for the EORTC Melanoma Cooperative Group. Cutaneous malignant melanoma and exposure to sunlamps or sunbeds: for the EORTC multicenter case-control study in Belgium, France and Germany. Int J Cancer 1994; 58: 809–13.
    Direct Link:
  • 68
    Holly EA, Aston DA, Cress RD, Ahn DK, Kristiansen JJ. Cutaneous melanoma in women. I. Exposure to sunlight, ability to tan, and other risk factors related to ultraviolet light. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 141: 923–33.
  • 69
    Chen YT, Dubrow R, Zheng T, Barnhill RL, Fine J, Berwick M. Sunlamp use and the risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma: a population-based case-control study in Connecticut, USA. Int J Epidemiol 1998; 27: 758–65.
  • 70
    Westerdahl J, Olsson H, Masback A, Ingvar C, Jonsson N, Brandt L, Jonsson PE, Moller T. Use of sunbeds or sunlamps and malignant melanoma in southern Sweden. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 140: 691–9.
  • 71
    Naldi L, Gallus S, Imberti GL, Cainelli T, Negri E, La Vecchia C, on behalf of the Italian Group for Epidemiological Research in Dermatology. Sunlamps and sunbeds and the risk of cutaneous melanoma. Eur J Cancer Prev 2000; 9: 133–4.
  • 72
    Bataille V, Winnett A, Sasieni P, Newton-Bishop JA, Cuzick J. Exposure to the sun and sunbeds and the risk of cutaneous melanoma in the UK: a case-control study. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40: 429–35.
  • 73
    Westerdahl J, Ingvar C, Masback A, Jonsson N, Olsson H. Risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma in relation to use of sunbeds: further evidence for UV-A carcinogenicity. Br J Cancer 2000; 82: 1593–9.
  • 74
    Boyd AS, Shyr Y, King LEJr. Basal cell carcinoma in young women: an evaluation of the association of tanning bed use and smoking. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46: 706–9.
  • 75
    O'Loughlin G, Moriarty MJ, Herity B, Daly L. A re-appraisal of risk factors for skin carcinoma in Ireland. A case-control study. Ir J Med Sci 1985; 154: 61–5.
  • 76
    Herity B, O'Loughlin G, Moriarty MJ, Conroy R. Risk factors for non-melanoma skin cancer. J Ir Med 1989; 82: 151–2.
  • 77
    Hogan DJ, To T, Wilson ER, Miller AB, Robson D, Holfeld K, Lane P. A study of acne treatments as risk factors for skin cancer of the head and neck. Br J Dermatol 1991; 125: 343–8.
    Direct Link:
  • 78
    Aubry F, MacGibbon B. Risk factors of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. A case-control study in the Montreal region. Cancer 1985; 55: 907–11.
    Direct Link:
  • 79
    Bajdik CD, Gallagher RP, Astrakianakis G, Hill GB, Fincham S, McLean DI. Non-solar ultraviolet radiation and the risk of basal and squamous cell skin cancer. Br J Cancer 1996; 73: 1612–4.
  • 80
    Corona R, Dogliotti E, D'Errico M, Sera F, Iavarone I, Baliva G, Chinni LM, Gobello T, Mazzanti C, Puddu P, Pasquini P. Risk factors for basal cell carcinoma in a Mediterranean population: role of recreational sun exposure early in life. Arch Dermatol 2001; 137: 1162–8.
  • 81
    Karagas MR, Stannard VA, Mott LA, Slattery MJ, Spencer SK, Weinstock MA. Use of tanning devices and risk of basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94: 224–6.
  • 82
    Walther U, Kron M, Sander S, Sebastian G, Sander R, Peter RU, Meurer M, Krahn G, Kaskel P. Risk and protective factors for sporadic basal cell carcinoma: results of a two-centre case-control study in southern Germany. Clinical actinic elastosis may be a protective factor. Br J Dermatol 2004; 151: 170–8.
    Direct Link:
  • 83
    Veierød MB, Weiderpasss E, Lund E, Armstrong BK, Adami HO. Re: A retrospective study of pigmentation, sun exposure, and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 337–8.
  • 84
    Autier P, Doré JF, for EPIMEL and EORTC Melanoma Cooperative Group. Influence of sun exposures during childhood and during adulthood on melanoma risk. Int J Cancer 1998; 77: 533–7.
    Direct Link:
  • 85
    Whiteman DC, Whiteman CA, Green A. Childhood sun exposure as a risk factor for melanoma: a systematic review of epidemiologic studies. Cancer Causes Control 2001; 12: 69–82.
  • 86
    Gallagher RP, Spinelli JJ, Lee TK. Tanning beds, sunlamps, and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 562–6.
View Full Article (HTML) Get PDF (109K)