Fax: +413-545-1262
Mini Review
You have full text access to this OnlineOpen article
Combination regimen with statins and NSAIDs: A promising strategy for cancer chemoprevention
Article first published online: 11 JUN 2008
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23718
Copyright © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Additional Information
How to Cite
Xiao, H. and Yang, C. S. (2008), Combination regimen with statins and NSAIDs: A promising strategy for cancer chemoprevention. Int. J. Cancer, 123: 983–990. doi: 10.1002/ijc.23718
Publication History
- Issue published online: 17 JUN 2008
- Article first published online: 11 JUN 2008
- Manuscript Accepted: 7 MAY 2008
- Manuscript Received: 20 MAR 2008
Funded by
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
References
- 1,,,,,. Cancer statistics, 2007. CA Cancer J Clin 2007; 57: 43–66.Direct Link:
- 2,. Chemoprevention: an essential approach to controlling cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2002; 2: 537–43.
- 3. Perspectives on cancer chemoprevention research and drug development. Adv Cancer Res 2000; 78: 199–334.
- 4,,. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors and the risk of cancer: a nested case-control study. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 2363–8.
- 5,,,,. The risk of cancer in users of statins. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 2388–94.
- 6,,,,,,,. Cancer risk among statin users: a population-based cohort study. Int J Cancer 2005; 114: 643–7.Direct Link:
- 7,,,,,,. Lipid-lowering medication and risk of cancer. J Clin Epidemiol 1999; 52: 167–9.
- 8,. Statin use and cancer risk in the general practice research database. Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 635–7.
- 9,,.,,,,,. Statins and the risk of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 2184–92.
- 10,,,,,. Cholesterol-lowering drugs and colorectal cancer incidence in a large United States cohort. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 69–72.
- 11,,,,. Statins and cancer risk: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2006; 295: 74–80.
- 12,,,. Statins and the risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of 18 studies involving more than 1.5 million patients. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 3462–8.
- 13,,,. Statins reduce the risk of lung cancer in humans: a large case-control study of US veterans. Chest 2007; 131: 1282–8.
- 14,,. Statins might reduce risk of renal cell carcinoma in humans: case-control study of 500,000 veterans. Urology 2008; 71: 118–22.
- 15,,,,,,. Statin drugs and risk of advanced prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 1819–25.
- 16,,,. Cholesterol-lowering drugs and prostate cancer risk: a population-based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 2226–32.
- 17,,,,,,. The association between statins and cancer incidence in a veterans population. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100: 134–9.
- 18,,,,. Statins and the risk of lung, breast, and colorectal cancer in the elderly. Circulation 2007; 115: 27–33.
- 19,,,. Risk of colorectal cancer in patients prescribed statins, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: nested case-control study. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 393–402.
- 20,,. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as anticancer agents: mechanistic, pharmacologic, and clinical issues. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94: 252–66.
- 21,. NSAIDs and breast cancer: a possible prevention and treatment strategy. Int J Clin Pract 2008; 62: 444–449.Direct Link:
- 22,,,,. Aspirin use and risk of fatal cancer. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 1322–7.
- 23,,. Do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect the risk of developing ovarian cancer? A meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 60: 194–203.Direct Link:
- 24,,. Reduced risk of human lung cancer by selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) blockade: results of a case control study. Int J Biol Sci 2007; 3: 328–34.
- 25,,,,,,,. Use of NSAIDs, smoking and lung cancer risk. Br J Cancer 2008; 98: 232–7.
- 26and . Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 1565–72.Direct Link:
- 27,,,,,. Association between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and prostate cancer occurrence. Cancer J 2006; 12: 130–5.
- 28,,,,,. A large cohort study of long-term daily use of adult-strength aspirin and cancer incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99: 608–15.
- 29,,,. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of esophageal and gastric adenocarcinomas in Los Angeles County. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 126–34.
- 30,,,,,,,,. Treatment of colonic and rectal adenomas with sulindac in familial adenomatous polyposis. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1313–6.
- 31,,,,,,,,. Sulindac causes regression of rectal polyps in familial adenomatous polyposis. Gastroenterology 1991; 101: 635–9.
- 32,,,,. Randomized controlled trial of the effect of sulindac on duodenal and rectal polyposis and cell proliferation in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Br J Surg 1993; 80: 1618–9.Direct Link:
- 33,,,,. Long-term treatment with sulindac in familial adenomatous polyposis: a prospective cohort study. Gastroenterology 2002; 122: 641–5.
- 34,,,,,,,,,,,. Primary chemoprevention of familial adenomatous polyposis with sulindac. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1054–9.
- 35,,,,,,,,,,,. A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas in patients with previous colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 883–90.
- 36,,,,,,,,,,,, et al. A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 891–9.
- 37,,,,,,,,,. Daily soluble aspirin and prevention of colorectal adenoma recurrence: one-year results of the APACC trial. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 328–36.
- 38. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and gastroenteropathy: the second hundred years. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 1000–16.
- 39,,,,,,,,,,,. The effect of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adenomatous polyposis. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1946–52.
- 40,,,,,,,,,,,, et al. Celecoxib for the prevention of sporadic colorectal adenomas. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 873–84.
- 41,,,,,,,,,,,, et al. Celecoxib for the prevention of colorectal adenomatous polyps. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 885–95.
- 42,,,,,,,,,,,. Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib in a colorectal adenoma chemoprevention trial. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1092–102.
- 43,,,,,,,,,,. Rofecoxib and cardiovascular adverse events in adjuvant treatment of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 360–9.
- 44,,,,,,,,,. Cardiovascular risk associated with celecoxib in a clinical trial for colorectal adenoma prevention. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1071–80.
- 45,. Risks and benefits of celecoxib to prevent recurrent adenomas. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 950–2.
- 46,,. Potential effect of cyclooxygenase-2-specific inhibitors on the prevention of colorectal cancer: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Am J Med 2003; 114: 546–54.
- 47,,. Surveillance colonoscopy or chemoprevention with COX-2 inhibitors in average-risk post-polypectomy patients: a decision analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15: 631–8.Direct Link:
- 48,,,,. Review article: the potential of combinational regimen with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 21: 321–39.Direct Link:
- 49,,,,. Statins and cancer prevention. Nat Rev Cancer 2005; 5: 930–42.
- 50,,,,,,,,,,,. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1001–9.
- 51,,,,. Caspase-3 activity, and apoptosis induction by a combination of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and COX-2 inhibitors: a novel approach in developing effective chemopreventive regimens. Int J Oncol 2002; 20: 753–9.
- 52,,. Individual and joint use of statins and low-dose aspirin and risk of colorectal cancer: a population-based case-control study. Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 1325–30.Direct Link:
- 53,,,,,,,,,,,, et al. Statin use and risk of prostate cancer in the California Men's Health Study cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 2218–25.
- 54,,,,,,. Lovastatin augments sulindac-induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells and potentiates chemopreventive effects of sulindac. Gastroenterology 1999; 117: 838–47.
- 55,,,,,,. Synergistic interaction between highly specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, MF-tricyclic and lovastatin in murine colorectal cancer cell lines. Oncol Rep 2002; 9: 879–85.
- 56,,,,, Combination of atorvastatin and celecoxib synergistically induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Int J Cancer, 2008.Direct Link:
- 57,,,,,,,,,,,, et al. Atorvastatin and celecoxib inhibit prostate PC-3 tumors in immunodeficient mice. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 5480–7.
- 58,,,,,,,. Prevention of azoxymethane-induced colon cancer by combination of low doses of atorvastatin, aspirin, and celecoxib in F 344 rats. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 4542–6.
- 59,,,,,. Chemoprevention of familial adenomatous polyposis by low doses of atorvastatin and celecoxib given individually and in combination to APCMin mice. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 7370–7.
- 60,,,,,. Blocking protein geranylgeranylation is essential for lovastatin-induced apoptosis of human acute myeloid leukemia cells. Leukemia 2001; 15: 1398–407.
- 61,,,,,. Lovastatin augments apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic agents in colon cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5: 2223–9.
- 62,,,. Effects of statins and farnesyltransferase inhibitors on the development and progression of cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2004; 30: 609–41.
- 63,,,,. Cholesterol targeting alters lipid raft composition and cell survival in prostate cancer cells and xenografts. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 959–68.
- 64,. Inhibition of isoprenoid biosynthesis induces apoptosis in human promyelocytic HL-60 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 199: 1209–15.
- 65,,,. Lipid metabolism as a target for brain cancer therapy: synergistic activity of lovastatin and sodium phenylacetate against human glioma cells. J Neurochem 1996; 66: 710–6.Direct Link:
- 66,,. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human colon cancer cells increases metastatic potential. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 3336–40.
- 67,,,,. Modulation of apoptosis and Bcl-2 expression by prostaglandin E2 in human colon cancer cells. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 362–6.
- 68,,,,,,. Upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor by cobalt chloride-simulated hypoxia is mediated by persistent induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in a metastatic human prostate cancer cell line. Clin Exp Metastasis 1999; 17: 687–94.
- 69,,,. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-independent anticarcinogenic effects of selective COX-2 inhibitors. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 736–47.
- 70,,,,. Differential effects of selective COX-2 inhibitors on cell cycle regulation and proliferation of glioblastoma cell lines. Cancer Biol Ther 2004; 3: 55–62.
- 71,,,,. COX-2 independent induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in colon cancer cells by the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib. FASEB J 2001; 15: 2742–4.
- 72,,,,,,. Celecoxib induces apoptosis by inhibiting 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 activity in the human colon cancer HT-29 cell line. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 27613–21.
- 73,,,,,,,,. 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1/Akt signaling represents a major cyclooxygenase-2-independent target for celecoxib in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 1444–51.
- 74,,, Structure, regulation and function of PKB/AKT–a major therapeutic target. Biochim Biophys Acta 2004; 16972: 3–16.
- 75,,. Celecoxib activates a novel mitochondrial apoptosis signaling pathway. FASEB J 2003; 17: 1547–9.
- 76,,,,,,,,,. Celecoxib induces apoptosis in cervical cancer cells independent of cyclooxygenase using NF-kappaB as a possible target. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2004; 130: 551–60.
- 77,,,,. Death receptor regulation and celecoxib-induced apoptosis in human lung cancer cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 1769–80.
- 78,,,,. The cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib perturbs intracellular calcium by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPases: a plausible link with its anti-tumour effect and cardiovascular risks. Biochem J 2002; 366: 831–7.
- 79,,,. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors block cell growth, increase ceramide and inhibit cell cycle. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2002; 76: 57–64.
- 80,,,,. A novel mechanism for aspirin-mediated growth inhibition of human colon cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 383–90.
- 81,,. Aspirin blocks proliferation in colon cells by inducing a G1 arrest and apoptosis through activation of the checkpoint kinase ATM. Carcinogenesis 2007; 28: 2207–17.
- 82,,,. Aspirin-induced activation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway: a novel mechanism for aspirin-mediated apoptosis in colon cancer cells. FASEB J 2001; 15: 1273–5.
- 83,,,,. Targeting the beta-catenin/APC pathway: a novel mechanism to explain the cyclooxygenase-2-independent anticarcinogenic effects of celecoxib in human colon carcinoma cells. FASEB J 2005; 19: 1353–5.
- 84,,. Reduction of beta-catenin/T-cell transcription factor signaling by aspirin and indomethacin is caused by an increased stabilization of phosphorylated beta-catenin. Mol Cancer Ther 2003; 2: 509–16.
- 85,,,,,. Celecoxib inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor expression in and reduces angiogenesis and metastasis of human pancreatic cancer via suppression of Sp1 transcription factor activity. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 2030–8.
- 86,,,,,,. Growth inhibitory effects of celecoxib in human umbilical vein endothelial cells are mediated through G1 arrest via multiple signaling mechanisms. Mol Cancer Ther 2004; 3: 1671–80.
- 87,,,,. Reduction of tumor progression and paraneoplastic syndrome development in murine lung adenocarcinoma by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Int J Cancer 2004; 110: 825–30.Direct Link:
- 88,,,. Do altering in ornithine decarboxylase activity and gene expression contribute to antiproliferative properties of COX inhibitors? Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 1143–51.
- 89,,,,,,,,,,,, et al. Sulindac and its metabolites inhibit invasion of glioblastoma cells via down-regulation of Akt/PKB and MMP-2. J Cell Biochem 2005; 94: 597–610.Direct Link:
- 90,,,,,. Therapeutic levels of aspirin and salicylate directly inhibit a model of angiogenesis through a Cox-independent mechanism. FASEB J 2006; 20: 2009–16.
- 91,. RHO-GTPases and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2002; 2: 133–42.
- 92,,,,. p21(WAF1/CIP1) is upregulated by the geranylgeranyltransferase I inhibitor GGTI-298 through a transforming growth factor beta- and Sp1-responsive element: involvement of the small GTPase rhoA. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18: 6962–70.
- 93and . RhoB in cancer suppression. Histol Histopathol 2006; 21: 213–8.
- 94,,,,,,,. Inhibition of human colon cancer cell growth by selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 2254–9.
- 95,,. Lack of cyclooxygenase-2 activity in HT-29 human colorectal carcinoma cells. Exp Cell Res 2000; 256: 563–70.
- 96and . Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor celecoxib abrogates activation of cigarette smoke-induced nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB by suppressing activation of IkappaBalpha kinase in human non-small cell lung carcinoma: correlation with suppression of cyclin D1, COX-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 5004–12.
- 97,,,,,,,,,. Bee venom induces apoptosis and inhibits expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in human lung cancer cell line NCI-H1299. J Pharmacol Sci 2003; 91: 95–104.

1097-0215/asset/olbannerleft.jpg?v=1&s=45719cd7de57873027993264fcc568b335a8cd56)
1097-0215/asset/olbannerright.jpg?v=1&s=5e0fba63c1309b3036eb9215a0e1e83dd02efd19)
